Branch data Line data Source code
1 : : /*
2 : : * psql - the PostgreSQL interactive terminal
3 : : *
4 : : * Copyright (c) 2000-2026, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
5 : : *
6 : : * src/bin/psql/help.c
7 : : */
8 : : #include "postgres_fe.h"
9 : :
10 : : #ifndef WIN32
11 : : #include <unistd.h> /* for geteuid() */
12 : : #else
13 : : #include <win32.h>
14 : : #endif
15 : :
16 : : #ifndef WIN32
17 : : #include <sys/ioctl.h> /* for ioctl() */
18 : : #endif
19 : :
20 : : #ifdef HAVE_TERMIOS_H
21 : : #include <termios.h>
22 : : #endif
23 : :
24 : : #include "help.h"
25 : : #include "input.h"
26 : : #include "settings.h"
27 : : #include "sql_help.h"
28 : :
29 : : /*
30 : : * PLEASE:
31 : : * If you change something in this file, also make the same changes
32 : : * in the DocBook documentation, file ref/psql-ref.sgml. If you don't
33 : : * know how to do it, please find someone who can help you.
34 : : */
35 : :
36 : : /* Some helper macros to make the code less verbose */
37 : : #define HELP0(str) appendPQExpBufferStr(&buf, _(str))
38 : : #define HELPN(str,...) appendPQExpBuffer(&buf, _(str), __VA_ARGS__)
39 : : #define ON(var) ((var) ? _("on") : _("off"))
40 : :
41 : :
42 : : /*
43 : : * usage
44 : : *
45 : : * print out command line arguments
46 : : */
47 : : void
48 : 1 : usage(unsigned short int pager)
49 : : {
50 : : PQExpBufferData buf;
51 : : int nlcount;
52 : : FILE *output;
53 : :
54 : : /*
55 : : * To avoid counting the output lines manually, build the output in "buf"
56 : : * and then count them.
57 : : */
58 : 1 : initPQExpBuffer(&buf);
59 : :
60 : 1 : HELP0("psql is the PostgreSQL interactive terminal.\n\n");
61 : 1 : HELP0("Usage:\n");
62 : 1 : HELP0(" psql [OPTION]... [DBNAME [USERNAME]]\n\n");
63 : :
64 : 1 : HELP0("General options:\n");
65 : 1 : HELP0(" -c, --command=COMMAND run only single command (SQL or internal) and exit\n");
66 : 1 : HELP0(" -d, --dbname=DBNAME database name to connect to\n");
67 : 1 : HELP0(" -f, --file=FILENAME execute commands from file, then exit\n");
68 : 1 : HELP0(" -l, --list list available databases, then exit\n");
69 : 1 : HELP0(" -v, --set=, --variable=NAME=VALUE\n"
70 : : " set psql variable NAME to VALUE\n"
71 : : " (e.g., -v ON_ERROR_STOP=1)\n");
72 : 1 : HELP0(" -V, --version output version information, then exit\n");
73 : 1 : HELP0(" -X, --no-psqlrc do not read startup file (~/.psqlrc)\n");
74 : 1 : HELP0(" -1 (\"one\"), --single-transaction\n"
75 : : " execute as a single transaction (if non-interactive)\n");
76 : 1 : HELP0(" -?, --help[=options] show this help, then exit\n");
77 : 1 : HELP0(" --help=commands list backslash commands, then exit\n");
78 : 1 : HELP0(" --help=variables list special variables, then exit\n");
79 : :
80 : 1 : HELP0("\nInput and output options:\n");
81 : 1 : HELP0(" -a, --echo-all echo all input from script\n");
82 : 1 : HELP0(" -b, --echo-errors echo failed commands\n");
83 : 1 : HELP0(" -e, --echo-queries echo commands sent to server\n");
84 : 1 : HELP0(" -E, --echo-hidden display queries that internal commands generate\n");
85 : 1 : HELP0(" -L, --log-file=FILENAME send session log to file\n");
86 : 1 : HELP0(" -n, --no-readline disable enhanced command line editing (readline)\n");
87 : 1 : HELP0(" -o, --output=FILENAME send query results to file (or |pipe)\n");
88 : 1 : HELP0(" -q, --quiet run quietly (no messages, only query output)\n");
89 : 1 : HELP0(" -s, --single-step single-step mode (confirm each query)\n");
90 : 1 : HELP0(" -S, --single-line single-line mode (end of line terminates SQL command)\n");
91 : :
92 : 1 : HELP0("\nOutput format options:\n");
93 : 1 : HELP0(" -A, --no-align unaligned table output mode\n");
94 : 1 : HELP0(" --csv CSV (Comma-Separated Values) table output mode\n");
95 : 1 : HELPN(" -F, --field-separator=STRING\n"
96 : : " field separator for unaligned output (default: \"%s\")\n",
97 : : DEFAULT_FIELD_SEP);
98 : 1 : HELP0(" -H, --html HTML table output mode\n");
99 : 1 : HELP0(" -P, --pset=VAR[=ARG] set printing option VAR to ARG (see \\pset command)\n");
100 : 1 : HELP0(" -R, --record-separator=STRING\n"
101 : : " record separator for unaligned output (default: newline)\n");
102 : 1 : HELP0(" -t, --tuples-only print rows only\n");
103 : 1 : HELP0(" -T, --table-attr=TEXT set HTML table tag attributes (e.g., width, border)\n");
104 : 1 : HELP0(" -x, --expanded turn on expanded table output\n");
105 : 1 : HELP0(" -z, --field-separator-zero\n"
106 : : " set field separator for unaligned output to zero byte\n");
107 : 1 : HELP0(" -0, --record-separator-zero\n"
108 : : " set record separator for unaligned output to zero byte\n");
109 : :
110 : 1 : HELP0("\nConnection options:\n");
111 : 1 : HELP0(" -h, --host=HOSTNAME database server host or socket directory\n");
112 : 1 : HELP0(" -p, --port=PORT database server port\n");
113 : 1 : HELP0(" -U, --username=USERNAME database user name\n");
114 : 1 : HELP0(" -w, --no-password never prompt for password\n");
115 : 1 : HELP0(" -W, --password force password prompt (should happen automatically)\n");
116 : :
117 : 1 : HELP0("\nFor more information, type \"\\?\" (for internal commands) or \"\\help\" (for SQL\n"
118 : : "commands) from within psql, or consult the psql section in the PostgreSQL\n"
119 : : "documentation.\n\n");
120 : 1 : HELPN("Report bugs to <%s>.\n", PACKAGE_BUGREPORT);
121 : 1 : HELPN("%s home page: <%s>\n", PACKAGE_NAME, PACKAGE_URL);
122 : :
123 : : /* Now we can count the lines. */
124 : 1 : nlcount = 0;
125 [ + + ]: 3104 : for (const char *ptr = buf.data; *ptr; ptr++)
126 : : {
127 [ + + ]: 3103 : if (*ptr == '\n')
128 : 63 : nlcount++;
129 : : }
130 : :
131 : : /* And dump the output, with appropriate pagination. */
132 [ - + ]: 1 : output = PageOutput(nlcount, pager ? &(pset.popt.topt) : NULL);
133 : :
134 : 1 : fputs(buf.data, output);
135 : :
136 : 1 : ClosePager(output);
137 : :
138 : 1 : termPQExpBuffer(&buf);
139 : 1 : }
140 : :
141 : :
142 : : /*
143 : : * slashUsage
144 : : *
145 : : * print out help for the backslash commands
146 : : */
147 : : void
148 : 1 : slashUsage(unsigned short int pager)
149 : : {
150 : : PQExpBufferData buf;
151 : : int nlcount;
152 : : FILE *output;
153 : : char *currdb;
154 : :
155 : 1 : currdb = PQdb(pset.db);
156 : :
157 : : /*
158 : : * To avoid counting the output lines manually, build the output in "buf"
159 : : * and then count them.
160 : : */
161 : 1 : initPQExpBuffer(&buf);
162 : :
163 : 1 : HELP0("General\n");
164 : 1 : HELP0(" \\copyright show PostgreSQL usage and distribution terms\n");
165 : 1 : HELP0(" \\crosstabview [COLUMNS] execute query and display result in crosstab\n");
166 : 1 : HELP0(" \\errverbose show most recent error message at maximum verbosity\n");
167 : 1 : HELP0(" \\g [(OPTIONS)] [FILE] execute query (and send result to file or |pipe);\n"
168 : : " \\g with no arguments is equivalent to a semicolon\n");
169 : 1 : HELP0(" \\gdesc describe result of query, without executing it\n");
170 : 1 : HELP0(" \\gexec execute query, then execute each value in its result\n");
171 : 1 : HELP0(" \\gset [PREFIX] execute query and store result in psql variables\n");
172 : 1 : HELP0(" \\gx [(OPTIONS)] [FILE] as \\g, but forces expanded output mode\n");
173 : 1 : HELP0(" \\q quit psql\n");
174 : 1 : HELP0(" \\restrict RESTRICT_KEY\n"
175 : : " enter restricted mode with provided key\n");
176 : 1 : HELP0(" \\unrestrict RESTRICT_KEY\n"
177 : : " exit restricted mode if key matches\n");
178 : 1 : HELP0(" \\watch [[i=]SEC] [c=N] [m=MIN]\n"
179 : : " execute query every SEC seconds, up to N times,\n"
180 : : " stop if less than MIN rows are returned\n");
181 : 1 : HELP0("\n");
182 : :
183 : 1 : HELP0("Help\n");
184 : :
185 : 1 : HELP0(" \\? [commands] show help on backslash commands\n");
186 : 1 : HELP0(" \\? options show help on psql command-line options\n");
187 : 1 : HELP0(" \\? variables show help on special variables\n");
188 : 1 : HELP0(" \\h [NAME] help on syntax of SQL commands, * for all commands\n");
189 : 1 : HELP0("\n");
190 : :
191 : 1 : HELP0("Query Buffer\n");
192 : 1 : HELP0(" \\e [FILE] [LINE] edit the query buffer (or file) with external editor\n");
193 : 1 : HELP0(" \\ef [FUNCNAME [LINE]] edit function definition with external editor\n");
194 : 1 : HELP0(" \\ev [VIEWNAME [LINE]] edit view definition with external editor\n");
195 : 1 : HELP0(" \\p show the contents of the query buffer\n");
196 : 1 : HELP0(" \\r reset (clear) the query buffer\n");
197 : : #ifdef USE_READLINE
198 : 1 : HELP0(" \\s [FILE] display history or save it to file\n");
199 : : #endif
200 : 1 : HELP0(" \\w FILE write query buffer to file\n");
201 : 1 : HELP0("\n");
202 : :
203 : 1 : HELP0("Input/Output\n");
204 : 1 : HELP0(" \\copy ... perform SQL COPY with data stream to the client host\n");
205 : 1 : HELP0(" \\echo [-n] [STRING] write string to standard output (-n for no newline)\n");
206 : 1 : HELP0(" \\i FILE execute commands from file\n");
207 : 1 : HELP0(" \\ir FILE as \\i, but relative to location of current script\n");
208 : 1 : HELP0(" \\o [FILE] send all query results to file or |pipe\n");
209 : 1 : HELP0(" \\qecho [-n] [STRING] write string to \\o output stream (-n for no newline)\n");
210 : 1 : HELP0(" \\warn [-n] [STRING] write string to standard error (-n for no newline)\n");
211 : 1 : HELP0("\n");
212 : :
213 : 1 : HELP0("Conditional\n");
214 : 1 : HELP0(" \\if EXPR begin conditional block\n");
215 : 1 : HELP0(" \\elif EXPR alternative within current conditional block\n");
216 : 1 : HELP0(" \\else final alternative within current conditional block\n");
217 : 1 : HELP0(" \\endif end conditional block\n");
218 : 1 : HELP0("\n");
219 : :
220 : 1 : HELP0("Informational\n");
221 : 1 : HELP0(" (options: S = show system objects, x = expanded mode, + = additional detail)\n");
222 : 1 : HELP0(" \\d[Sx+] list tables, views, sequences, and property graphs\n");
223 : 1 : HELP0(" \\d[S+] NAME describe table, view, sequence, index, or property graph\n");
224 : 1 : HELP0(" \\da[Sx] [PATTERN] list aggregates\n");
225 : 1 : HELP0(" \\dA[x+] [PATTERN] list access methods\n");
226 : 1 : HELP0(" \\dAc[x+] [AMPTRN [TYPEPTRN]] list operator classes\n");
227 : 1 : HELP0(" \\dAf[x+] [AMPTRN [TYPEPTRN]] list operator families\n");
228 : 1 : HELP0(" \\dAo[x+] [AMPTRN [OPFPTRN]] list operators of operator families\n");
229 : 1 : HELP0(" \\dAp[x+] [AMPTRN [OPFPTRN]] list support functions of operator families\n");
230 : 1 : HELP0(" \\db[x+] [PATTERN] list tablespaces\n");
231 : 1 : HELP0(" \\dc[Sx+] [PATTERN] list conversions\n");
232 : 1 : HELP0(" \\dconfig[x+] [PATTERN] list configuration parameters\n");
233 : 1 : HELP0(" \\dC[x+] [PATTERN] list casts\n");
234 : 1 : HELP0(" \\dd[Sx] [PATTERN] show object descriptions not displayed elsewhere\n");
235 : 1 : HELP0(" \\dD[Sx+] [PATTERN] list domains\n");
236 : 1 : HELP0(" \\ddp[x] [PATTERN] list default privileges\n");
237 : 1 : HELP0(" \\dE[Sx+] [PATTERN] list foreign tables\n");
238 : 1 : HELP0(" \\des[x+] [PATTERN] list foreign servers\n");
239 : 1 : HELP0(" \\det[x+] [PATTERN] list foreign tables\n");
240 : 1 : HELP0(" \\deu[x+] [PATTERN] list user mappings\n");
241 : 1 : HELP0(" \\dew[x+] [PATTERN] list foreign-data wrappers\n");
242 : 1 : HELP0(" \\df[anptw][Sx+] [FUNCPTRN [TYPEPTRN ...]]\n"
243 : : " list [only agg/normal/procedure/trigger/window] functions\n");
244 : 1 : HELP0(" \\dF[x+] [PATTERN] list text search configurations\n");
245 : 1 : HELP0(" \\dFd[x+] [PATTERN] list text search dictionaries\n");
246 : 1 : HELP0(" \\dFp[x+] [PATTERN] list text search parsers\n");
247 : 1 : HELP0(" \\dFt[x+] [PATTERN] list text search templates\n");
248 : 1 : HELP0(" \\dg[Sx+] [PATTERN] list roles\n");
249 : 1 : HELP0(" \\dG[Sx+] [PATTERN] list property graphs\n");
250 : 1 : HELP0(" \\di[Sx+] [PATTERN] list indexes\n");
251 : 1 : HELP0(" \\dl[x+] list large objects, same as \\lo_list\n");
252 : 1 : HELP0(" \\dL[Sx+] [PATTERN] list procedural languages\n");
253 : 1 : HELP0(" \\dm[Sx+] [PATTERN] list materialized views\n");
254 : 1 : HELP0(" \\dn[Sx+] [PATTERN] list schemas\n");
255 : 1 : HELP0(" \\do[Sx+] [OPPTRN [TYPEPTRN [TYPEPTRN]]]\n"
256 : : " list operators\n");
257 : 1 : HELP0(" \\dO[Sx+] [PATTERN] list collations\n");
258 : 1 : HELP0(" \\dp[Sx] [PATTERN] list table, view, and sequence access privileges\n");
259 : 1 : HELP0(" \\dP[itnx+] [PATTERN] list [only index/table] partitioned relations [n=nested]\n");
260 : 1 : HELP0(" \\drds[x] [ROLEPTRN [DBPTRN]]\n"
261 : : " list per-database role settings\n");
262 : 1 : HELP0(" \\drg[Sx] [PATTERN] list role grants\n");
263 : 1 : HELP0(" \\dRp[x+] [PATTERN] list replication publications\n");
264 : 1 : HELP0(" \\dRs[x+] [PATTERN] list replication subscriptions\n");
265 : 1 : HELP0(" \\ds[Sx+] [PATTERN] list sequences\n");
266 : 1 : HELP0(" \\dt[Sx+] [PATTERN] list tables\n");
267 : 1 : HELP0(" \\dT[Sx+] [PATTERN] list data types\n");
268 : 1 : HELP0(" \\du[Sx+] [PATTERN] list roles\n");
269 : 1 : HELP0(" \\dv[Sx+] [PATTERN] list views\n");
270 : 1 : HELP0(" \\dx[x+] [PATTERN] list extensions\n");
271 : 1 : HELP0(" \\dX[x+] [PATTERN] list extended statistics\n");
272 : 1 : HELP0(" \\dy[x+] [PATTERN] list event triggers\n");
273 : 1 : HELP0(" \\l[x+] [PATTERN] list databases\n");
274 : 1 : HELP0(" \\sf[+] FUNCNAME show a function's definition\n");
275 : 1 : HELP0(" \\sv[+] VIEWNAME show a view's definition\n");
276 : 1 : HELP0(" \\z[Sx] [PATTERN] same as \\dp\n");
277 : 1 : HELP0("\n");
278 : :
279 : 1 : HELP0("Large Objects\n");
280 : 1 : HELP0(" \\lo_export LOBOID FILE write large object to file\n");
281 : 1 : HELP0(" \\lo_import FILE [COMMENT]\n"
282 : : " read large object from file\n");
283 : 1 : HELP0(" \\lo_list[x+] list large objects\n");
284 : 1 : HELP0(" \\lo_unlink LOBOID delete a large object\n");
285 : 1 : HELP0("\n");
286 : :
287 : 1 : HELP0("Formatting\n");
288 : 1 : HELP0(" \\a toggle between unaligned and aligned output mode\n");
289 : 1 : HELP0(" \\C [STRING] set table title, or unset if none\n");
290 : 1 : HELP0(" \\f [STRING] show or set field separator for unaligned query output\n");
291 [ - + ]: 1 : HELPN(" \\H toggle HTML output mode (currently %s)\n",
292 : : ON(pset.popt.topt.format == PRINT_HTML));
293 : 1 : HELP0(" \\pset [NAME [VALUE]] set table output option\n"
294 : : " see \"\\? variables\" for valid options\n");
295 [ - + ]: 1 : HELPN(" \\t [on|off] show only rows (currently %s)\n",
296 : : ON(pset.popt.topt.tuples_only));
297 : 1 : HELP0(" \\T [STRING] set HTML <table> tag attributes, or unset if none\n");
298 [ - + - + ]: 1 : HELPN(" \\x [on|off|auto] toggle expanded output (currently %s)\n",
299 : : pset.popt.topt.expanded == 2 ? _("auto") : ON(pset.popt.topt.expanded));
300 : 1 : HELP0("\n");
301 : :
302 : 1 : HELP0("Connection\n");
303 [ - + ]: 1 : if (currdb)
304 : 0 : HELPN(" \\c[onnect] {[DBNAME|- USER|- HOST|- PORT|-] | conninfo}\n"
305 : : " connect to new database (currently \"%s\")\n",
306 : : currdb);
307 : : else
308 : 1 : HELP0(" \\c[onnect] {[DBNAME|- USER|- HOST|- PORT|-] | conninfo}\n"
309 : : " connect to new database (currently no connection)\n");
310 : 1 : HELP0(" \\conninfo display information about current connection\n");
311 : 1 : HELP0(" \\encoding [ENCODING] show or set client encoding\n");
312 : 1 : HELP0(" \\password [USERNAME] securely change the password for a user\n");
313 : 1 : HELP0("\n");
314 : :
315 : 1 : HELP0("Operating System\n");
316 : 1 : HELP0(" \\cd [DIR] change the current working directory\n");
317 : 1 : HELP0(" \\getenv PSQLVAR ENVVAR fetch environment variable\n");
318 : 1 : HELP0(" \\setenv NAME [VALUE] set or unset environment variable\n");
319 [ - + ]: 1 : HELPN(" \\timing [on|off] toggle timing of commands (currently %s)\n",
320 : : ON(pset.timing));
321 : 1 : HELP0(" \\! [COMMAND] execute command in shell or start interactive shell\n");
322 : 1 : HELP0("\n");
323 : :
324 : 1 : HELP0("Variables\n");
325 : 1 : HELP0(" \\prompt [TEXT] NAME prompt user to set internal variable\n");
326 : 1 : HELP0(" \\set [NAME [VALUE]] set internal variable, or list all if no parameters\n");
327 : 1 : HELP0(" \\unset NAME unset (delete) internal variable\n");
328 : 1 : HELP0("\n");
329 : :
330 : 1 : HELP0("Extended Query Protocol\n");
331 : 1 : HELP0(" \\bind [PARAM]... set query parameters\n");
332 : 1 : HELP0(" \\bind_named STMT_NAME [PARAM]...\n"
333 : : " set query parameters for an existing prepared statement\n");
334 : 1 : HELP0(" \\close_prepared STMT_NAME\n"
335 : : " close an existing prepared statement\n");
336 : 1 : HELP0(" \\endpipeline exit pipeline mode\n");
337 : 1 : HELP0(" \\flush flush output data to the server\n");
338 : 1 : HELP0(" \\flushrequest send request to the server to flush its output buffer\n");
339 : 1 : HELP0(" \\getresults [NUM_RES] read NUM_RES pending results, or all if no argument\n");
340 : 1 : HELP0(" \\parse STMT_NAME create a prepared statement\n");
341 : 1 : HELP0(" \\sendpipeline send an extended query to an ongoing pipeline\n");
342 : 1 : HELP0(" \\startpipeline enter pipeline mode\n");
343 : 1 : HELP0(" \\syncpipeline add a synchronisation point to an ongoing pipeline\n");
344 : :
345 : : /* Now we can count the lines. */
346 : 1 : nlcount = 0;
347 [ + + ]: 7876 : for (const char *ptr = buf.data; *ptr; ptr++)
348 : : {
349 [ + + ]: 7875 : if (*ptr == '\n')
350 : 158 : nlcount++;
351 : : }
352 : :
353 : : /* And dump the output, with appropriate pagination. */
354 [ - + ]: 1 : output = PageOutput(nlcount, pager ? &(pset.popt.topt) : NULL);
355 : :
356 : 1 : fputs(buf.data, output);
357 : :
358 : 1 : ClosePager(output);
359 : :
360 : 1 : termPQExpBuffer(&buf);
361 : 1 : }
362 : :
363 : :
364 : : /*
365 : : * helpVariables
366 : : *
367 : : * show list of available variables (options) from command line
368 : : */
369 : : void
370 : 1 : helpVariables(unsigned short int pager)
371 : : {
372 : : PQExpBufferData buf;
373 : : int nlcount;
374 : : FILE *output;
375 : :
376 : : /*
377 : : * To avoid counting the output lines manually, build the output in "buf"
378 : : * and then count them.
379 : : */
380 : 1 : initPQExpBuffer(&buf);
381 : :
382 : 1 : HELP0("List of specially treated variables\n\n");
383 : :
384 : 1 : HELP0("psql variables:\n");
385 : 1 : HELP0("Usage:\n");
386 : 1 : HELP0(" psql --set=NAME=VALUE\n or \\set NAME VALUE inside psql\n\n");
387 : :
388 : 1 : HELP0(" AUTOCOMMIT\n"
389 : : " if set, successful SQL commands are automatically committed\n");
390 : 1 : HELP0(" COMP_KEYWORD_CASE\n"
391 : : " determines the case used to complete SQL key words\n"
392 : : " [lower, upper, preserve-lower, preserve-upper]\n");
393 : 1 : HELP0(" DBNAME\n"
394 : : " the currently connected database name\n");
395 : 1 : HELP0(" ECHO\n"
396 : : " controls what input is written to standard output\n"
397 : : " [all, errors, none, queries]\n");
398 : 1 : HELP0(" ECHO_HIDDEN\n"
399 : : " if set, display internal queries executed by backslash commands;\n"
400 : : " if set to \"noexec\", just show them without execution\n");
401 : 1 : HELP0(" ENCODING\n"
402 : : " current client character set encoding\n");
403 : 1 : HELP0(" ERROR\n"
404 : : " \"true\" if last query failed, else \"false\"\n");
405 : 1 : HELP0(" FETCH_COUNT\n"
406 : : " the number of result rows to fetch and display at a time (0 = unlimited)\n");
407 : 1 : HELP0(" HIDE_TABLEAM\n"
408 : : " if set, table access methods are not displayed\n");
409 : 1 : HELP0(" HIDE_TOAST_COMPRESSION\n"
410 : : " if set, compression methods are not displayed\n");
411 : 1 : HELP0(" HISTCONTROL\n"
412 : : " controls command history [ignorespace, ignoredups, ignoreboth]\n");
413 : 1 : HELP0(" HISTFILE\n"
414 : : " file name used to store the command history\n");
415 : 1 : HELP0(" HISTSIZE\n"
416 : : " maximum number of commands to store in the command history\n");
417 : 1 : HELP0(" HOST\n"
418 : : " the currently connected database server host\n");
419 : 1 : HELP0(" IGNOREEOF\n"
420 : : " number of EOFs needed to terminate an interactive session\n");
421 : 1 : HELP0(" LASTOID\n"
422 : : " value of the last affected OID\n");
423 : 1 : HELP0(" LAST_ERROR_MESSAGE\n"
424 : : " LAST_ERROR_SQLSTATE\n"
425 : : " message and SQLSTATE of last error, or empty string and \"00000\" if none\n");
426 : 1 : HELP0(" ON_ERROR_ROLLBACK\n"
427 : : " if set, an error doesn't stop a transaction (uses implicit savepoints)\n");
428 : 1 : HELP0(" ON_ERROR_STOP\n"
429 : : " stop batch execution after error\n");
430 : 1 : HELP0(" PORT\n"
431 : : " server port of the current connection\n");
432 : 1 : HELP0(" PROMPT1\n"
433 : : " specifies the standard psql prompt\n");
434 : 1 : HELP0(" PROMPT2\n"
435 : : " specifies the prompt used when a statement continues from a previous line\n");
436 : 1 : HELP0(" PROMPT3\n"
437 : : " specifies the prompt used during COPY ... FROM STDIN\n");
438 : 1 : HELP0(" QUIET\n"
439 : : " run quietly (same as -q option)\n");
440 : 1 : HELP0(" ROW_COUNT\n"
441 : : " number of rows returned or affected by last query, or 0\n");
442 : 1 : HELP0(" SERVER_VERSION_NAME\n"
443 : : " SERVER_VERSION_NUM\n"
444 : : " server's version (in short string or numeric format)\n");
445 : 1 : HELP0(" SHELL_ERROR\n"
446 : : " \"true\" if the last shell command failed, \"false\" if it succeeded\n");
447 : 1 : HELP0(" SHELL_EXIT_CODE\n"
448 : : " exit status of the last shell command\n");
449 : 1 : HELP0(" SHOW_ALL_RESULTS\n"
450 : : " show all results of a combined query (\\;) instead of only the last\n");
451 : 1 : HELP0(" SHOW_CONTEXT\n"
452 : : " controls display of message context fields [never, errors, always]\n");
453 : 1 : HELP0(" SINGLELINE\n"
454 : : " if set, end of line terminates SQL commands (same as -S option)\n");
455 : 1 : HELP0(" SINGLESTEP\n"
456 : : " single-step mode (same as -s option)\n");
457 : 1 : HELP0(" SQLSTATE\n"
458 : : " SQLSTATE of last query, or \"00000\" if no error\n");
459 : 1 : HELP0(" USER\n"
460 : : " the currently connected database user\n");
461 : 1 : HELP0(" VERBOSITY\n"
462 : : " controls verbosity of error reports [default, verbose, terse, sqlstate]\n");
463 : 1 : HELP0(" VERSION\n"
464 : : " VERSION_NAME\n"
465 : : " VERSION_NUM\n"
466 : : " psql's version (in verbose string, short string, or numeric format)\n");
467 : 1 : HELPN(" WATCH_INTERVAL\n"
468 : : " number of seconds \\watch waits between executions (default %s)\n",
469 : : DEFAULT_WATCH_INTERVAL);
470 : :
471 : 1 : HELP0("\nDisplay settings:\n");
472 : 1 : HELP0("Usage:\n");
473 : 1 : HELP0(" psql --pset=NAME[=VALUE]\n or \\pset NAME [VALUE] inside psql\n\n");
474 : :
475 : 1 : HELP0(" border\n"
476 : : " border style (number)\n");
477 : 1 : HELP0(" columns\n"
478 : : " target width for the wrapped format\n");
479 : 1 : HELPN(" csv_fieldsep\n"
480 : : " field separator for CSV output format (default \"%c\")\n",
481 : : DEFAULT_CSV_FIELD_SEP);
482 : 1 : HELP0(" display_false\n"
483 : : " set the string to be printed in place of a boolean 'false'\n");
484 : 1 : HELP0(" display_true\n"
485 : : " set the string to be printed in place of a boolean 'true'\n");
486 : 1 : HELP0(" expanded (or x)\n"
487 : : " expanded output [on, off, auto]\n");
488 : 1 : HELPN(" fieldsep\n"
489 : : " field separator for unaligned output (default \"%s\")\n",
490 : : DEFAULT_FIELD_SEP);
491 : 1 : HELP0(" fieldsep_zero\n"
492 : : " set field separator for unaligned output to a zero byte\n");
493 : 1 : HELP0(" footer\n"
494 : : " enable or disable display of the table footer [on, off]\n");
495 : 1 : HELP0(" format\n"
496 : : " set output format [unaligned, aligned, wrapped, html, asciidoc, ...]\n");
497 : 1 : HELP0(" linestyle\n"
498 : : " set the border line drawing style [ascii, old-ascii, unicode]\n");
499 : 1 : HELP0(" null\n"
500 : : " set the string to be printed in place of a null value\n");
501 : 1 : HELP0(" numericlocale\n"
502 : : " enable display of a locale-specific character to separate groups of digits\n");
503 : 1 : HELP0(" pager\n"
504 : : " control when an external pager is used [yes, no, always]\n");
505 : 1 : HELP0(" recordsep\n"
506 : : " record (line) separator for unaligned output\n");
507 : 1 : HELP0(" recordsep_zero\n"
508 : : " set record separator for unaligned output to a zero byte\n");
509 : 1 : HELP0(" tableattr (or T)\n"
510 : : " specify attributes for table tag in html format, or proportional\n"
511 : : " column widths for left-aligned data types in latex-longtable format\n");
512 : 1 : HELP0(" title\n"
513 : : " set the table title for subsequently printed tables\n");
514 : 1 : HELP0(" tuples_only\n"
515 : : " if set, only actual table data is shown\n");
516 : 1 : HELP0(" unicode_border_linestyle\n"
517 : : " unicode_column_linestyle\n"
518 : : " unicode_header_linestyle\n"
519 : : " set the style of Unicode line drawing [single, double]\n");
520 : 1 : HELP0(" xheader_width\n"
521 : : " set the maximum width of the header for expanded output\n"
522 : : " [full, column, page, integer value]\n");
523 : :
524 : 1 : HELP0("\nEnvironment variables:\n");
525 : 1 : HELP0("Usage:\n");
526 : :
527 : : #ifndef WIN32
528 : 1 : HELP0(" NAME=VALUE [NAME=VALUE] psql ...\n or \\setenv NAME [VALUE] inside psql\n\n");
529 : : #else
530 : : HELP0(" set NAME=VALUE\n psql ...\n or \\setenv NAME [VALUE] inside psql\n\n");
531 : : #endif
532 : :
533 : 1 : HELP0(" COLUMNS\n"
534 : : " number of columns for wrapped format\n");
535 : 1 : HELP0(" PGAPPNAME\n"
536 : : " same as the application_name connection parameter\n");
537 : 1 : HELP0(" PGDATABASE\n"
538 : : " same as the dbname connection parameter\n");
539 : 1 : HELP0(" PGHOST\n"
540 : : " same as the host connection parameter\n");
541 : 1 : HELP0(" PGPASSFILE\n"
542 : : " password file name\n");
543 : 1 : HELP0(" PGPASSWORD\n"
544 : : " connection password (not recommended)\n");
545 : 1 : HELP0(" PGPORT\n"
546 : : " same as the port connection parameter\n");
547 : 1 : HELP0(" PGUSER\n"
548 : : " same as the user connection parameter\n");
549 : 1 : HELP0(" PSQL_EDITOR, EDITOR, VISUAL\n"
550 : : " editor used by the \\e, \\ef, and \\ev commands\n");
551 : 1 : HELP0(" PSQL_EDITOR_LINENUMBER_ARG\n"
552 : : " how to specify a line number when invoking the editor\n");
553 : 1 : HELP0(" PSQL_HISTORY\n"
554 : : " alternative location for the command history file\n");
555 : 1 : HELP0(" PSQL_PAGER, PAGER\n"
556 : : " name of external pager program\n");
557 : : #ifndef WIN32
558 : 1 : HELP0(" PSQL_WATCH_PAGER\n"
559 : : " name of external pager program used for \\watch\n");
560 : : #endif
561 : 1 : HELP0(" PSQLRC\n"
562 : : " alternative location for the user's .psqlrc file\n");
563 : 1 : HELP0(" SHELL\n"
564 : : " shell used by the \\! command\n");
565 : 1 : HELP0(" TMPDIR\n"
566 : : " directory for temporary files\n");
567 : :
568 : : /* Now we can count the lines. */
569 : 1 : nlcount = 0;
570 [ + + ]: 5680 : for (const char *ptr = buf.data; *ptr; ptr++)
571 : : {
572 [ + + ]: 5679 : if (*ptr == '\n')
573 : 178 : nlcount++;
574 : : }
575 : :
576 : : /* And dump the output, with appropriate pagination. */
577 [ - + ]: 1 : output = PageOutput(nlcount, pager ? &(pset.popt.topt) : NULL);
578 : :
579 : 1 : fputs(buf.data, output);
580 : :
581 : 1 : ClosePager(output);
582 : :
583 : 1 : termPQExpBuffer(&buf);
584 : 1 : }
585 : :
586 : :
587 : : /*
588 : : * helpSQL -- help with SQL commands
589 : : *
590 : : * Note: we assume caller removed any trailing spaces in "topic".
591 : : */
592 : : void
593 : 2 : helpSQL(const char *topic, unsigned short int pager)
594 : : {
595 : : #define VALUE_OR_NULL(a) ((a) ? (a) : "")
596 : :
597 [ + + - + ]: 2 : if (!topic || strlen(topic) == 0)
598 : 1 : {
599 : : /* Print all the available command names */
600 : : int screen_width;
601 : : int ncolumns;
602 : : int nrows;
603 : : FILE *output;
604 : : int i;
605 : : int j;
606 : :
607 : : /* Find screen width to determine how many columns will fit */
608 : : #ifdef TIOCGWINSZ
609 : : struct winsize screen_size;
610 : :
611 [ + - ]: 1 : if (ioctl(fileno(stdout), TIOCGWINSZ, &screen_size) == -1)
612 : 1 : screen_width = 80; /* ioctl failed, assume 80 */
613 : : else
614 : 0 : screen_width = screen_size.ws_col;
615 : : #else
616 : : screen_width = 80; /* default assumption */
617 : : #endif
618 : :
619 : 1 : ncolumns = (screen_width - 3) / (QL_MAX_CMD_LEN + 1);
620 : 1 : ncolumns = Max(ncolumns, 1);
621 : 1 : nrows = (QL_HELP_COUNT + (ncolumns - 1)) / ncolumns;
622 : :
623 [ + - ]: 1 : output = PageOutput(nrows + 1, pager ? &(pset.popt.topt) : NULL);
624 : :
625 : 1 : fputs(_("Available help:\n"), output);
626 : :
627 [ + + ]: 96 : for (i = 0; i < nrows; i++)
628 : : {
629 : 95 : fprintf(output, " ");
630 [ + + ]: 190 : for (j = 0; j < ncolumns - 1; j++)
631 : 95 : fprintf(output, "%-*s",
632 : : QL_MAX_CMD_LEN + 1,
633 [ + - ]: 95 : VALUE_OR_NULL(QL_HELP[i + j * nrows].cmd));
634 [ + - ]: 95 : if (i + j * nrows < QL_HELP_COUNT)
635 : 95 : fprintf(output, "%s",
636 [ + - ]: 95 : VALUE_OR_NULL(QL_HELP[i + j * nrows].cmd));
637 : 95 : fputc('\n', output);
638 : : }
639 : :
640 : 1 : ClosePager(output);
641 : : }
642 : : else
643 : : {
644 : : int i,
645 : : pass;
646 : 1 : FILE *output = NULL;
647 : : size_t len,
648 : : wordlen,
649 : : j;
650 : : int nl_count;
651 : :
652 : : /*
653 : : * len is the amount of the input to compare to the help topic names.
654 : : * We first try exact match, then first + second words, then first
655 : : * word only.
656 : : */
657 : 1 : len = strlen(topic);
658 : :
659 [ + - ]: 1 : for (pass = 1; pass <= 3; pass++)
660 : : {
661 [ - + ]: 1 : if (pass > 1) /* Nothing on first pass - try the opening
662 : : * word(s) */
663 : : {
664 : 0 : wordlen = j = 1;
665 [ # # # # ]: 0 : while (j < len && topic[j++] != ' ')
666 : 0 : wordlen++;
667 [ # # # # ]: 0 : if (pass == 2 && j < len)
668 : : {
669 : 0 : wordlen++;
670 [ # # # # ]: 0 : while (j < len && topic[j++] != ' ')
671 : 0 : wordlen++;
672 : : }
673 [ # # ]: 0 : if (wordlen >= len)
674 : : {
675 : : /* Failed to shorten input, so try next pass if any */
676 : 0 : continue;
677 : : }
678 : 0 : len = wordlen;
679 : : }
680 : :
681 : : /*
682 : : * Count newlines for pager. This logic must agree with what the
683 : : * following loop will do!
684 : : */
685 : 1 : nl_count = 0;
686 [ + - ]: 174 : for (i = 0; QL_HELP[i].cmd; i++)
687 : : {
688 [ + + ]: 174 : if (pg_strncasecmp(topic, QL_HELP[i].cmd, len) == 0 ||
689 [ - + ]: 173 : strcmp(topic, "*") == 0)
690 : : {
691 : : /* magic constant here must match format below! */
692 : 1 : nl_count += 7 + QL_HELP[i].nl_count;
693 : :
694 : : /* If we have an exact match, exit. Fixes \h SELECT */
695 [ + - ]: 1 : if (pg_strcasecmp(topic, QL_HELP[i].cmd) == 0)
696 : 1 : break;
697 : : }
698 : : }
699 : : /* If no matches, don't open the output yet */
700 [ - + ]: 1 : if (nl_count == 0)
701 : 0 : continue;
702 : :
703 [ + - ]: 1 : if (!output)
704 [ + - ]: 1 : output = PageOutput(nl_count, pager ? &(pset.popt.topt) : NULL);
705 : :
706 [ + - ]: 174 : for (i = 0; QL_HELP[i].cmd; i++)
707 : : {
708 [ + + ]: 174 : if (pg_strncasecmp(topic, QL_HELP[i].cmd, len) == 0 ||
709 [ - + ]: 173 : strcmp(topic, "*") == 0)
710 : : {
711 : : PQExpBufferData buffer;
712 : : char *url;
713 : :
714 : 1 : initPQExpBuffer(&buffer);
715 : 1 : QL_HELP[i].syntaxfunc(&buffer);
716 : 1 : url = psprintf("https://www.postgresql.org/docs/%s/%s.html",
717 : : strstr(PG_VERSION, "devel") ? "devel" : PG_MAJORVERSION,
718 : 1 : QL_HELP[i].docbook_id);
719 : : /* # of newlines in format must match constant above! */
720 : 1 : fprintf(output, _("Command: %s\n"
721 : : "Description: %s\n"
722 : : "Syntax:\n%s\n\n"
723 : : "URL: %s\n\n"),
724 : 1 : QL_HELP[i].cmd,
725 : 1 : _(QL_HELP[i].help),
726 : : buffer.data,
727 : : url);
728 : 1 : pfree(url);
729 : 1 : termPQExpBuffer(&buffer);
730 : :
731 : : /* If we have an exact match, exit. Fixes \h SELECT */
732 [ + - ]: 1 : if (pg_strcasecmp(topic, QL_HELP[i].cmd) == 0)
733 : 1 : break;
734 : : }
735 : : }
736 : 1 : break;
737 : : }
738 : :
739 : : /* If we never found anything, report that */
740 [ - + ]: 1 : if (!output)
741 : : {
742 [ # # ]: 0 : output = PageOutput(2, pager ? &(pset.popt.topt) : NULL);
743 : 0 : fprintf(output, _("No help available for \"%s\".\n"
744 : : "Try \\h with no arguments to see available help.\n"),
745 : : topic);
746 : : }
747 : :
748 : 1 : ClosePager(output);
749 : : }
750 : 2 : }
751 : :
752 : :
753 : :
754 : : void
755 : 1 : print_copyright(void)
756 : : {
757 : 1 : puts("PostgreSQL Database Management System\n"
758 : : "(also known as Postgres, formerly known as Postgres95)\n\n"
759 : : "Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2026, PostgreSQL Global Development Group\n\n"
760 : : "Portions Copyright (c) 1994, The Regents of the University of California\n\n"
761 : : "Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its\n"
762 : : "documentation for any purpose, without fee, and without a written agreement\n"
763 : : "is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice and this\n"
764 : : "paragraph and the following two paragraphs appear in all copies.\n\n"
765 : : "IN NO EVENT SHALL THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY FOR\n"
766 : : "DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING\n"
767 : : "LOST PROFITS, ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE AND ITS\n"
768 : : "DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE\n"
769 : : "POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.\n\n"
770 : : "THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES,\n"
771 : : "INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY\n"
772 : : "AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE SOFTWARE PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS\n"
773 : : "ON AN \"AS IS\" BASIS, AND THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS NO OBLIGATIONS TO\n"
774 : : "PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT, UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, OR MODIFICATIONS.\n");
775 : 1 : }
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