LCOV - code coverage report
Current view: top level - src/bin/pgbench - pgbench.c (source / functions) Hit Total Coverage
Test: PostgreSQL 17devel Lines: 2426 2818 86.1 %
Date: 2023-12-01 20:11:03 Functions: 120 125 96.0 %
Legend: Lines: hit not hit

          Line data    Source code
       1             : /*
       2             :  * pgbench.c
       3             :  *
       4             :  * A simple benchmark program for PostgreSQL
       5             :  * Originally written by Tatsuo Ishii and enhanced by many contributors.
       6             :  *
       7             :  * src/bin/pgbench/pgbench.c
       8             :  * Copyright (c) 2000-2023, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
       9             :  * ALL RIGHTS RESERVED;
      10             :  *
      11             :  * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
      12             :  * documentation for any purpose, without fee, and without a written agreement
      13             :  * is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice and this
      14             :  * paragraph and the following two paragraphs appear in all copies.
      15             :  *
      16             :  * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR DISTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY FOR
      17             :  * DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING
      18             :  * LOST PROFITS, ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE AND ITS
      19             :  * DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF THE AUTHOR OR DISTRIBUTORS HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE
      20             :  * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
      21             :  *
      22             :  * THE AUTHOR AND DISTRIBUTORS SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES,
      23             :  * INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
      24             :  * AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  THE SOFTWARE PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS
      25             :  * ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, AND THE AUTHOR AND DISTRIBUTORS HAS NO OBLIGATIONS TO
      26             :  * PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT, UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, OR MODIFICATIONS.
      27             :  *
      28             :  */
      29             : 
      30             : #if defined(WIN32) && FD_SETSIZE < 1024
      31             : #error FD_SETSIZE needs to have been increased
      32             : #endif
      33             : 
      34             : #include "postgres_fe.h"
      35             : 
      36             : #include <ctype.h>
      37             : #include <float.h>
      38             : #include <limits.h>
      39             : #include <math.h>
      40             : #include <signal.h>
      41             : #include <time.h>
      42             : #include <sys/time.h>
      43             : #include <sys/resource.h>     /* for getrlimit */
      44             : 
      45             : /* For testing, PGBENCH_USE_SELECT can be defined to force use of that code */
      46             : #if defined(HAVE_PPOLL) && !defined(PGBENCH_USE_SELECT)
      47             : #define POLL_USING_PPOLL
      48             : #ifdef HAVE_POLL_H
      49             : #include <poll.h>
      50             : #endif
      51             : #else                           /* no ppoll(), so use select() */
      52             : #define POLL_USING_SELECT
      53             : #include <sys/select.h>
      54             : #endif
      55             : 
      56             : #include "common/int.h"
      57             : #include "common/logging.h"
      58             : #include "common/pg_prng.h"
      59             : #include "common/string.h"
      60             : #include "common/username.h"
      61             : #include "fe_utils/cancel.h"
      62             : #include "fe_utils/conditional.h"
      63             : #include "fe_utils/option_utils.h"
      64             : #include "fe_utils/string_utils.h"
      65             : #include "getopt_long.h"
      66             : #include "libpq-fe.h"
      67             : #include "pgbench.h"
      68             : #include "port/pg_bitutils.h"
      69             : #include "portability/instr_time.h"
      70             : 
      71             : /* X/Open (XSI) requires <math.h> to provide M_PI, but core POSIX does not */
      72             : #ifndef M_PI
      73             : #define M_PI 3.14159265358979323846
      74             : #endif
      75             : 
      76             : #define ERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE  "40001"
      77             : #define ERRCODE_T_R_DEADLOCK_DETECTED  "40P01"
      78             : #define ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_TABLE  "42P01"
      79             : 
      80             : /*
      81             :  * Hashing constants
      82             :  */
      83             : #define FNV_PRIME           UINT64CONST(0x100000001b3)
      84             : #define FNV_OFFSET_BASIS    UINT64CONST(0xcbf29ce484222325)
      85             : #define MM2_MUL             UINT64CONST(0xc6a4a7935bd1e995)
      86             : #define MM2_MUL_TIMES_8     UINT64CONST(0x35253c9ade8f4ca8)
      87             : #define MM2_ROT             47
      88             : 
      89             : /*
      90             :  * Multi-platform socket set implementations
      91             :  */
      92             : 
      93             : #ifdef POLL_USING_PPOLL
      94             : #define SOCKET_WAIT_METHOD "ppoll"
      95             : 
      96             : typedef struct socket_set
      97             : {
      98             :     int         maxfds;         /* allocated length of pollfds[] array */
      99             :     int         curfds;         /* number currently in use */
     100             :     struct pollfd pollfds[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
     101             : } socket_set;
     102             : 
     103             : #endif                          /* POLL_USING_PPOLL */
     104             : 
     105             : #ifdef POLL_USING_SELECT
     106             : #define SOCKET_WAIT_METHOD "select"
     107             : 
     108             : typedef struct socket_set
     109             : {
     110             :     int         maxfd;          /* largest FD currently set in fds */
     111             :     fd_set      fds;
     112             : } socket_set;
     113             : 
     114             : #endif                          /* POLL_USING_SELECT */
     115             : 
     116             : /*
     117             :  * Multi-platform thread implementations
     118             :  */
     119             : 
     120             : #ifdef WIN32
     121             : /* Use Windows threads */
     122             : #include <windows.h>
     123             : #define GETERRNO() (_dosmaperr(GetLastError()), errno)
     124             : #define THREAD_T HANDLE
     125             : #define THREAD_FUNC_RETURN_TYPE unsigned
     126             : #define THREAD_FUNC_RETURN return 0
     127             : #define THREAD_FUNC_CC __stdcall
     128             : #define THREAD_CREATE(handle, function, arg) \
     129             :     ((*(handle) = (HANDLE) _beginthreadex(NULL, 0, (function), (arg), 0, NULL)) == 0 ? errno : 0)
     130             : #define THREAD_JOIN(handle) \
     131             :     (WaitForSingleObject(handle, INFINITE) != WAIT_OBJECT_0 ? \
     132             :     GETERRNO() : CloseHandle(handle) ? 0 : GETERRNO())
     133             : #define THREAD_BARRIER_T SYNCHRONIZATION_BARRIER
     134             : #define THREAD_BARRIER_INIT(barrier, n) \
     135             :     (InitializeSynchronizationBarrier((barrier), (n), 0) ? 0 : GETERRNO())
     136             : #define THREAD_BARRIER_WAIT(barrier) \
     137             :     EnterSynchronizationBarrier((barrier), \
     138             :                                 SYNCHRONIZATION_BARRIER_FLAGS_BLOCK_ONLY)
     139             : #define THREAD_BARRIER_DESTROY(barrier)
     140             : #else
     141             : /* Use POSIX threads */
     142             : #include "port/pg_pthread.h"
     143             : #define THREAD_T pthread_t
     144             : #define THREAD_FUNC_RETURN_TYPE void *
     145             : #define THREAD_FUNC_RETURN return NULL
     146             : #define THREAD_FUNC_CC
     147             : #define THREAD_CREATE(handle, function, arg) \
     148             :     pthread_create((handle), NULL, (function), (arg))
     149             : #define THREAD_JOIN(handle) \
     150             :     pthread_join((handle), NULL)
     151             : #define THREAD_BARRIER_T pthread_barrier_t
     152             : #define THREAD_BARRIER_INIT(barrier, n) \
     153             :     pthread_barrier_init((barrier), NULL, (n))
     154             : #define THREAD_BARRIER_WAIT(barrier) pthread_barrier_wait((barrier))
     155             : #define THREAD_BARRIER_DESTROY(barrier) pthread_barrier_destroy((barrier))
     156             : #endif
     157             : 
     158             : 
     159             : /********************************************************************
     160             :  * some configurable parameters */
     161             : 
     162             : #define DEFAULT_INIT_STEPS "dtgvp"    /* default -I setting */
     163             : #define ALL_INIT_STEPS "dtgGvpf"  /* all possible steps */
     164             : 
     165             : #define LOG_STEP_SECONDS    5   /* seconds between log messages */
     166             : #define DEFAULT_NXACTS  10      /* default nxacts */
     167             : 
     168             : #define MIN_GAUSSIAN_PARAM      2.0 /* minimum parameter for gauss */
     169             : 
     170             : #define MIN_ZIPFIAN_PARAM       1.001   /* minimum parameter for zipfian */
     171             : #define MAX_ZIPFIAN_PARAM       1000.0  /* maximum parameter for zipfian */
     172             : 
     173             : int         nxacts = 0;         /* number of transactions per client */
     174             : int         duration = 0;       /* duration in seconds */
     175             : int64       end_time = 0;       /* when to stop in micro seconds, under -T */
     176             : 
     177             : /*
     178             :  * scaling factor. for example, scale = 10 will make 1000000 tuples in
     179             :  * pgbench_accounts table.
     180             :  */
     181             : int         scale = 1;
     182             : 
     183             : /*
     184             :  * fillfactor. for example, fillfactor = 90 will use only 90 percent
     185             :  * space during inserts and leave 10 percent free.
     186             :  */
     187             : int         fillfactor = 100;
     188             : 
     189             : /*
     190             :  * use unlogged tables?
     191             :  */
     192             : bool        unlogged_tables = false;
     193             : 
     194             : /*
     195             :  * log sampling rate (1.0 = log everything, 0.0 = option not given)
     196             :  */
     197             : double      sample_rate = 0.0;
     198             : 
     199             : /*
     200             :  * When threads are throttled to a given rate limit, this is the target delay
     201             :  * to reach that rate in usec.  0 is the default and means no throttling.
     202             :  */
     203             : double      throttle_delay = 0;
     204             : 
     205             : /*
     206             :  * Transactions which take longer than this limit (in usec) are counted as
     207             :  * late, and reported as such, although they are completed anyway. When
     208             :  * throttling is enabled, execution time slots that are more than this late
     209             :  * are skipped altogether, and counted separately.
     210             :  */
     211             : int64       latency_limit = 0;
     212             : 
     213             : /*
     214             :  * tablespace selection
     215             :  */
     216             : char       *tablespace = NULL;
     217             : char       *index_tablespace = NULL;
     218             : 
     219             : /*
     220             :  * Number of "pgbench_accounts" partitions.  0 is the default and means no
     221             :  * partitioning.
     222             :  */
     223             : static int  partitions = 0;
     224             : 
     225             : /* partitioning strategy for "pgbench_accounts" */
     226             : typedef enum
     227             : {
     228             :     PART_NONE,                  /* no partitioning */
     229             :     PART_RANGE,                 /* range partitioning */
     230             :     PART_HASH,                  /* hash partitioning */
     231             : } partition_method_t;
     232             : 
     233             : static partition_method_t partition_method = PART_NONE;
     234             : static const char *const PARTITION_METHOD[] = {"none", "range", "hash"};
     235             : 
     236             : /* random seed used to initialize base_random_sequence */
     237             : int64       random_seed = -1;
     238             : 
     239             : /*
     240             :  * end of configurable parameters
     241             :  *********************************************************************/
     242             : 
     243             : #define nbranches   1           /* Makes little sense to change this.  Change
     244             :                                  * -s instead */
     245             : #define ntellers    10
     246             : #define naccounts   100000
     247             : 
     248             : /*
     249             :  * The scale factor at/beyond which 32bit integers are incapable of storing
     250             :  * 64bit values.
     251             :  *
     252             :  * Although the actual threshold is 21474, we use 20000 because it is easier to
     253             :  * document and remember, and isn't that far away from the real threshold.
     254             :  */
     255             : #define SCALE_32BIT_THRESHOLD 20000
     256             : 
     257             : bool        use_log;            /* log transaction latencies to a file */
     258             : bool        use_quiet;          /* quiet logging onto stderr */
     259             : int         agg_interval;       /* log aggregates instead of individual
     260             :                                  * transactions */
     261             : bool        per_script_stats = false;   /* whether to collect stats per script */
     262             : int         progress = 0;       /* thread progress report every this seconds */
     263             : bool        progress_timestamp = false; /* progress report with Unix time */
     264             : int         nclients = 1;       /* number of clients */
     265             : int         nthreads = 1;       /* number of threads */
     266             : bool        is_connect;         /* establish connection for each transaction */
     267             : bool        report_per_command = false; /* report per-command latencies,
     268             :                                          * retries after errors and failures
     269             :                                          * (errors without retrying) */
     270             : int         main_pid;           /* main process id used in log filename */
     271             : 
     272             : /*
     273             :  * There are different types of restrictions for deciding that the current
     274             :  * transaction with a serialization/deadlock error can no longer be retried and
     275             :  * should be reported as failed:
     276             :  * - max_tries (--max-tries) can be used to limit the number of tries;
     277             :  * - latency_limit (-L) can be used to limit the total time of tries;
     278             :  * - duration (-T) can be used to limit the total benchmark time.
     279             :  *
     280             :  * They can be combined together, and you need to use at least one of them to
     281             :  * retry the transactions with serialization/deadlock errors. If none of them is
     282             :  * used, the default value of max_tries is 1 and such transactions will not be
     283             :  * retried.
     284             :  */
     285             : 
     286             : /*
     287             :  * We cannot retry a transaction after the serialization/deadlock error if its
     288             :  * number of tries reaches this maximum; if its value is zero, it is not used.
     289             :  */
     290             : uint32      max_tries = 1;
     291             : 
     292             : bool        failures_detailed = false;  /* whether to group failures in
     293             :                                          * reports or logs by basic types */
     294             : 
     295             : const char *pghost = NULL;
     296             : const char *pgport = NULL;
     297             : const char *username = NULL;
     298             : const char *dbName = NULL;
     299             : char       *logfile_prefix = NULL;
     300             : const char *progname;
     301             : 
     302             : #define WSEP '@'                /* weight separator */
     303             : 
     304             : volatile sig_atomic_t timer_exceeded = false;   /* flag from signal handler */
     305             : 
     306             : /*
     307             :  * We don't want to allocate variables one by one; for efficiency, add a
     308             :  * constant margin each time it overflows.
     309             :  */
     310             : #define VARIABLES_ALLOC_MARGIN  8
     311             : 
     312             : /*
     313             :  * Variable definitions.
     314             :  *
     315             :  * If a variable only has a string value, "svalue" is that value, and value is
     316             :  * "not set".  If the value is known, "value" contains the value (in any
     317             :  * variant).
     318             :  *
     319             :  * In this case "svalue" contains the string equivalent of the value, if we've
     320             :  * had occasion to compute that, or NULL if we haven't.
     321             :  */
     322             : typedef struct
     323             : {
     324             :     char       *name;           /* variable's name */
     325             :     char       *svalue;         /* its value in string form, if known */
     326             :     PgBenchValue value;         /* actual variable's value */
     327             : } Variable;
     328             : 
     329             : /*
     330             :  * Data structure for client variables.
     331             :  */
     332             : typedef struct
     333             : {
     334             :     Variable   *vars;           /* array of variable definitions */
     335             :     int         nvars;          /* number of variables */
     336             : 
     337             :     /*
     338             :      * The maximum number of variables that we can currently store in 'vars'
     339             :      * without having to reallocate more space. We must always have max_vars
     340             :      * >= nvars.
     341             :      */
     342             :     int         max_vars;
     343             : 
     344             :     bool        vars_sorted;    /* are variables sorted by name? */
     345             : } Variables;
     346             : 
     347             : #define MAX_SCRIPTS     128     /* max number of SQL scripts allowed */
     348             : #define SHELL_COMMAND_SIZE  256 /* maximum size allowed for shell command */
     349             : 
     350             : /*
     351             :  * Simple data structure to keep stats about something.
     352             :  *
     353             :  * XXX probably the first value should be kept and used as an offset for
     354             :  * better numerical stability...
     355             :  */
     356             : typedef struct SimpleStats
     357             : {
     358             :     int64       count;          /* how many values were encountered */
     359             :     double      min;            /* the minimum seen */
     360             :     double      max;            /* the maximum seen */
     361             :     double      sum;            /* sum of values */
     362             :     double      sum2;           /* sum of squared values */
     363             : } SimpleStats;
     364             : 
     365             : /*
     366             :  * The instr_time type is expensive when dealing with time arithmetic.  Define
     367             :  * a type to hold microseconds instead.  Type int64 is good enough for about
     368             :  * 584500 years.
     369             :  */
     370             : typedef int64 pg_time_usec_t;
     371             : 
     372             : /*
     373             :  * Data structure to hold various statistics: per-thread and per-script stats
     374             :  * are maintained and merged together.
     375             :  */
     376             : typedef struct StatsData
     377             : {
     378             :     pg_time_usec_t start_time;  /* interval start time, for aggregates */
     379             : 
     380             :     /*----------
     381             :      * Transactions are counted depending on their execution and outcome.
     382             :      * First a transaction may have started or not: skipped transactions occur
     383             :      * under --rate and --latency-limit when the client is too late to execute
     384             :      * them. Secondly, a started transaction may ultimately succeed or fail,
     385             :      * possibly after some retries when --max-tries is not one. Thus
     386             :      *
     387             :      * the number of all transactions =
     388             :      *   'skipped' (it was too late to execute them) +
     389             :      *   'cnt' (the number of successful transactions) +
     390             :      *   'failed' (the number of failed transactions).
     391             :      *
     392             :      * A successful transaction can have several unsuccessful tries before a
     393             :      * successful run. Thus
     394             :      *
     395             :      * 'cnt' (the number of successful transactions) =
     396             :      *   successfully retried transactions (they got a serialization or a
     397             :      *                                      deadlock error(s), but were
     398             :      *                                      successfully retried from the very
     399             :      *                                      beginning) +
     400             :      *   directly successful transactions (they were successfully completed on
     401             :      *                                     the first try).
     402             :      *
     403             :      * A failed transaction is defined as unsuccessfully retried transactions.
     404             :      * It can be one of two types:
     405             :      *
     406             :      * failed (the number of failed transactions) =
     407             :      *   'serialization_failures' (they got a serialization error and were not
     408             :      *                             successfully retried) +
     409             :      *   'deadlock_failures' (they got a deadlock error and were not
     410             :      *                        successfully retried).
     411             :      *
     412             :      * If the transaction was retried after a serialization or a deadlock
     413             :      * error this does not guarantee that this retry was successful. Thus
     414             :      *
     415             :      * 'retries' (number of retries) =
     416             :      *   number of retries in all retried transactions =
     417             :      *   number of retries in (successfully retried transactions +
     418             :      *                         failed transactions);
     419             :      *
     420             :      * 'retried' (number of all retried transactions) =
     421             :      *   successfully retried transactions +
     422             :      *   failed transactions.
     423             :      *----------
     424             :      */
     425             :     int64       cnt;            /* number of successful transactions, not
     426             :                                  * including 'skipped' */
     427             :     int64       skipped;        /* number of transactions skipped under --rate
     428             :                                  * and --latency-limit */
     429             :     int64       retries;        /* number of retries after a serialization or
     430             :                                  * a deadlock error in all the transactions */
     431             :     int64       retried;        /* number of all transactions that were
     432             :                                  * retried after a serialization or a deadlock
     433             :                                  * error (perhaps the last try was
     434             :                                  * unsuccessful) */
     435             :     int64       serialization_failures; /* number of transactions that were
     436             :                                          * not successfully retried after a
     437             :                                          * serialization error */
     438             :     int64       deadlock_failures;  /* number of transactions that were not
     439             :                                      * successfully retried after a deadlock
     440             :                                      * error */
     441             :     SimpleStats latency;
     442             :     SimpleStats lag;
     443             : } StatsData;
     444             : 
     445             : /*
     446             :  * For displaying Unix epoch timestamps, as some time functions may have
     447             :  * another reference.
     448             :  */
     449             : pg_time_usec_t epoch_shift;
     450             : 
     451             : /*
     452             :  * Error status for errors during script execution.
     453             :  */
     454             : typedef enum EStatus
     455             : {
     456             :     ESTATUS_NO_ERROR = 0,
     457             :     ESTATUS_META_COMMAND_ERROR,
     458             : 
     459             :     /* SQL errors */
     460             :     ESTATUS_SERIALIZATION_ERROR,
     461             :     ESTATUS_DEADLOCK_ERROR,
     462             :     ESTATUS_OTHER_SQL_ERROR,
     463             : } EStatus;
     464             : 
     465             : /*
     466             :  * Transaction status at the end of a command.
     467             :  */
     468             : typedef enum TStatus
     469             : {
     470             :     TSTATUS_IDLE,
     471             :     TSTATUS_IN_BLOCK,
     472             :     TSTATUS_CONN_ERROR,
     473             :     TSTATUS_OTHER_ERROR,
     474             : } TStatus;
     475             : 
     476             : /* Various random sequences are initialized from this one. */
     477             : static pg_prng_state base_random_sequence;
     478             : 
     479             : /* Synchronization barrier for start and connection */
     480             : static THREAD_BARRIER_T barrier;
     481             : 
     482             : /*
     483             :  * Connection state machine states.
     484             :  */
     485             : typedef enum
     486             : {
     487             :     /*
     488             :      * The client must first choose a script to execute.  Once chosen, it can
     489             :      * either be throttled (state CSTATE_PREPARE_THROTTLE under --rate), start
     490             :      * right away (state CSTATE_START_TX) or not start at all if the timer was
     491             :      * exceeded (state CSTATE_FINISHED).
     492             :      */
     493             :     CSTATE_CHOOSE_SCRIPT,
     494             : 
     495             :     /*
     496             :      * CSTATE_START_TX performs start-of-transaction processing.  Establishes
     497             :      * a new connection for the transaction in --connect mode, records the
     498             :      * transaction start time, and proceed to the first command.
     499             :      *
     500             :      * Note: once a script is started, it will either error or run till its
     501             :      * end, where it may be interrupted. It is not interrupted while running,
     502             :      * so pgbench --time is to be understood as tx are allowed to start in
     503             :      * that time, and will finish when their work is completed.
     504             :      */
     505             :     CSTATE_START_TX,
     506             : 
     507             :     /*
     508             :      * In CSTATE_PREPARE_THROTTLE state, we calculate when to begin the next
     509             :      * transaction, and advance to CSTATE_THROTTLE.  CSTATE_THROTTLE state
     510             :      * sleeps until that moment, then advances to CSTATE_START_TX, or
     511             :      * CSTATE_FINISHED if the next transaction would start beyond the end of
     512             :      * the run.
     513             :      */
     514             :     CSTATE_PREPARE_THROTTLE,
     515             :     CSTATE_THROTTLE,
     516             : 
     517             :     /*
     518             :      * We loop through these states, to process each command in the script:
     519             :      *
     520             :      * CSTATE_START_COMMAND starts the execution of a command.  On a SQL
     521             :      * command, the command is sent to the server, and we move to
     522             :      * CSTATE_WAIT_RESULT state unless in pipeline mode. On a \sleep
     523             :      * meta-command, the timer is set, and we enter the CSTATE_SLEEP state to
     524             :      * wait for it to expire. Other meta-commands are executed immediately. If
     525             :      * the command about to start is actually beyond the end of the script,
     526             :      * advance to CSTATE_END_TX.
     527             :      *
     528             :      * CSTATE_WAIT_RESULT waits until we get a result set back from the server
     529             :      * for the current command.
     530             :      *
     531             :      * CSTATE_SLEEP waits until the end of \sleep.
     532             :      *
     533             :      * CSTATE_END_COMMAND records the end-of-command timestamp, increments the
     534             :      * command counter, and loops back to CSTATE_START_COMMAND state.
     535             :      *
     536             :      * CSTATE_SKIP_COMMAND is used by conditional branches which are not
     537             :      * executed. It quickly skip commands that do not need any evaluation.
     538             :      * This state can move forward several commands, till there is something
     539             :      * to do or the end of the script.
     540             :      */
     541             :     CSTATE_START_COMMAND,
     542             :     CSTATE_WAIT_RESULT,
     543             :     CSTATE_SLEEP,
     544             :     CSTATE_END_COMMAND,
     545             :     CSTATE_SKIP_COMMAND,
     546             : 
     547             :     /*
     548             :      * States for failed commands.
     549             :      *
     550             :      * If the SQL/meta command fails, in CSTATE_ERROR clean up after an error:
     551             :      * (1) clear the conditional stack; (2) if we have an unterminated
     552             :      * (possibly failed) transaction block, send the rollback command to the
     553             :      * server and wait for the result in CSTATE_WAIT_ROLLBACK_RESULT.  If
     554             :      * something goes wrong with rolling back, go to CSTATE_ABORTED.
     555             :      *
     556             :      * But if everything is ok we are ready for future transactions: if this
     557             :      * is a serialization or deadlock error and we can re-execute the
     558             :      * transaction from the very beginning, go to CSTATE_RETRY; otherwise go
     559             :      * to CSTATE_FAILURE.
     560             :      *
     561             :      * In CSTATE_RETRY report an error, set the same parameters for the
     562             :      * transaction execution as in the previous tries and process the first
     563             :      * transaction command in CSTATE_START_COMMAND.
     564             :      *
     565             :      * In CSTATE_FAILURE report a failure, set the parameters for the
     566             :      * transaction execution as they were before the first run of this
     567             :      * transaction (except for a random state) and go to CSTATE_END_TX to
     568             :      * complete this transaction.
     569             :      */
     570             :     CSTATE_ERROR,
     571             :     CSTATE_WAIT_ROLLBACK_RESULT,
     572             :     CSTATE_RETRY,
     573             :     CSTATE_FAILURE,
     574             : 
     575             :     /*
     576             :      * CSTATE_END_TX performs end-of-transaction processing.  It calculates
     577             :      * latency, and logs the transaction.  In --connect mode, it closes the
     578             :      * current connection.
     579             :      *
     580             :      * Then either starts over in CSTATE_CHOOSE_SCRIPT, or enters
     581             :      * CSTATE_FINISHED if we have no more work to do.
     582             :      */
     583             :     CSTATE_END_TX,
     584             : 
     585             :     /*
     586             :      * Final states.  CSTATE_ABORTED means that the script execution was
     587             :      * aborted because a command failed, CSTATE_FINISHED means success.
     588             :      */
     589             :     CSTATE_ABORTED,
     590             :     CSTATE_FINISHED,
     591             : } ConnectionStateEnum;
     592             : 
     593             : /*
     594             :  * Connection state.
     595             :  */
     596             : typedef struct
     597             : {
     598             :     PGconn     *con;            /* connection handle to DB */
     599             :     int         id;             /* client No. */
     600             :     ConnectionStateEnum state;  /* state machine's current state. */
     601             :     ConditionalStack cstack;    /* enclosing conditionals state */
     602             : 
     603             :     /*
     604             :      * Separate randomness for each client. This is used for random functions
     605             :      * PGBENCH_RANDOM_* during the execution of the script.
     606             :      */
     607             :     pg_prng_state cs_func_rs;
     608             : 
     609             :     int         use_file;       /* index in sql_script for this client */
     610             :     int         command;        /* command number in script */
     611             : 
     612             :     /* client variables */
     613             :     Variables   variables;
     614             : 
     615             :     /* various times about current transaction in microseconds */
     616             :     pg_time_usec_t txn_scheduled;   /* scheduled start time of transaction */
     617             :     pg_time_usec_t sleep_until; /* scheduled start time of next cmd */
     618             :     pg_time_usec_t txn_begin;   /* used for measuring schedule lag times */
     619             :     pg_time_usec_t stmt_begin;  /* used for measuring statement latencies */
     620             : 
     621             :     /* whether client prepared each command of each script */
     622             :     bool      **prepared;
     623             : 
     624             :     /*
     625             :      * For processing failures and repeating transactions with serialization
     626             :      * or deadlock errors:
     627             :      */
     628             :     EStatus     estatus;        /* the error status of the current transaction
     629             :                                  * execution; this is ESTATUS_NO_ERROR if
     630             :                                  * there were no errors */
     631             :     pg_prng_state random_state; /* random state */
     632             :     uint32      tries;          /* how many times have we already tried the
     633             :                                  * current transaction? */
     634             : 
     635             :     /* per client collected stats */
     636             :     int64       cnt;            /* client transaction count, for -t; skipped
     637             :                                  * and failed transactions are also counted
     638             :                                  * here */
     639             : } CState;
     640             : 
     641             : /*
     642             :  * Thread state
     643             :  */
     644             : typedef struct
     645             : {
     646             :     int         tid;            /* thread id */
     647             :     THREAD_T    thread;         /* thread handle */
     648             :     CState     *state;          /* array of CState */
     649             :     int         nstate;         /* length of state[] */
     650             : 
     651             :     /*
     652             :      * Separate randomness for each thread. Each thread option uses its own
     653             :      * random state to make all of them independent of each other and
     654             :      * therefore deterministic at the thread level.
     655             :      */
     656             :     pg_prng_state ts_choose_rs; /* random state for selecting a script */
     657             :     pg_prng_state ts_throttle_rs;   /* random state for transaction throttling */
     658             :     pg_prng_state ts_sample_rs; /* random state for log sampling */
     659             : 
     660             :     int64       throttle_trigger;   /* previous/next throttling (us) */
     661             :     FILE       *logfile;        /* where to log, or NULL */
     662             : 
     663             :     /* per thread collected stats in microseconds */
     664             :     pg_time_usec_t create_time; /* thread creation time */
     665             :     pg_time_usec_t started_time;    /* thread is running */
     666             :     pg_time_usec_t bench_start; /* thread is benchmarking */
     667             :     pg_time_usec_t conn_duration;   /* cumulated connection and disconnection
     668             :                                      * delays */
     669             : 
     670             :     StatsData   stats;
     671             :     int64       latency_late;   /* count executed but late transactions */
     672             : } TState;
     673             : 
     674             : /*
     675             :  * queries read from files
     676             :  */
     677             : #define SQL_COMMAND     1
     678             : #define META_COMMAND    2
     679             : 
     680             : /*
     681             :  * max number of backslash command arguments or SQL variables,
     682             :  * including the command or SQL statement itself
     683             :  */
     684             : #define MAX_ARGS        256
     685             : 
     686             : typedef enum MetaCommand
     687             : {
     688             :     META_NONE,                  /* not a known meta-command */
     689             :     META_SET,                   /* \set */
     690             :     META_SETSHELL,              /* \setshell */
     691             :     META_SHELL,                 /* \shell */
     692             :     META_SLEEP,                 /* \sleep */
     693             :     META_GSET,                  /* \gset */
     694             :     META_ASET,                  /* \aset */
     695             :     META_IF,                    /* \if */
     696             :     META_ELIF,                  /* \elif */
     697             :     META_ELSE,                  /* \else */
     698             :     META_ENDIF,                 /* \endif */
     699             :     META_STARTPIPELINE,         /* \startpipeline */
     700             :     META_ENDPIPELINE,           /* \endpipeline */
     701             : } MetaCommand;
     702             : 
     703             : typedef enum QueryMode
     704             : {
     705             :     QUERY_SIMPLE,               /* simple query */
     706             :     QUERY_EXTENDED,             /* extended query */
     707             :     QUERY_PREPARED,             /* extended query with prepared statements */
     708             :     NUM_QUERYMODE
     709             : } QueryMode;
     710             : 
     711             : static QueryMode querymode = QUERY_SIMPLE;
     712             : static const char *const QUERYMODE[] = {"simple", "extended", "prepared"};
     713             : 
     714             : /*
     715             :  * struct Command represents one command in a script.
     716             :  *
     717             :  * lines        The raw, possibly multi-line command text.  Variable substitution
     718             :  *              not applied.
     719             :  * first_line   A short, single-line extract of 'lines', for error reporting.
     720             :  * type         SQL_COMMAND or META_COMMAND
     721             :  * meta         The type of meta-command, with META_NONE/GSET/ASET if command
     722             :  *              is SQL.
     723             :  * argc         Number of arguments of the command, 0 if not yet processed.
     724             :  * argv         Command arguments, the first of which is the command or SQL
     725             :  *              string itself.  For SQL commands, after post-processing
     726             :  *              argv[0] is the same as 'lines' with variables substituted.
     727             :  * prepname     The name that this command is prepared under, in prepare mode
     728             :  * varprefix    SQL commands terminated with \gset or \aset have this set
     729             :  *              to a non NULL value.  If nonempty, it's used to prefix the
     730             :  *              variable name that receives the value.
     731             :  * aset         do gset on all possible queries of a combined query (\;).
     732             :  * expr         Parsed expression, if needed.
     733             :  * stats        Time spent in this command.
     734             :  * retries      Number of retries after a serialization or deadlock error in the
     735             :  *              current command.
     736             :  * failures     Number of errors in the current command that were not retried.
     737             :  */
     738             : typedef struct Command
     739             : {
     740             :     PQExpBufferData lines;
     741             :     char       *first_line;
     742             :     int         type;
     743             :     MetaCommand meta;
     744             :     int         argc;
     745             :     char       *argv[MAX_ARGS];
     746             :     char       *prepname;
     747             :     char       *varprefix;
     748             :     PgBenchExpr *expr;
     749             :     SimpleStats stats;
     750             :     int64       retries;
     751             :     int64       failures;
     752             : } Command;
     753             : 
     754             : typedef struct ParsedScript
     755             : {
     756             :     const char *desc;           /* script descriptor (eg, file name) */
     757             :     int         weight;         /* selection weight */
     758             :     Command   **commands;       /* NULL-terminated array of Commands */
     759             :     StatsData   stats;          /* total time spent in script */
     760             : } ParsedScript;
     761             : 
     762             : static ParsedScript sql_script[MAX_SCRIPTS];    /* SQL script files */
     763             : static int  num_scripts;        /* number of scripts in sql_script[] */
     764             : static int64 total_weight = 0;
     765             : 
     766             : static bool verbose_errors = false; /* print verbose messages of all errors */
     767             : 
     768             : static bool exit_on_abort = false;  /* exit when any client is aborted */
     769             : 
     770             : /* Builtin test scripts */
     771             : typedef struct BuiltinScript
     772             : {
     773             :     const char *name;           /* very short name for -b ... */
     774             :     const char *desc;           /* short description */
     775             :     const char *script;         /* actual pgbench script */
     776             : } BuiltinScript;
     777             : 
     778             : static const BuiltinScript builtin_script[] =
     779             : {
     780             :     {
     781             :         "tpcb-like",
     782             :         "<builtin: TPC-B (sort of)>",
     783             :         "\\set aid random(1, " CppAsString2(naccounts) " * :scale)\n"
     784             :         "\\set bid random(1, " CppAsString2(nbranches) " * :scale)\n"
     785             :         "\\set tid random(1, " CppAsString2(ntellers) " * :scale)\n"
     786             :         "\\set delta random(-5000, 5000)\n"
     787             :         "BEGIN;\n"
     788             :         "UPDATE pgbench_accounts SET abalance = abalance + :delta WHERE aid = :aid;\n"
     789             :         "SELECT abalance FROM pgbench_accounts WHERE aid = :aid;\n"
     790             :         "UPDATE pgbench_tellers SET tbalance = tbalance + :delta WHERE tid = :tid;\n"
     791             :         "UPDATE pgbench_branches SET bbalance = bbalance + :delta WHERE bid = :bid;\n"
     792             :         "INSERT INTO pgbench_history (tid, bid, aid, delta, mtime) VALUES (:tid, :bid, :aid, :delta, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);\n"
     793             :         "END;\n"
     794             :     },
     795             :     {
     796             :         "simple-update",
     797             :         "<builtin: simple update>",
     798             :         "\\set aid random(1, " CppAsString2(naccounts) " * :scale)\n"
     799             :         "\\set bid random(1, " CppAsString2(nbranches) " * :scale)\n"
     800             :         "\\set tid random(1, " CppAsString2(ntellers) " * :scale)\n"
     801             :         "\\set delta random(-5000, 5000)\n"
     802             :         "BEGIN;\n"
     803             :         "UPDATE pgbench_accounts SET abalance = abalance + :delta WHERE aid = :aid;\n"
     804             :         "SELECT abalance FROM pgbench_accounts WHERE aid = :aid;\n"
     805             :         "INSERT INTO pgbench_history (tid, bid, aid, delta, mtime) VALUES (:tid, :bid, :aid, :delta, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);\n"
     806             :         "END;\n"
     807             :     },
     808             :     {
     809             :         "select-only",
     810             :         "<builtin: select only>",
     811             :         "\\set aid random(1, " CppAsString2(naccounts) " * :scale)\n"
     812             :         "SELECT abalance FROM pgbench_accounts WHERE aid = :aid;\n"
     813             :     }
     814             : };
     815             : 
     816             : 
     817             : /* Function prototypes */
     818             : static void setNullValue(PgBenchValue *pv);
     819             : static void setBoolValue(PgBenchValue *pv, bool bval);
     820             : static void setIntValue(PgBenchValue *pv, int64 ival);
     821             : static void setDoubleValue(PgBenchValue *pv, double dval);
     822             : static bool evaluateExpr(CState *st, PgBenchExpr *expr,
     823             :                          PgBenchValue *retval);
     824             : static ConnectionStateEnum executeMetaCommand(CState *st, pg_time_usec_t *now);
     825             : static void doLog(TState *thread, CState *st,
     826             :                   StatsData *agg, bool skipped, double latency, double lag);
     827             : static void processXactStats(TState *thread, CState *st, pg_time_usec_t *now,
     828             :                              bool skipped, StatsData *agg);
     829             : static void addScript(const ParsedScript *script);
     830             : static THREAD_FUNC_RETURN_TYPE THREAD_FUNC_CC threadRun(void *arg);
     831             : static void finishCon(CState *st);
     832             : static void setalarm(int seconds);
     833             : static socket_set *alloc_socket_set(int count);
     834             : static void free_socket_set(socket_set *sa);
     835             : static void clear_socket_set(socket_set *sa);
     836             : static void add_socket_to_set(socket_set *sa, int fd, int idx);
     837             : static int  wait_on_socket_set(socket_set *sa, int64 usecs);
     838             : static bool socket_has_input(socket_set *sa, int fd, int idx);
     839             : 
     840             : /* callback used to build rows for COPY during data loading */
     841             : typedef void (*initRowMethod) (PQExpBufferData *sql, int64 curr);
     842             : 
     843             : /* callback functions for our flex lexer */
     844             : static const PsqlScanCallbacks pgbench_callbacks = {
     845             :     NULL,                       /* don't need get_variable functionality */
     846             : };
     847             : 
     848             : static inline pg_time_usec_t
     849       12492 : pg_time_now(void)
     850             : {
     851             :     instr_time  now;
     852             : 
     853       12492 :     INSTR_TIME_SET_CURRENT(now);
     854             : 
     855       12492 :     return (pg_time_usec_t) INSTR_TIME_GET_MICROSEC(now);
     856             : }
     857             : 
     858             : static inline void
     859       10456 : pg_time_now_lazy(pg_time_usec_t *now)
     860             : {
     861       10456 :     if ((*now) == 0)
     862        8412 :         (*now) = pg_time_now();
     863       10456 : }
     864             : 
     865             : #define PG_TIME_GET_DOUBLE(t) (0.000001 * (t))
     866             : 
     867             : static void
     868           2 : usage(void)
     869             : {
     870           2 :     printf("%s is a benchmarking tool for PostgreSQL.\n\n"
     871             :            "Usage:\n"
     872             :            "  %s [OPTION]... [DBNAME]\n"
     873             :            "\nInitialization options:\n"
     874             :            "  -i, --initialize         invokes initialization mode\n"
     875             :            "  -I, --init-steps=[" ALL_INIT_STEPS "]+ (default \"" DEFAULT_INIT_STEPS "\")\n"
     876             :            "                           run selected initialization steps, in the specified order\n"
     877             :            "                           d: drop any existing pgbench tables\n"
     878             :            "                           t: create the tables used by the standard pgbench scenario\n"
     879             :            "                           g: generate data, client-side\n"
     880             :            "                           G: generate data, server-side\n"
     881             :            "                           v: invoke VACUUM on the standard tables\n"
     882             :            "                           p: create primary key indexes on the standard tables\n"
     883             :            "                           f: create foreign keys between the standard tables\n"
     884             :            "  -F, --fillfactor=NUM     set fill factor\n"
     885             :            "  -n, --no-vacuum          do not run VACUUM during initialization\n"
     886             :            "  -q, --quiet              quiet logging (one message each 5 seconds)\n"
     887             :            "  -s, --scale=NUM          scaling factor\n"
     888             :            "  --foreign-keys           create foreign key constraints between tables\n"
     889             :            "  --index-tablespace=TABLESPACE\n"
     890             :            "                           create indexes in the specified tablespace\n"
     891             :            "  --partition-method=(range|hash)\n"
     892             :            "                           partition pgbench_accounts with this method (default: range)\n"
     893             :            "  --partitions=NUM         partition pgbench_accounts into NUM parts (default: 0)\n"
     894             :            "  --tablespace=TABLESPACE  create tables in the specified tablespace\n"
     895             :            "  --unlogged-tables        create tables as unlogged tables\n"
     896             :            "\nOptions to select what to run:\n"
     897             :            "  -b, --builtin=NAME[@W]   add builtin script NAME weighted at W (default: 1)\n"
     898             :            "                           (use \"-b list\" to list available scripts)\n"
     899             :            "  -f, --file=FILENAME[@W]  add script FILENAME weighted at W (default: 1)\n"
     900             :            "  -N, --skip-some-updates  skip updates of pgbench_tellers and pgbench_branches\n"
     901             :            "                           (same as \"-b simple-update\")\n"
     902             :            "  -S, --select-only        perform SELECT-only transactions\n"
     903             :            "                           (same as \"-b select-only\")\n"
     904             :            "\nBenchmarking options:\n"
     905             :            "  -c, --client=NUM         number of concurrent database clients (default: 1)\n"
     906             :            "  -C, --connect            establish new connection for each transaction\n"
     907             :            "  -D, --define=VARNAME=VALUE\n"
     908             :            "                           define variable for use by custom script\n"
     909             :            "  -j, --jobs=NUM           number of threads (default: 1)\n"
     910             :            "  -l, --log                write transaction times to log file\n"
     911             :            "  -L, --latency-limit=NUM  count transactions lasting more than NUM ms as late\n"
     912             :            "  -M, --protocol=simple|extended|prepared\n"
     913             :            "                           protocol for submitting queries (default: simple)\n"
     914             :            "  -n, --no-vacuum          do not run VACUUM before tests\n"
     915             :            "  -P, --progress=NUM       show thread progress report every NUM seconds\n"
     916             :            "  -r, --report-per-command report latencies, failures, and retries per command\n"
     917             :            "  -R, --rate=NUM           target rate in transactions per second\n"
     918             :            "  -s, --scale=NUM          report this scale factor in output\n"
     919             :            "  -t, --transactions=NUM   number of transactions each client runs (default: 10)\n"
     920             :            "  -T, --time=NUM           duration of benchmark test in seconds\n"
     921             :            "  -v, --vacuum-all         vacuum all four standard tables before tests\n"
     922             :            "  --aggregate-interval=NUM aggregate data over NUM seconds\n"
     923             :            "  --exit-on-abort          exit when any client is aborted\n"
     924             :            "  --failures-detailed      report the failures grouped by basic types\n"
     925             :            "  --log-prefix=PREFIX      prefix for transaction time log file\n"
     926             :            "                           (default: \"pgbench_log\")\n"
     927             :            "  --max-tries=NUM          max number of tries to run transaction (default: 1)\n"
     928             :            "  --progress-timestamp     use Unix epoch timestamps for progress\n"
     929             :            "  --random-seed=SEED       set random seed (\"time\", \"rand\", integer)\n"
     930             :            "  --sampling-rate=NUM      fraction of transactions to log (e.g., 0.01 for 1%%)\n"
     931             :            "  --show-script=NAME       show builtin script code, then exit\n"
     932             :            "  --verbose-errors         print messages of all errors\n"
     933             :            "\nCommon options:\n"
     934             :            "  -d, --debug              print debugging output\n"
     935             :            "  -h, --host=HOSTNAME      database server host or socket directory\n"
     936             :            "  -p, --port=PORT          database server port number\n"
     937             :            "  -U, --username=USERNAME  connect as specified database user\n"
     938             :            "  -V, --version            output version information, then exit\n"
     939             :            "  -?, --help               show this help, then exit\n"
     940             :            "\n"
     941             :            "Report bugs to <%s>.\n"
     942             :            "%s home page: <%s>\n",
     943             :            progname, progname, PACKAGE_BUGREPORT, PACKAGE_NAME, PACKAGE_URL);
     944           2 : }
     945             : 
     946             : /* return whether str matches "^\s*[-+]?[0-9]+$" */
     947             : static bool
     948         920 : is_an_int(const char *str)
     949             : {
     950         920 :     const char *ptr = str;
     951             : 
     952             :     /* skip leading spaces; cast is consistent with strtoint64 */
     953         920 :     while (*ptr && isspace((unsigned char) *ptr))
     954           0 :         ptr++;
     955             : 
     956             :     /* skip sign */
     957         920 :     if (*ptr == '+' || *ptr == '-')
     958           6 :         ptr++;
     959             : 
     960             :     /* at least one digit */
     961         920 :     if (*ptr && !isdigit((unsigned char) *ptr))
     962           4 :         return false;
     963             : 
     964             :     /* eat all digits */
     965        1942 :     while (*ptr && isdigit((unsigned char) *ptr))
     966        1026 :         ptr++;
     967             : 
     968             :     /* must have reached end of string */
     969         916 :     return *ptr == '\0';
     970             : }
     971             : 
     972             : 
     973             : /*
     974             :  * strtoint64 -- convert a string to 64-bit integer
     975             :  *
     976             :  * This function is a slightly modified version of pg_strtoint64() from
     977             :  * src/backend/utils/adt/numutils.c.
     978             :  *
     979             :  * The function returns whether the conversion worked, and if so
     980             :  * "*result" is set to the result.
     981             :  *
     982             :  * If not errorOK, an error message is also printed out on errors.
     983             :  */
     984             : bool
     985        2508 : strtoint64(const char *str, bool errorOK, int64 *result)
     986             : {
     987        2508 :     const char *ptr = str;
     988        2508 :     int64       tmp = 0;
     989        2508 :     bool        neg = false;
     990             : 
     991             :     /*
     992             :      * Do our own scan, rather than relying on sscanf which might be broken
     993             :      * for long long.
     994             :      *
     995             :      * As INT64_MIN can't be stored as a positive 64 bit integer, accumulate
     996             :      * value as a negative number.
     997             :      */
     998             : 
     999             :     /* skip leading spaces */
    1000        2508 :     while (*ptr && isspace((unsigned char) *ptr))
    1001           0 :         ptr++;
    1002             : 
    1003             :     /* handle sign */
    1004        2508 :     if (*ptr == '-')
    1005             :     {
    1006           4 :         ptr++;
    1007           4 :         neg = true;
    1008             :     }
    1009        2504 :     else if (*ptr == '+')
    1010           0 :         ptr++;
    1011             : 
    1012             :     /* require at least one digit */
    1013        2508 :     if (unlikely(!isdigit((unsigned char) *ptr)))
    1014           0 :         goto invalid_syntax;
    1015             : 
    1016             :     /* process digits */
    1017        7622 :     while (*ptr && isdigit((unsigned char) *ptr))
    1018             :     {
    1019        5116 :         int8        digit = (*ptr++ - '0');
    1020             : 
    1021        5116 :         if (unlikely(pg_mul_s64_overflow(tmp, 10, &tmp)) ||
    1022        5114 :             unlikely(pg_sub_s64_overflow(tmp, digit, &tmp)))
    1023           2 :             goto out_of_range;
    1024             :     }
    1025             : 
    1026             :     /* allow trailing whitespace, but not other trailing chars */
    1027        2506 :     while (*ptr != '\0' && isspace((unsigned char) *ptr))
    1028           0 :         ptr++;
    1029             : 
    1030        2506 :     if (unlikely(*ptr != '\0'))
    1031           0 :         goto invalid_syntax;
    1032             : 
    1033        2506 :     if (!neg)
    1034             :     {
    1035        2502 :         if (unlikely(tmp == PG_INT64_MIN))
    1036           0 :             goto out_of_range;
    1037        2502 :         tmp = -tmp;
    1038             :     }
    1039             : 
    1040        2506 :     *result = tmp;
    1041        2506 :     return true;
    1042             : 
    1043           2 : out_of_range:
    1044           2 :     if (!errorOK)
    1045           0 :         pg_log_error("value \"%s\" is out of range for type bigint", str);
    1046           2 :     return false;
    1047             : 
    1048           0 : invalid_syntax:
    1049           0 :     if (!errorOK)
    1050           0 :         pg_log_error("invalid input syntax for type bigint: \"%s\"", str);
    1051           0 :     return false;
    1052             : }
    1053             : 
    1054             : /* convert string to double, detecting overflows/underflows */
    1055             : bool
    1056         132 : strtodouble(const char *str, bool errorOK, double *dv)
    1057             : {
    1058             :     char       *end;
    1059             : 
    1060         132 :     errno = 0;
    1061         132 :     *dv = strtod(str, &end);
    1062             : 
    1063         132 :     if (unlikely(errno != 0))
    1064             :     {
    1065           4 :         if (!errorOK)
    1066           0 :             pg_log_error("value \"%s\" is out of range for type double", str);
    1067           4 :         return false;
    1068             :     }
    1069             : 
    1070         128 :     if (unlikely(end == str || *end != '\0'))
    1071             :     {
    1072           4 :         if (!errorOK)
    1073           0 :             pg_log_error("invalid input syntax for type double: \"%s\"", str);
    1074           4 :         return false;
    1075             :     }
    1076         124 :     return true;
    1077             : }
    1078             : 
    1079             : /*
    1080             :  * Initialize a prng state struct.
    1081             :  *
    1082             :  * We derive the seed from base_random_sequence, which must be set up already.
    1083             :  */
    1084             : static void
    1085         632 : initRandomState(pg_prng_state *state)
    1086             : {
    1087         632 :     pg_prng_seed(state, pg_prng_uint64(&base_random_sequence));
    1088         632 : }
    1089             : 
    1090             : 
    1091             : /*
    1092             :  * random number generator: uniform distribution from min to max inclusive.
    1093             :  *
    1094             :  * Although the limits are expressed as int64, you can't generate the full
    1095             :  * int64 range in one call, because the difference of the limits mustn't
    1096             :  * overflow int64.  This is not checked.
    1097             :  */
    1098             : static int64
    1099        5258 : getrand(pg_prng_state *state, int64 min, int64 max)
    1100             : {
    1101        5258 :     return min + (int64) pg_prng_uint64_range(state, 0, max - min);
    1102             : }
    1103             : 
    1104             : /*
    1105             :  * random number generator: exponential distribution from min to max inclusive.
    1106             :  * the parameter is so that the density of probability for the last cut-off max
    1107             :  * value is exp(-parameter).
    1108             :  */
    1109             : static int64
    1110           6 : getExponentialRand(pg_prng_state *state, int64 min, int64 max,
    1111             :                    double parameter)
    1112             : {
    1113             :     double      cut,
    1114             :                 uniform,
    1115             :                 rand;
    1116             : 
    1117             :     /* abort if wrong parameter, but must really be checked beforehand */
    1118             :     Assert(parameter > 0.0);
    1119           6 :     cut = exp(-parameter);
    1120             :     /* pg_prng_double value in [0, 1), uniform in (0, 1] */
    1121           6 :     uniform = 1.0 - pg_prng_double(state);
    1122             : 
    1123             :     /*
    1124             :      * inner expression in (cut, 1] (if parameter > 0), rand in [0, 1)
    1125             :      */
    1126             :     Assert((1.0 - cut) != 0.0);
    1127           6 :     rand = -log(cut + (1.0 - cut) * uniform) / parameter;
    1128             :     /* return int64 random number within between min and max */
    1129           6 :     return min + (int64) ((max - min + 1) * rand);
    1130             : }
    1131             : 
    1132             : /* random number generator: gaussian distribution from min to max inclusive */
    1133             : static int64
    1134           6 : getGaussianRand(pg_prng_state *state, int64 min, int64 max,
    1135             :                 double parameter)
    1136             : {
    1137             :     double      stdev;
    1138             :     double      rand;
    1139             : 
    1140             :     /* abort if parameter is too low, but must really be checked beforehand */
    1141             :     Assert(parameter >= MIN_GAUSSIAN_PARAM);
    1142             : 
    1143             :     /*
    1144             :      * Get normally-distributed random number in the range -parameter <= stdev
    1145             :      * < parameter.
    1146             :      *
    1147             :      * This loop is executed until the number is in the expected range.
    1148             :      *
    1149             :      * As the minimum parameter is 2.0, the probability of looping is low:
    1150             :      * sqrt(-2 ln(r)) <= 2 => r >= e^{-2} ~ 0.135, then when taking the
    1151             :      * average sinus multiplier as 2/pi, we have a 8.6% looping probability in
    1152             :      * the worst case. For a parameter value of 5.0, the looping probability
    1153             :      * is about e^{-5} * 2 / pi ~ 0.43%.
    1154             :      */
    1155             :     do
    1156             :     {
    1157           6 :         stdev = pg_prng_double_normal(state);
    1158             :     }
    1159           6 :     while (stdev < -parameter || stdev >= parameter);
    1160             : 
    1161             :     /* stdev is in [-parameter, parameter), normalization to [0,1) */
    1162           6 :     rand = (stdev + parameter) / (parameter * 2.0);
    1163             : 
    1164             :     /* return int64 random number within between min and max */
    1165           6 :     return min + (int64) ((max - min + 1) * rand);
    1166             : }
    1167             : 
    1168             : /*
    1169             :  * random number generator: generate a value, such that the series of values
    1170             :  * will approximate a Poisson distribution centered on the given value.
    1171             :  *
    1172             :  * Individual results are rounded to integers, though the center value need
    1173             :  * not be one.
    1174             :  */
    1175             : static int64
    1176         420 : getPoissonRand(pg_prng_state *state, double center)
    1177             : {
    1178             :     /*
    1179             :      * Use inverse transform sampling to generate a value > 0, such that the
    1180             :      * expected (i.e. average) value is the given argument.
    1181             :      */
    1182             :     double      uniform;
    1183             : 
    1184             :     /* pg_prng_double value in [0, 1), uniform in (0, 1] */
    1185         420 :     uniform = 1.0 - pg_prng_double(state);
    1186             : 
    1187         420 :     return (int64) (-log(uniform) * center + 0.5);
    1188             : }
    1189             : 
    1190             : /*
    1191             :  * Computing zipfian using rejection method, based on
    1192             :  * "Non-Uniform Random Variate Generation",
    1193             :  * Luc Devroye, p. 550-551, Springer 1986.
    1194             :  *
    1195             :  * This works for s > 1.0, but may perform badly for s very close to 1.0.
    1196             :  */
    1197             : static int64
    1198           6 : computeIterativeZipfian(pg_prng_state *state, int64 n, double s)
    1199             : {
    1200           6 :     double      b = pow(2.0, s - 1.0);
    1201             :     double      x,
    1202             :                 t,
    1203             :                 u,
    1204             :                 v;
    1205             : 
    1206             :     /* Ensure n is sane */
    1207           6 :     if (n <= 1)
    1208           0 :         return 1;
    1209             : 
    1210             :     while (true)
    1211             :     {
    1212             :         /* random variates */
    1213           6 :         u = pg_prng_double(state);
    1214           6 :         v = pg_prng_double(state);
    1215             : 
    1216           6 :         x = floor(pow(u, -1.0 / (s - 1.0)));
    1217             : 
    1218           6 :         t = pow(1.0 + 1.0 / x, s - 1.0);
    1219             :         /* reject if too large or out of bound */
    1220           6 :         if (v * x * (t - 1.0) / (b - 1.0) <= t / b && x <= n)
    1221           6 :             break;
    1222             :     }
    1223           6 :     return (int64) x;
    1224             : }
    1225             : 
    1226             : /* random number generator: zipfian distribution from min to max inclusive */
    1227             : static int64
    1228           6 : getZipfianRand(pg_prng_state *state, int64 min, int64 max, double s)
    1229             : {
    1230           6 :     int64       n = max - min + 1;
    1231             : 
    1232             :     /* abort if parameter is invalid */
    1233             :     Assert(MIN_ZIPFIAN_PARAM <= s && s <= MAX_ZIPFIAN_PARAM);
    1234             : 
    1235           6 :     return min - 1 + computeIterativeZipfian(state, n, s);
    1236             : }
    1237             : 
    1238             : /*
    1239             :  * FNV-1a hash function
    1240             :  */
    1241             : static int64
    1242           2 : getHashFnv1a(int64 val, uint64 seed)
    1243             : {
    1244             :     int64       result;
    1245             :     int         i;
    1246             : 
    1247           2 :     result = FNV_OFFSET_BASIS ^ seed;
    1248          18 :     for (i = 0; i < 8; ++i)
    1249             :     {
    1250          16 :         int32       octet = val & 0xff;
    1251             : 
    1252          16 :         val = val >> 8;
    1253          16 :         result = result ^ octet;
    1254          16 :         result = result * FNV_PRIME;
    1255             :     }
    1256             : 
    1257           2 :     return result;
    1258             : }
    1259             : 
    1260             : /*
    1261             :  * Murmur2 hash function
    1262             :  *
    1263             :  * Based on original work of Austin Appleby
    1264             :  * https://github.com/aappleby/smhasher/blob/master/src/MurmurHash2.cpp
    1265             :  */
    1266             : static int64
    1267          10 : getHashMurmur2(int64 val, uint64 seed)
    1268             : {
    1269          10 :     uint64      result = seed ^ MM2_MUL_TIMES_8;    /* sizeof(int64) */
    1270          10 :     uint64      k = (uint64) val;
    1271             : 
    1272          10 :     k *= MM2_MUL;
    1273          10 :     k ^= k >> MM2_ROT;
    1274          10 :     k *= MM2_MUL;
    1275             : 
    1276          10 :     result ^= k;
    1277          10 :     result *= MM2_MUL;
    1278             : 
    1279          10 :     result ^= result >> MM2_ROT;
    1280          10 :     result *= MM2_MUL;
    1281          10 :     result ^= result >> MM2_ROT;
    1282             : 
    1283          10 :     return (int64) result;
    1284             : }
    1285             : 
    1286             : /*
    1287             :  * Pseudorandom permutation function
    1288             :  *
    1289             :  * For small sizes, this generates each of the (size!) possible permutations
    1290             :  * of integers in the range [0, size) with roughly equal probability.  Once
    1291             :  * the size is larger than 20, the number of possible permutations exceeds the
    1292             :  * number of distinct states of the internal pseudorandom number generator,
    1293             :  * and so not all possible permutations can be generated, but the permutations
    1294             :  * chosen should continue to give the appearance of being random.
    1295             :  *
    1296             :  * THIS FUNCTION IS NOT CRYPTOGRAPHICALLY SECURE.
    1297             :  * DO NOT USE FOR SUCH PURPOSE.
    1298             :  */
    1299             : static int64
    1300          90 : permute(const int64 val, const int64 isize, const int64 seed)
    1301             : {
    1302             :     /* using a high-end PRNG is probably overkill */
    1303             :     pg_prng_state state;
    1304             :     uint64      size;
    1305             :     uint64      v;
    1306             :     int         masklen;
    1307             :     uint64      mask;
    1308             :     int         i;
    1309             : 
    1310          90 :     if (isize < 2)
    1311           2 :         return 0;               /* nothing to permute */
    1312             : 
    1313             :     /* Initialize prng state using the seed */
    1314          88 :     pg_prng_seed(&state, (uint64) seed);
    1315             : 
    1316             :     /* Computations are performed on unsigned values */
    1317          88 :     size = (uint64) isize;
    1318          88 :     v = (uint64) val % size;
    1319             : 
    1320             :     /* Mask to work modulo largest power of 2 less than or equal to size */
    1321          88 :     masklen = pg_leftmost_one_pos64(size);
    1322          88 :     mask = (((uint64) 1) << masklen) - 1;
    1323             : 
    1324             :     /*
    1325             :      * Permute the input value by applying several rounds of pseudorandom
    1326             :      * bijective transformations.  The intention here is to distribute each
    1327             :      * input uniformly randomly across the range, and separate adjacent inputs
    1328             :      * approximately uniformly randomly from each other, leading to a fairly
    1329             :      * random overall choice of permutation.
    1330             :      *
    1331             :      * To separate adjacent inputs, we multiply by a random number modulo
    1332             :      * (mask + 1), which is a power of 2.  For this to be a bijection, the
    1333             :      * multiplier must be odd.  Since this is known to lead to less randomness
    1334             :      * in the lower bits, we also apply a rotation that shifts the topmost bit
    1335             :      * into the least significant bit.  In the special cases where size <= 3,
    1336             :      * mask = 1 and each of these operations is actually a no-op, so we also
    1337             :      * XOR the value with a different random number to inject additional
    1338             :      * randomness.  Since the size is generally not a power of 2, we apply
    1339             :      * this bijection on overlapping upper and lower halves of the input.
    1340             :      *
    1341             :      * To distribute the inputs uniformly across the range, we then also apply
    1342             :      * a random offset modulo the full range.
    1343             :      *
    1344             :      * Taken together, these operations resemble a modified linear
    1345             :      * congruential generator, as is commonly used in pseudorandom number
    1346             :      * generators.  The number of rounds is fairly arbitrary, but six has been
    1347             :      * found empirically to give a fairly good tradeoff between performance
    1348             :      * and uniform randomness.  For small sizes it selects each of the (size!)
    1349             :      * possible permutations with roughly equal probability.  For larger
    1350             :      * sizes, not all permutations can be generated, but the intended random
    1351             :      * spread is still produced.
    1352             :      */
    1353         616 :     for (i = 0; i < 6; i++)
    1354             :     {
    1355             :         uint64      m,
    1356             :                     r,
    1357             :                     t;
    1358             : 
    1359             :         /* Random multiply (by an odd number), XOR and rotate of lower half */
    1360         528 :         m = (pg_prng_uint64(&state) & mask) | 1;
    1361         528 :         r = pg_prng_uint64(&state) & mask;
    1362         528 :         if (v <= mask)
    1363             :         {
    1364         438 :             v = ((v * m) ^ r) & mask;
    1365         438 :             v = ((v << 1) & mask) | (v >> (masklen - 1));
    1366             :         }
    1367             : 
    1368             :         /* Random multiply (by an odd number), XOR and rotate of upper half */
    1369         528 :         m = (pg_prng_uint64(&state) & mask) | 1;
    1370         528 :         r = pg_prng_uint64(&state) & mask;
    1371         528 :         t = size - 1 - v;
    1372         528 :         if (t <= mask)
    1373             :         {
    1374         470 :             t = ((t * m) ^ r) & mask;
    1375         470 :             t = ((t << 1) & mask) | (t >> (masklen - 1));
    1376         470 :             v = size - 1 - t;
    1377             :         }
    1378             : 
    1379             :         /* Random offset */
    1380         528 :         r = pg_prng_uint64_range(&state, 0, size - 1);
    1381         528 :         v = (v + r) % size;
    1382             :     }
    1383             : 
    1384          88 :     return (int64) v;
    1385             : }
    1386             : 
    1387             : /*
    1388             :  * Initialize the given SimpleStats struct to all zeroes
    1389             :  */
    1390             : static void
    1391        3578 : initSimpleStats(SimpleStats *ss)
    1392             : {
    1393        3578 :     memset(ss, 0, sizeof(SimpleStats));
    1394        3578 : }
    1395             : 
    1396             : /*
    1397             :  * Accumulate one value into a SimpleStats struct.
    1398             :  */
    1399             : static void
    1400        8270 : addToSimpleStats(SimpleStats *ss, double val)
    1401             : {
    1402        8270 :     if (ss->count == 0 || val < ss->min)
    1403         324 :         ss->min = val;
    1404        8270 :     if (ss->count == 0 || val > ss->max)
    1405         952 :         ss->max = val;
    1406        8270 :     ss->count++;
    1407        8270 :     ss->sum += val;
    1408        8270 :     ss->sum2 += val * val;
    1409        8270 : }
    1410             : 
    1411             : /*
    1412             :  * Merge two SimpleStats objects
    1413             :  */
    1414             : static void
    1415         276 : mergeSimpleStats(SimpleStats *acc, SimpleStats *ss)
    1416             : {
    1417         276 :     if (acc->count == 0 || ss->min < acc->min)
    1418         274 :         acc->min = ss->min;
    1419         276 :     if (acc->count == 0 || ss->max > acc->max)
    1420         274 :         acc->max = ss->max;
    1421         276 :     acc->count += ss->count;
    1422         276 :     acc->sum += ss->sum;
    1423         276 :     acc->sum2 += ss->sum2;
    1424         276 : }
    1425             : 
    1426             : /*
    1427             :  * Initialize a StatsData struct to mostly zeroes, with its start time set to
    1428             :  * the given value.
    1429             :  */
    1430             : static void
    1431         946 : initStats(StatsData *sd, pg_time_usec_t start)
    1432             : {
    1433         946 :     sd->start_time = start;
    1434         946 :     sd->cnt = 0;
    1435         946 :     sd->skipped = 0;
    1436         946 :     sd->retries = 0;
    1437         946 :     sd->retried = 0;
    1438         946 :     sd->serialization_failures = 0;
    1439         946 :     sd->deadlock_failures = 0;
    1440         946 :     initSimpleStats(&sd->latency);
    1441         946 :     initSimpleStats(&sd->lag);
    1442         946 : }
    1443             : 
    1444             : /*
    1445             :  * Accumulate one additional item into the given stats object.
    1446             :  */
    1447             : static void
    1448        7084 : accumStats(StatsData *stats, bool skipped, double lat, double lag,
    1449             :            EStatus estatus, int64 tries)
    1450             : {
    1451             :     /* Record the skipped transaction */
    1452        7084 :     if (skipped)
    1453             :     {
    1454             :         /* no latency to record on skipped transactions */
    1455          18 :         stats->skipped++;
    1456          18 :         return;
    1457             :     }
    1458             : 
    1459             :     /*
    1460             :      * Record the number of retries regardless of whether the transaction was
    1461             :      * successful or failed.
    1462             :      */
    1463        7066 :     if (tries > 1)
    1464             :     {
    1465           4 :         stats->retries += (tries - 1);
    1466           4 :         stats->retried++;
    1467             :     }
    1468             : 
    1469        7066 :     switch (estatus)
    1470             :     {
    1471             :             /* Record the successful transaction */
    1472        7066 :         case ESTATUS_NO_ERROR:
    1473        7066 :             stats->cnt++;
    1474             : 
    1475        7066 :             addToSimpleStats(&stats->latency, lat);
    1476             : 
    1477             :             /* and possibly the same for schedule lag */
    1478        7066 :             if (throttle_delay)
    1479         402 :                 addToSimpleStats(&stats->lag, lag);
    1480        7066 :             break;
    1481             : 
    1482             :             /* Record the failed transaction */
    1483           0 :         case ESTATUS_SERIALIZATION_ERROR:
    1484           0 :             stats->serialization_failures++;
    1485           0 :             break;
    1486           0 :         case ESTATUS_DEADLOCK_ERROR:
    1487           0 :             stats->deadlock_failures++;
    1488           0 :             break;
    1489           0 :         default:
    1490             :             /* internal error which should never occur */
    1491           0 :             pg_fatal("unexpected error status: %d", estatus);
    1492             :     }
    1493             : }
    1494             : 
    1495             : /* call PQexec() and exit() on failure */
    1496             : static void
    1497         118 : executeStatement(PGconn *con, const char *sql)
    1498             : {
    1499             :     PGresult   *res;
    1500             : 
    1501         118 :     res = PQexec(con, sql);
    1502         118 :     if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
    1503             :     {
    1504           0 :         pg_log_error("query failed: %s", PQerrorMessage(con));
    1505           0 :         pg_log_error_detail("Query was: %s", sql);
    1506           0 :         exit(1);
    1507             :     }
    1508         118 :     PQclear(res);
    1509         118 : }
    1510             : 
    1511             : /* call PQexec() and complain, but without exiting, on failure */
    1512             : static void
    1513          60 : tryExecuteStatement(PGconn *con, const char *sql)
    1514             : {
    1515             :     PGresult   *res;
    1516             : 
    1517          60 :     res = PQexec(con, sql);
    1518          60 :     if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
    1519             :     {
    1520           0 :         pg_log_error("%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
    1521           0 :         pg_log_error_detail("(ignoring this error and continuing anyway)");
    1522             :     }
    1523          60 :     PQclear(res);
    1524          60 : }
    1525             : 
    1526             : /* set up a connection to the backend */
    1527             : static PGconn *
    1528         556 : doConnect(void)
    1529             : {
    1530             :     PGconn     *conn;
    1531             :     bool        new_pass;
    1532             :     static char *password = NULL;
    1533             : 
    1534             :     /*
    1535             :      * Start the connection.  Loop until we have a password if requested by
    1536             :      * backend.
    1537             :      */
    1538             :     do
    1539             :     {
    1540             : #define PARAMS_ARRAY_SIZE   7
    1541             : 
    1542             :         const char *keywords[PARAMS_ARRAY_SIZE];
    1543             :         const char *values[PARAMS_ARRAY_SIZE];
    1544             : 
    1545         556 :         keywords[0] = "host";
    1546         556 :         values[0] = pghost;
    1547         556 :         keywords[1] = "port";
    1548         556 :         values[1] = pgport;
    1549         556 :         keywords[2] = "user";
    1550         556 :         values[2] = username;
    1551         556 :         keywords[3] = "password";
    1552         556 :         values[3] = password;
    1553         556 :         keywords[4] = "dbname";
    1554         556 :         values[4] = dbName;
    1555         556 :         keywords[5] = "fallback_application_name";
    1556         556 :         values[5] = progname;
    1557         556 :         keywords[6] = NULL;
    1558         556 :         values[6] = NULL;
    1559             : 
    1560         556 :         new_pass = false;
    1561             : 
    1562         556 :         conn = PQconnectdbParams(keywords, values, true);
    1563             : 
    1564         556 :         if (!conn)
    1565             :         {
    1566           0 :             pg_log_error("connection to database \"%s\" failed", dbName);
    1567           0 :             return NULL;
    1568             :         }
    1569             : 
    1570         558 :         if (PQstatus(conn) == CONNECTION_BAD &&
    1571           2 :             PQconnectionNeedsPassword(conn) &&
    1572           0 :             !password)
    1573             :         {
    1574           0 :             PQfinish(conn);
    1575           0 :             password = simple_prompt("Password: ", false);
    1576           0 :             new_pass = true;
    1577             :         }
    1578         556 :     } while (new_pass);
    1579             : 
    1580             :     /* check to see that the backend connection was successfully made */
    1581         556 :     if (PQstatus(conn) == CONNECTION_BAD)
    1582             :     {
    1583           2 :         pg_log_error("%s", PQerrorMessage(conn));
    1584           2 :         PQfinish(conn);
    1585           2 :         return NULL;
    1586             :     }
    1587             : 
    1588         554 :     return conn;
    1589             : }
    1590             : 
    1591             : /* qsort comparator for Variable array */
    1592             : static int
    1593      106606 : compareVariableNames(const void *v1, const void *v2)
    1594             : {
    1595      213212 :     return strcmp(((const Variable *) v1)->name,
    1596      106606 :                   ((const Variable *) v2)->name);
    1597             : }
    1598             : 
    1599             : /* Locate a variable by name; returns NULL if unknown */
    1600             : static Variable *
    1601       15692 : lookupVariable(Variables *variables, char *name)
    1602             : {
    1603             :     Variable    key;
    1604             : 
    1605             :     /* On some versions of Solaris, bsearch of zero items dumps core */
    1606       15692 :     if (variables->nvars <= 0)
    1607         314 :         return NULL;
    1608             : 
    1609             :     /* Sort if we have to */
    1610       15378 :     if (!variables->vars_sorted)
    1611             :     {
    1612        1868 :         qsort(variables->vars, variables->nvars, sizeof(Variable),
    1613             :               compareVariableNames);
    1614        1868 :         variables->vars_sorted = true;
    1615             :     }
    1616             : 
    1617             :     /* Now we can search */
    1618       15378 :     key.name = name;
    1619       15378 :     return (Variable *) bsearch(&key,
    1620       15378 :                                 variables->vars,
    1621       15378 :                                 variables->nvars,
    1622             :                                 sizeof(Variable),
    1623             :                                 compareVariableNames);
    1624             : }
    1625             : 
    1626             : /* Get the value of a variable, in string form; returns NULL if unknown */
    1627             : static char *
    1628        5216 : getVariable(Variables *variables, char *name)
    1629             : {
    1630             :     Variable   *var;
    1631             :     char        stringform[64];
    1632             : 
    1633        5216 :     var = lookupVariable(variables, name);
    1634        5216 :     if (var == NULL)
    1635           8 :         return NULL;            /* not found */
    1636             : 
    1637        5208 :     if (var->svalue)
    1638        1996 :         return var->svalue;      /* we have it in string form */
    1639             : 
    1640             :     /* We need to produce a string equivalent of the value */
    1641             :     Assert(var->value.type != PGBT_NO_VALUE);
    1642        3212 :     if (var->value.type == PGBT_NULL)
    1643           2 :         snprintf(stringform, sizeof(stringform), "NULL");
    1644        3210 :     else if (var->value.type == PGBT_BOOLEAN)
    1645           2 :         snprintf(stringform, sizeof(stringform),
    1646           2 :                  "%s", var->value.u.bval ? "true" : "false");
    1647        3208 :     else if (var->value.type == PGBT_INT)
    1648        3204 :         snprintf(stringform, sizeof(stringform),
    1649             :                  INT64_FORMAT, var->value.u.ival);
    1650           4 :     else if (var->value.type == PGBT_DOUBLE)
    1651           4 :         snprintf(stringform, sizeof(stringform),
    1652             :                  "%.*g", DBL_DIG, var->value.u.dval);
    1653             :     else                        /* internal error, unexpected type */
    1654             :         Assert(0);
    1655        3212 :     var->svalue = pg_strdup(stringform);
    1656        3212 :     return var->svalue;
    1657             : }
    1658             : 
    1659             : /* Try to convert variable to a value; return false on failure */
    1660             : static bool
    1661        3930 : makeVariableValue(Variable *var)
    1662             : {
    1663             :     size_t      slen;
    1664             : 
    1665        3930 :     if (var->value.type != PGBT_NO_VALUE)
    1666        3004 :         return true;            /* no work */
    1667             : 
    1668         926 :     slen = strlen(var->svalue);
    1669             : 
    1670         926 :     if (slen == 0)
    1671             :         /* what should it do on ""? */
    1672           0 :         return false;
    1673             : 
    1674         926 :     if (pg_strcasecmp(var->svalue, "null") == 0)
    1675             :     {
    1676           2 :         setNullValue(&var->value);
    1677             :     }
    1678             : 
    1679             :     /*
    1680             :      * accept prefixes such as y, ye, n, no... but not for "o". 0/1 are
    1681             :      * recognized later as an int, which is converted to bool if needed.
    1682             :      */
    1683        1846 :     else if (pg_strncasecmp(var->svalue, "true", slen) == 0 ||
    1684        1844 :              pg_strncasecmp(var->svalue, "yes", slen) == 0 ||
    1685         922 :              pg_strcasecmp(var->svalue, "on") == 0)
    1686             :     {
    1687           2 :         setBoolValue(&var->value, true);
    1688             :     }
    1689        1844 :     else if (pg_strncasecmp(var->svalue, "false", slen) == 0 ||
    1690        1844 :              pg_strncasecmp(var->svalue, "no", slen) == 0 ||
    1691        1844 :              pg_strcasecmp(var->svalue, "off") == 0 ||
    1692         922 :              pg_strcasecmp(var->svalue, "of") == 0)
    1693             :     {
    1694           2 :         setBoolValue(&var->value, false);
    1695             :     }
    1696         920 :     else if (is_an_int(var->svalue))
    1697             :     {
    1698             :         /* if it looks like an int, it must be an int without overflow */
    1699             :         int64       iv;
    1700             : 
    1701         914 :         if (!strtoint64(var->svalue, false, &iv))
    1702           0 :             return false;
    1703             : 
    1704         914 :         setIntValue(&var->value, iv);
    1705             :     }
    1706             :     else                        /* type should be double */
    1707             :     {
    1708             :         double      dv;
    1709             : 
    1710           6 :         if (!strtodouble(var->svalue, true, &dv))
    1711             :         {
    1712           4 :             pg_log_error("malformed variable \"%s\" value: \"%s\"",
    1713             :                          var->name, var->svalue);
    1714           4 :             return false;
    1715             :         }
    1716           2 :         setDoubleValue(&var->value, dv);
    1717             :     }
    1718         922 :     return true;
    1719             : }
    1720             : 
    1721             : /*
    1722             :  * Check whether a variable's name is allowed.
    1723             :  *
    1724             :  * We allow any non-ASCII character, as well as ASCII letters, digits, and
    1725             :  * underscore.
    1726             :  *
    1727             :  * Keep this in sync with the definitions of variable name characters in
    1728             :  * "src/fe_utils/psqlscan.l", "src/bin/psql/psqlscanslash.l" and
    1729             :  * "src/bin/pgbench/exprscan.l".  Also see parseVariable(), below.
    1730             :  *
    1731             :  * Note: this static function is copied from "src/bin/psql/variables.c"
    1732             :  * but changed to disallow variable names starting with a digit.
    1733             :  */
    1734             : static bool
    1735        2000 : valid_variable_name(const char *name)
    1736             : {
    1737        2000 :     const unsigned char *ptr = (const unsigned char *) name;
    1738             : 
    1739             :     /* Mustn't be zero-length */
    1740        2000 :     if (*ptr == '\0')
    1741           0 :         return false;
    1742             : 
    1743             :     /* must not start with [0-9] */
    1744        2000 :     if (IS_HIGHBIT_SET(*ptr) ||
    1745        2000 :         strchr("ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ" "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
    1746        2000 :                "_", *ptr) != NULL)
    1747        1996 :         ptr++;
    1748             :     else
    1749           4 :         return false;
    1750             : 
    1751             :     /* remaining characters can include [0-9] */
    1752       12486 :     while (*ptr)
    1753             :     {
    1754       10492 :         if (IS_HIGHBIT_SET(*ptr) ||
    1755       10492 :             strchr("ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ" "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
    1756       10492 :                    "_0123456789", *ptr) != NULL)
    1757       10490 :             ptr++;
    1758             :         else
    1759           2 :             return false;
    1760             :     }
    1761             : 
    1762        1994 :     return true;
    1763             : }
    1764             : 
    1765             : /*
    1766             :  * Make sure there is enough space for 'needed' more variable in the variables
    1767             :  * array.
    1768             :  */
    1769             : static void
    1770        1994 : enlargeVariables(Variables *variables, int needed)
    1771             : {
    1772             :     /* total number of variables required now */
    1773        1994 :     needed += variables->nvars;
    1774             : 
    1775        1994 :     if (variables->max_vars < needed)
    1776             :     {
    1777         326 :         variables->max_vars = needed + VARIABLES_ALLOC_MARGIN;
    1778         326 :         variables->vars = (Variable *)
    1779         326 :             pg_realloc(variables->vars, variables->max_vars * sizeof(Variable));
    1780             :     }
    1781        1994 : }
    1782             : 
    1783             : /*
    1784             :  * Lookup a variable by name, creating it if need be.
    1785             :  * Caller is expected to assign a value to the variable.
    1786             :  * Returns NULL on failure (bad name).
    1787             :  */
    1788             : static Variable *
    1789        5990 : lookupCreateVariable(Variables *variables, const char *context, char *name)
    1790             : {
    1791             :     Variable   *var;
    1792             : 
    1793        5990 :     var = lookupVariable(variables, name);
    1794        5990 :     if (var == NULL)
    1795             :     {
    1796             :         /*
    1797             :          * Check for the name only when declaring a new variable to avoid
    1798             :          * overhead.
    1799             :          */
    1800        2000 :         if (!valid_variable_name(name))
    1801             :         {
    1802           6 :             pg_log_error("%s: invalid variable name: \"%s\"", context, name);
    1803           6 :             return NULL;
    1804             :         }
    1805             : 
    1806             :         /* Create variable at the end of the array */
    1807        1994 :         enlargeVariables(variables, 1);
    1808             : 
    1809        1994 :         var = &(variables->vars[variables->nvars]);
    1810             : 
    1811        1994 :         var->name = pg_strdup(name);
    1812        1994 :         var->svalue = NULL;
    1813             :         /* caller is expected to initialize remaining fields */
    1814             : 
    1815        1994 :         variables->nvars++;
    1816             :         /* we don't re-sort the array till we have to */
    1817        1994 :         variables->vars_sorted = false;
    1818             :     }
    1819             : 
    1820        5984 :     return var;
    1821             : }
    1822             : 
    1823             : /* Assign a string value to a variable, creating it if need be */
    1824             : /* Returns false on failure (bad name) */
    1825             : static bool
    1826        1802 : putVariable(Variables *variables, const char *context, char *name,
    1827             :             const char *value)
    1828             : {
    1829             :     Variable   *var;
    1830             :     char       *val;
    1831             : 
    1832        1802 :     var = lookupCreateVariable(variables, context, name);
    1833        1802 :     if (!var)
    1834           4 :         return false;
    1835             : 
    1836             :     /* dup then free, in case value is pointing at this variable */
    1837        1798 :     val = pg_strdup(value);
    1838             : 
    1839        1798 :     free(var->svalue);
    1840        1798 :     var->svalue = val;
    1841        1798 :     var->value.type = PGBT_NO_VALUE;
    1842             : 
    1843        1798 :     return true;
    1844             : }
    1845             : 
    1846             : /* Assign a value to a variable, creating it if need be */
    1847             : /* Returns false on failure (bad name) */
    1848             : static bool
    1849        4188 : putVariableValue(Variables *variables, const char *context, char *name,
    1850             :                  const PgBenchValue *value)
    1851             : {
    1852             :     Variable   *var;
    1853             : 
    1854        4188 :     var = lookupCreateVariable(variables, context, name);
    1855        4188 :     if (!var)
    1856           2 :         return false;
    1857             : 
    1858        4186 :     free(var->svalue);
    1859        4186 :     var->svalue = NULL;
    1860        4186 :     var->value = *value;
    1861             : 
    1862        4186 :     return true;
    1863             : }
    1864             : 
    1865             : /* Assign an integer value to a variable, creating it if need be */
    1866             : /* Returns false on failure (bad name) */
    1867             : static bool
    1868         810 : putVariableInt(Variables *variables, const char *context, char *name,
    1869             :                int64 value)
    1870             : {
    1871             :     PgBenchValue val;
    1872             : 
    1873         810 :     setIntValue(&val, value);
    1874         810 :     return putVariableValue(variables, context, name, &val);
    1875             : }
    1876             : 
    1877             : /*
    1878             :  * Parse a possible variable reference (:varname).
    1879             :  *
    1880             :  * "sql" points at a colon.  If what follows it looks like a valid
    1881             :  * variable name, return a malloc'd string containing the variable name,
    1882             :  * and set *eaten to the number of characters consumed (including the colon).
    1883             :  * Otherwise, return NULL.
    1884             :  */
    1885             : static char *
    1886        3426 : parseVariable(const char *sql, int *eaten)
    1887             : {
    1888        3426 :     int         i = 1;          /* starting at 1 skips the colon */
    1889             :     char       *name;
    1890             : 
    1891             :     /* keep this logic in sync with valid_variable_name() */
    1892        3426 :     if (IS_HIGHBIT_SET(sql[i]) ||
    1893        3426 :         strchr("ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ" "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
    1894        3426 :                "_", sql[i]) != NULL)
    1895        2468 :         i++;
    1896             :     else
    1897         958 :         return NULL;
    1898             : 
    1899       12710 :     while (IS_HIGHBIT_SET(sql[i]) ||
    1900       12710 :            strchr("ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ" "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
    1901       12710 :                   "_0123456789", sql[i]) != NULL)
    1902       10242 :         i++;
    1903             : 
    1904        2468 :     name = pg_malloc(i);
    1905        2468 :     memcpy(name, &sql[1], i - 1);
    1906        2468 :     name[i - 1] = '\0';
    1907             : 
    1908        2468 :     *eaten = i;
    1909        2468 :     return name;
    1910             : }
    1911             : 
    1912             : static char *
    1913        2466 : replaceVariable(char **sql, char *param, int len, char *value)
    1914             : {
    1915        2466 :     int         valueln = strlen(value);
    1916             : 
    1917        2466 :     if (valueln > len)
    1918             :     {
    1919        1142 :         size_t      offset = param - *sql;
    1920             : 
    1921        1142 :         *sql = pg_realloc(*sql, strlen(*sql) - len + valueln + 1);
    1922        1142 :         param = *sql + offset;
    1923             :     }
    1924             : 
    1925        2466 :     if (valueln != len)
    1926        2382 :         memmove(param + valueln, param + len, strlen(param + len) + 1);
    1927        2466 :     memcpy(param, value, valueln);
    1928             : 
    1929        2466 :     return param + valueln;
    1930             : }
    1931             : 
    1932             : static char *
    1933        6552 : assignVariables(Variables *variables, char *sql)
    1934             : {
    1935             :     char       *p,
    1936             :                *name,
    1937             :                *val;
    1938             : 
    1939        6552 :     p = sql;
    1940        9384 :     while ((p = strchr(p, ':')) != NULL)
    1941             :     {
    1942             :         int         eaten;
    1943             : 
    1944        2832 :         name = parseVariable(p, &eaten);
    1945        2832 :         if (name == NULL)
    1946             :         {
    1947        2778 :             while (*p == ':')
    1948             :             {
    1949        1852 :                 p++;
    1950             :             }
    1951         926 :             continue;
    1952             :         }
    1953             : 
    1954        1906 :         val = getVariable(variables, name);
    1955        1906 :         free(name);
    1956        1906 :         if (val == NULL)
    1957             :         {
    1958           0 :             p++;
    1959           0 :             continue;
    1960             :         }
    1961             : 
    1962        1906 :         p = replaceVariable(&sql, p, eaten, val);
    1963             :     }
    1964             : 
    1965        6552 :     return sql;
    1966             : }
    1967             : 
    1968             : static void
    1969        4496 : getQueryParams(Variables *variables, const Command *command,
    1970             :                const char **params)
    1971             : {
    1972             :     int         i;
    1973             : 
    1974        7796 :     for (i = 0; i < command->argc - 1; i++)
    1975        3300 :         params[i] = getVariable(variables, command->argv[i + 1]);
    1976        4496 : }
    1977             : 
    1978             : static char *
    1979           8 : valueTypeName(PgBenchValue *pval)
    1980             : {
    1981           8 :     if (pval->type == PGBT_NO_VALUE)
    1982           0 :         return "none";
    1983           8 :     else if (pval->type == PGBT_NULL)
    1984           0 :         return "null";
    1985           8 :     else if (pval->type == PGBT_INT)
    1986           0 :         return "int";
    1987           8 :     else if (pval->type == PGBT_DOUBLE)
    1988           2 :         return "double";
    1989           6 :     else if (pval->type == PGBT_BOOLEAN)
    1990           6 :         return "boolean";
    1991             :     else
    1992             :     {
    1993             :         /* internal error, should never get there */
    1994             :         Assert(false);
    1995           0 :         return NULL;
    1996             :     }
    1997             : }
    1998             : 
    1999             : /* get a value as a boolean, or tell if there is a problem */
    2000             : static bool
    2001         216 : coerceToBool(PgBenchValue *pval, bool *bval)
    2002             : {
    2003         216 :     if (pval->type == PGBT_BOOLEAN)
    2004             :     {
    2005         214 :         *bval = pval->u.bval;
    2006         214 :         return true;
    2007             :     }
    2008             :     else                        /* NULL, INT or DOUBLE */
    2009             :     {
    2010           2 :         pg_log_error("cannot coerce %s to boolean", valueTypeName(pval));
    2011           2 :         *bval = false;          /* suppress uninitialized-variable warnings */
    2012           2 :         return false;
    2013             :     }
    2014             : }
    2015             : 
    2016             : /*
    2017             :  * Return true or false from an expression for conditional purposes.
    2018             :  * Non zero numerical values are true, zero and NULL are false.
    2019             :  */
    2020             : static bool
    2021         940 : valueTruth(PgBenchValue *pval)
    2022             : {
    2023         940 :     switch (pval->type)
    2024             :     {
    2025           2 :         case PGBT_NULL:
    2026           2 :             return false;
    2027          52 :         case PGBT_BOOLEAN:
    2028          52 :             return pval->u.bval;
    2029         884 :         case PGBT_INT:
    2030         884 :             return pval->u.ival != 0;
    2031           2 :         case PGBT_DOUBLE:
    2032           2 :             return pval->u.dval != 0.0;
    2033           0 :         default:
    2034             :             /* internal error, unexpected type */
    2035             :             Assert(0);
    2036           0 :             return false;
    2037             :     }
    2038             : }
    2039             : 
    2040             : /* get a value as an int, tell if there is a problem */
    2041             : static bool
    2042       13256 : coerceToInt(PgBenchValue *pval, int64 *ival)
    2043             : {
    2044       13256 :     if (pval->type == PGBT_INT)
    2045             :     {
    2046       13248 :         *ival = pval->u.ival;
    2047       13248 :         return true;
    2048             :     }
    2049           8 :     else if (pval->type == PGBT_DOUBLE)
    2050             :     {
    2051           4 :         double      dval = rint(pval->u.dval);
    2052             : 
    2053           4 :         if (isnan(dval) || !FLOAT8_FITS_IN_INT64(dval))
    2054             :         {
    2055           2 :             pg_log_error("double to int overflow for %f", dval);
    2056           2 :             return false;
    2057             :         }
    2058           2 :         *ival = (int64) dval;
    2059           2 :         return true;
    2060             :     }
    2061             :     else                        /* BOOLEAN or NULL */
    2062             :     {
    2063           4 :         pg_log_error("cannot coerce %s to int", valueTypeName(pval));
    2064           4 :         return false;
    2065             :     }
    2066             : }
    2067             : 
    2068             : /* get a value as a double, or tell if there is a problem */
    2069             : static bool
    2070         208 : coerceToDouble(PgBenchValue *pval, double *dval)
    2071             : {
    2072         208 :     if (pval->type == PGBT_DOUBLE)
    2073             :     {
    2074         146 :         *dval = pval->u.dval;
    2075         146 :         return true;
    2076             :     }
    2077          62 :     else if (pval->type == PGBT_INT)
    2078             :     {
    2079          60 :         *dval = (double) pval->u.ival;
    2080          60 :         return true;
    2081             :     }
    2082             :     else                        /* BOOLEAN or NULL */
    2083             :     {
    2084           2 :         pg_log_error("cannot coerce %s to double", valueTypeName(pval));
    2085           2 :         return false;
    2086             :     }
    2087             : }
    2088             : 
    2089             : /* assign a null value */
    2090             : static void
    2091           8 : setNullValue(PgBenchValue *pv)
    2092             : {
    2093           8 :     pv->type = PGBT_NULL;
    2094           8 :     pv->u.ival = 0;
    2095           8 : }
    2096             : 
    2097             : /* assign a boolean value */
    2098             : static void
    2099         278 : setBoolValue(PgBenchValue *pv, bool bval)
    2100             : {
    2101         278 :     pv->type = PGBT_BOOLEAN;
    2102         278 :     pv->u.bval = bval;
    2103         278 : }
    2104             : 
    2105             : /* assign an integer value */
    2106             : static void
    2107        8168 : setIntValue(PgBenchValue *pv, int64 ival)
    2108             : {
    2109        8168 :     pv->type = PGBT_INT;
    2110        8168 :     pv->u.ival = ival;
    2111        8168 : }
    2112             : 
    2113             : /* assign a double value */
    2114             : static void
    2115          78 : setDoubleValue(PgBenchValue *pv, double dval)
    2116             : {
    2117          78 :     pv->type = PGBT_DOUBLE;
    2118          78 :     pv->u.dval = dval;
    2119          78 : }
    2120             : 
    2121             : static bool
    2122        7040 : isLazyFunc(PgBenchFunction func)
    2123             : {
    2124        7040 :     return func == PGBENCH_AND || func == PGBENCH_OR || func == PGBENCH_CASE;
    2125             : }
    2126             : 
    2127             : /* lazy evaluation of some functions */
    2128             : static bool
    2129         130 : evalLazyFunc(CState *st,
    2130             :              PgBenchFunction func, PgBenchExprLink *args, PgBenchValue *retval)
    2131             : {
    2132             :     PgBenchValue a1,
    2133             :                 a2;
    2134             :     bool        ba1,
    2135             :                 ba2;
    2136             : 
    2137             :     Assert(isLazyFunc(func) && args != NULL && args->next != NULL);
    2138             : 
    2139             :     /* args points to first condition */
    2140         130 :     if (!evaluateExpr(st, args->expr, &a1))
    2141           2 :         return false;
    2142             : 
    2143             :     /* second condition for AND/OR and corresponding branch for CASE */
    2144         128 :     args = args->next;
    2145             : 
    2146         128 :     switch (func)
    2147             :     {
    2148          88 :         case PGBENCH_AND:
    2149          88 :             if (a1.type == PGBT_NULL)
    2150             :             {
    2151           0 :                 setNullValue(retval);
    2152           0 :                 return true;
    2153             :             }
    2154             : 
    2155          88 :             if (!coerceToBool(&a1, &ba1))
    2156           0 :                 return false;
    2157             : 
    2158          88 :             if (!ba1)
    2159             :             {
    2160           6 :                 setBoolValue(retval, false);
    2161           6 :                 return true;
    2162             :             }
    2163             : 
    2164          82 :             if (!evaluateExpr(st, args->expr, &a2))
    2165           0 :                 return false;
    2166             : 
    2167          82 :             if (a2.type == PGBT_NULL)
    2168             :             {
    2169           0 :                 setNullValue(retval);
    2170           0 :                 return true;
    2171             :             }
    2172          82 :             else if (!coerceToBool(&a2, &ba2))
    2173           0 :                 return false;
    2174             :             else
    2175             :             {
    2176          82 :                 setBoolValue(retval, ba2);
    2177          82 :                 return true;
    2178             :             }
    2179             : 
    2180             :             return true;
    2181             : 
    2182           8 :         case PGBENCH_OR:
    2183             : 
    2184           8 :             if (a1.type == PGBT_NULL)
    2185             :             {
    2186           0 :                 setNullValue(retval);
    2187           0 :                 return true;
    2188             :             }
    2189             : 
    2190           8 :             if (!coerceToBool(&a1, &ba1))
    2191           0 :                 return false;
    2192             : 
    2193           8 :             if (ba1)
    2194             :             {
    2195           2 :                 setBoolValue(retval, true);
    2196           2 :                 return true;
    2197             :             }
    2198             : 
    2199           6 :             if (!evaluateExpr(st, args->expr, &a2))
    2200           0 :                 return false;
    2201             : 
    2202           6 :             if (a2.type == PGBT_NULL)
    2203             :             {
    2204           0 :                 setNullValue(retval);
    2205           0 :                 return true;
    2206             :             }
    2207           6 :             else if (!coerceToBool(&a2, &ba2))
    2208           0 :                 return false;
    2209             :             else
    2210             :             {
    2211           6 :                 setBoolValue(retval, ba2);
    2212           6 :                 return true;
    2213             :             }
    2214             : 
    2215          32 :         case PGBENCH_CASE:
    2216             :             /* when true, execute branch */
    2217          32 :             if (valueTruth(&a1))
    2218          22 :                 return evaluateExpr(st, args->expr, retval);
    2219             : 
    2220             :             /* now args contains next condition or final else expression */
    2221          10 :             args = args->next;
    2222             : 
    2223             :             /* final else case? */
    2224          10 :             if (args->next == NULL)
    2225           6 :                 return evaluateExpr(st, args->expr, retval);
    2226             : 
    2227             :             /* no, another when, proceed */
    2228           4 :             return evalLazyFunc(st, PGBENCH_CASE, args, retval);
    2229             : 
    2230           0 :         default:
    2231             :             /* internal error, cannot get here */
    2232             :             Assert(0);
    2233           0 :             break;
    2234             :     }
    2235           0 :     return false;
    2236             : }
    2237             : 
    2238             : /* maximum number of function arguments */
    2239             : #define MAX_FARGS 16
    2240             : 
    2241             : /*
    2242             :  * Recursive evaluation of standard functions,
    2243             :  * which do not require lazy evaluation.
    2244             :  */
    2245             : static bool
    2246        6914 : evalStandardFunc(CState *st,
    2247             :                  PgBenchFunction func, PgBenchExprLink *args,
    2248             :                  PgBenchValue *retval)
    2249             : {
    2250             :     /* evaluate all function arguments */
    2251        6914 :     int         nargs = 0;
    2252        6914 :     PgBenchExprLink *l = args;
    2253        6914 :     bool        has_null = false;
    2254             : 
    2255             :     /*
    2256             :      * This value is double braced to workaround GCC bug 53119, which seems to
    2257             :      * exist at least on gcc (Debian 4.7.2-5) 4.7.2, 32-bit.
    2258             :      */
    2259        6914 :     PgBenchValue vargs[MAX_FARGS] = {{0}};
    2260             : 
    2261       20668 :     for (nargs = 0; nargs < MAX_FARGS && l != NULL; nargs++, l = l->next)
    2262             :     {
    2263       13758 :         if (!evaluateExpr(st, l->expr, &vargs[nargs]))
    2264           4 :             return false;
    2265       13754 :         has_null |= vargs[nargs].type == PGBT_NULL;
    2266             :     }
    2267             : 
    2268        6910 :     if (l != NULL)
    2269             :     {
    2270           2 :         pg_log_error("too many function arguments, maximum is %d", MAX_FARGS);
    2271           2 :         return false;
    2272             :     }
    2273             : 
    2274             :     /* NULL arguments */
    2275        6908 :     if (has_null && func != PGBENCH_IS && func != PGBENCH_DEBUG)
    2276             :     {
    2277           6 :         setNullValue(retval);
    2278           6 :         return true;
    2279             :     }
    2280             : 
    2281             :     /* then evaluate function */
    2282        6902 :     switch (func)
    2283             :     {
    2284             :             /* overloaded operators */
    2285        3414 :         case PGBENCH_ADD:
    2286             :         case PGBENCH_SUB:
    2287             :         case PGBENCH_MUL:
    2288             :         case PGBENCH_DIV:
    2289             :         case PGBENCH_MOD:
    2290             :         case PGBENCH_EQ:
    2291             :         case PGBENCH_NE:
    2292             :         case PGBENCH_LE:
    2293             :         case PGBENCH_LT:
    2294             :             {
    2295        3414 :                 PgBenchValue *lval = &vargs[0],
    2296        3414 :                            *rval = &vargs[1];
    2297             : 
    2298             :                 Assert(nargs == 2);
    2299             : 
    2300             :                 /* overloaded type management, double if some double */
    2301        3414 :                 if ((lval->type == PGBT_DOUBLE ||
    2302        3414 :                      rval->type == PGBT_DOUBLE) && func != PGBENCH_MOD)
    2303           0 :                 {
    2304             :                     double      ld,
    2305             :                                 rd;
    2306             : 
    2307          62 :                     if (!coerceToDouble(lval, &ld) ||
    2308          62 :                         !coerceToDouble(rval, &rd))
    2309          62 :                         return false;
    2310             : 
    2311          62 :                     switch (func)
    2312             :                     {
    2313           2 :                         case PGBENCH_ADD:
    2314           2 :                             setDoubleValue(retval, ld + rd);
    2315           2 :                             return true;
    2316             : 
    2317          20 :                         case PGBENCH_SUB:
    2318          20 :                             setDoubleValue(retval, ld - rd);
    2319          20 :                             return true;
    2320             : 
    2321          16 :                         case PGBENCH_MUL:
    2322          16 :                             setDoubleValue(retval, ld * rd);
    2323          16 :                             return true;
    2324             : 
    2325           4 :                         case PGBENCH_DIV:
    2326           4 :                             setDoubleValue(retval, ld / rd);
    2327           4 :                             return true;
    2328             : 
    2329           8 :                         case PGBENCH_EQ:
    2330           8 :                             setBoolValue(retval, ld == rd);
    2331           8 :                             return true;
    2332             : 
    2333           4 :                         case PGBENCH_NE:
    2334           4 :                             setBoolValue(retval, ld != rd);
    2335           4 :                             return true;
    2336             : 
    2337           4 :                         case PGBENCH_LE:
    2338           4 :                             setBoolValue(retval, ld <= rd);
    2339           4 :                             return true;
    2340             : 
    2341           4 :                         case PGBENCH_LT:
    2342           4 :                             setBoolValue(retval, ld < rd);
    2343           4 :                             return true;
    2344             : 
    2345           0 :                         default:
    2346             :                             /* cannot get here */
    2347             :                             Assert(0);
    2348             :                     }
    2349             :                 }
    2350             :                 else            /* we have integer operands, or % */
    2351             :                 {
    2352             :                     int64       li,
    2353             :                                 ri,
    2354             :                                 res;
    2355             : 
    2356        3352 :                     if (!coerceToInt(lval, &li) ||
    2357        3350 :                         !coerceToInt(rval, &ri))
    2358        3352 :                         return false;
    2359             : 
    2360        3350 :                     switch (func)
    2361             :                     {
    2362          88 :                         case PGBENCH_ADD:
    2363          88 :                             if (pg_add_s64_overflow(li, ri, &res))
    2364             :                             {
    2365           2 :                                 pg_log_error("bigint add out of range");
    2366           2 :                                 return false;
    2367             :                             }
    2368          86 :                             setIntValue(retval, res);
    2369          86 :                             return true;
    2370             : 
    2371         298 :                         case PGBENCH_SUB:
    2372         298 :                             if (pg_sub_s64_overflow(li, ri, &res))
    2373             :                             {
    2374           2 :                                 pg_log_error("bigint sub out of range");
    2375           2 :                                 return false;
    2376             :                             }
    2377         296 :                             setIntValue(retval, res);
    2378         296 :                             return true;
    2379             : 
    2380        2836 :                         case PGBENCH_MUL:
    2381        2836 :                             if (pg_mul_s64_overflow(li, ri, &res))
    2382             :                             {
    2383           2 :                                 pg_log_error("bigint mul out of range");
    2384           2 :                                 return false;
    2385             :                             }
    2386        2834 :                             setIntValue(retval, res);
    2387        2834 :                             return true;
    2388             : 
    2389          64 :                         case PGBENCH_EQ:
    2390          64 :                             setBoolValue(retval, li == ri);
    2391          64 :                             return true;
    2392             : 
    2393          10 :                         case PGBENCH_NE:
    2394          10 :                             setBoolValue(retval, li != ri);
    2395          10 :                             return true;
    2396             : 
    2397          10 :                         case PGBENCH_LE:
    2398          10 :                             setBoolValue(retval, li <= ri);
    2399          10 :                             return true;
    2400             : 
    2401          24 :                         case PGBENCH_LT:
    2402          24 :                             setBoolValue(retval, li < ri);
    2403          24 :                             return true;
    2404             : 
    2405          20 :                         case PGBENCH_DIV:
    2406             :                         case PGBENCH_MOD:
    2407          20 :                             if (ri == 0)
    2408             :                             {
    2409           4 :                                 pg_log_error("division by zero");
    2410           4 :                                 return false;
    2411             :                             }
    2412             :                             /* special handling of -1 divisor */
    2413          16 :                             if (ri == -1)
    2414             :                             {
    2415           6 :                                 if (func == PGBENCH_DIV)
    2416             :                                 {
    2417             :                                     /* overflow check (needed for INT64_MIN) */
    2418           4 :                                     if (li == PG_INT64_MIN)
    2419             :                                     {
    2420           2 :                                         pg_log_error("bigint div out of range");
    2421           2 :                                         return false;
    2422             :                                     }
    2423             :                                     else
    2424           2 :                                         setIntValue(retval, -li);
    2425             :                                 }
    2426             :                                 else
    2427           2 :                                     setIntValue(retval, 0);
    2428           4 :                                 return true;
    2429             :                             }
    2430             :                             /* else divisor is not -1 */
    2431          10 :                             if (func == PGBENCH_DIV)
    2432           4 :                                 setIntValue(retval, li / ri);
    2433             :                             else    /* func == PGBENCH_MOD */
    2434           6 :                                 setIntValue(retval, li % ri);
    2435             : 
    2436          10 :                             return true;
    2437             : 
    2438           0 :                         default:
    2439             :                             /* cannot get here */
    2440             :                             Assert(0);
    2441             :                     }
    2442             :                 }
    2443             : 
    2444             :                 Assert(0);
    2445           0 :                 return false;   /* NOTREACHED */
    2446             :             }
    2447             : 
    2448             :             /* integer bitwise operators */
    2449          28 :         case PGBENCH_BITAND:
    2450             :         case PGBENCH_BITOR:
    2451             :         case PGBENCH_BITXOR:
    2452             :         case PGBENCH_LSHIFT:
    2453             :         case PGBENCH_RSHIFT:
    2454             :             {
    2455             :                 int64       li,
    2456             :                             ri;
    2457             : 
    2458          28 :                 if (!coerceToInt(&vargs[0], &li) || !coerceToInt(&vargs[1], &ri))
    2459           0 :                     return false;
    2460             : 
    2461          28 :                 if (func == PGBENCH_BITAND)
    2462           2 :                     setIntValue(retval, li & ri);
    2463          26 :                 else if (func == PGBENCH_BITOR)
    2464           4 :                     setIntValue(retval, li | ri);
    2465          22 :                 else if (func == PGBENCH_BITXOR)
    2466           6 :                     setIntValue(retval, li ^ ri);
    2467          16 :                 else if (func == PGBENCH_LSHIFT)
    2468          14 :                     setIntValue(retval, li << ri);
    2469           2 :                 else if (func == PGBENCH_RSHIFT)
    2470           2 :                     setIntValue(retval, li >> ri);
    2471             :                 else            /* cannot get here */
    2472             :                     Assert(0);
    2473             : 
    2474          28 :                 return true;
    2475             :             }
    2476             : 
    2477             :             /* logical operators */
    2478          32 :         case PGBENCH_NOT:
    2479             :             {
    2480             :                 bool        b;
    2481             : 
    2482          32 :                 if (!coerceToBool(&vargs[0], &b))
    2483           2 :                     return false;
    2484             : 
    2485          30 :                 setBoolValue(retval, !b);
    2486          30 :                 return true;
    2487             :             }
    2488             : 
    2489             :             /* no arguments */
    2490           2 :         case PGBENCH_PI:
    2491           2 :             setDoubleValue(retval, M_PI);
    2492           2 :             return true;
    2493             : 
    2494             :             /* 1 overloaded argument */
    2495           4 :         case PGBENCH_ABS:
    2496             :             {
    2497           4 :                 PgBenchValue *varg = &vargs[0];
    2498             : 
    2499             :                 Assert(nargs == 1);
    2500             : 
    2501           4 :                 if (varg->type == PGBT_INT)
    2502             :                 {
    2503           2 :                     int64       i = varg->u.ival;
    2504             : 
    2505           2 :                     setIntValue(retval, i < 0 ? -i : i);
    2506             :                 }
    2507             :                 else
    2508             :                 {
    2509           2 :                     double      d = varg->u.dval;
    2510             : 
    2511             :                     Assert(varg->type == PGBT_DOUBLE);
    2512           2 :                     setDoubleValue(retval, d < 0.0 ? -d : d);
    2513             :                 }
    2514             : 
    2515           4 :                 return true;
    2516             :             }
    2517             : 
    2518         168 :         case PGBENCH_DEBUG:
    2519             :             {
    2520         168 :                 PgBenchValue *varg = &vargs[0];
    2521             : 
    2522             :                 Assert(nargs == 1);
    2523             : 
    2524         168 :                 fprintf(stderr, "debug(script=%d,command=%d): ",
    2525         168 :                         st->use_file, st->command + 1);
    2526             : 
    2527         168 :                 if (varg->type == PGBT_NULL)
    2528           4 :                     fprintf(stderr, "null\n");
    2529         164 :                 else if (varg->type == PGBT_BOOLEAN)
    2530          38 :                     fprintf(stderr, "boolean %s\n", varg->u.bval ? "true" : "false");
    2531         126 :                 else if (varg->type == PGBT_INT)
    2532          94 :                     fprintf(stderr, "int " INT64_FORMAT "\n", varg->u.ival);
    2533          32 :                 else if (varg->type == PGBT_DOUBLE)
    2534          32 :                     fprintf(stderr, "double %.*g\n", DBL_DIG, varg->u.dval);
    2535             :                 else            /* internal error, unexpected type */
    2536             :                     Assert(0);
    2537             : 
    2538         168 :                 *retval = *varg;
    2539             : 
    2540         168 :                 return true;
    2541             :             }
    2542             : 
    2543             :             /* 1 double argument */
    2544          10 :         case PGBENCH_DOUBLE:
    2545             :         case PGBENCH_SQRT:
    2546             :         case PGBENCH_LN:
    2547             :         case PGBENCH_EXP:
    2548             :             {
    2549             :                 double      dval;
    2550             : 
    2551             :                 Assert(nargs == 1);
    2552             : 
    2553          10 :                 if (!coerceToDouble(&vargs[0], &dval))
    2554           2 :                     return false;
    2555             : 
    2556           8 :                 if (func == PGBENCH_SQRT)
    2557           2 :                     dval = sqrt(dval);
    2558           6 :                 else if (func == PGBENCH_LN)
    2559           2 :                     dval = log(dval);
    2560           4 :                 else if (func == PGBENCH_EXP)
    2561           2 :                     dval = exp(dval);
    2562             :                 /* else is cast: do nothing */
    2563             : 
    2564           8 :                 setDoubleValue(retval, dval);
    2565           8 :                 return true;
    2566             :             }
    2567             : 
    2568             :             /* 1 int argument */
    2569           4 :         case PGBENCH_INT:
    2570             :             {
    2571             :                 int64       ival;
    2572             : 
    2573             :                 Assert(nargs == 1);
    2574             : 
    2575           4 :                 if (!coerceToInt(&vargs[0], &ival))
    2576           2 :                     return false;
    2577             : 
    2578           2 :                 setIntValue(retval, ival);
    2579           2 :                 return true;
    2580             :             }
    2581             : 
    2582             :             /* variable number of arguments */
    2583           8 :         case PGBENCH_LEAST:
    2584             :         case PGBENCH_GREATEST:
    2585             :             {
    2586             :                 bool        havedouble;
    2587             :                 int         i;
    2588             : 
    2589             :                 Assert(nargs >= 1);
    2590             : 
    2591             :                 /* need double result if any input is double */
    2592           8 :                 havedouble = false;
    2593          28 :                 for (i = 0; i < nargs; i++)
    2594             :                 {
    2595          24 :                     if (vargs[i].type == PGBT_DOUBLE)
    2596             :                     {
    2597           4 :                         havedouble = true;
    2598           4 :                         break;
    2599             :                     }
    2600             :                 }
    2601           8 :                 if (havedouble)
    2602             :                 {
    2603             :                     double      extremum;
    2604             : 
    2605           4 :                     if (!coerceToDouble(&vargs[0], &extremum))
    2606           0 :                         return false;
    2607          12 :                     for (i = 1; i < nargs; i++)
    2608             :                     {
    2609             :                         double      dval;
    2610             : 
    2611           8 :                         if (!coerceToDouble(&vargs[i], &dval))
    2612           0 :                             return false;
    2613           8 :                         if (func == PGBENCH_LEAST)
    2614           4 :                             extremum = Min(extremum, dval);
    2615             :                         else
    2616           4 :                             extremum = Max(extremum, dval);
    2617             :                     }
    2618           4 :                     setDoubleValue(retval, extremum);
    2619             :                 }
    2620             :                 else
    2621             :                 {
    2622             :                     int64       extremum;
    2623             : 
    2624           4 :                     if (!coerceToInt(&vargs[0], &extremum))
    2625           0 :                         return false;
    2626          16 :                     for (i = 1; i < nargs; i++)
    2627             :                     {
    2628             :                         int64       ival;
    2629             : 
    2630          12 :                         if (!coerceToInt(&vargs[i], &ival))
    2631           0 :                             return false;
    2632          12 :                         if (func == PGBENCH_LEAST)
    2633           6 :                             extremum = Min(extremum, ival);
    2634             :                         else
    2635           6 :                             extremum = Max(extremum, ival);
    2636             :                     }
    2637           4 :                     setIntValue(retval, extremum);
    2638             :                 }
    2639           8 :                 return true;
    2640             :             }
    2641             : 
    2642             :             /* random functions */
    2643        3090 :         case PGBENCH_RANDOM:
    2644             :         case PGBENCH_RANDOM_EXPONENTIAL:
    2645             :         case PGBENCH_RANDOM_GAUSSIAN:
    2646             :         case PGBENCH_RANDOM_ZIPFIAN:
    2647             :             {
    2648             :                 int64       imin,
    2649             :                             imax,
    2650             :                             delta;
    2651             : 
    2652             :                 Assert(nargs >= 2);
    2653             : 
    2654        3090 :                 if (!coerceToInt(&vargs[0], &imin) ||
    2655        3088 :                     !coerceToInt(&vargs[1], &imax))
    2656           2 :                     return false;
    2657             : 
    2658             :                 /* check random range */
    2659        3088 :                 if (unlikely(imin > imax))
    2660             :                 {
    2661           2 :                     pg_log_error("empty range given to random");
    2662           2 :                     return false;
    2663             :                 }
    2664        3086 :                 else if (unlikely(pg_sub_s64_overflow(imax, imin, &delta) ||
    2665             :                                   pg_add_s64_overflow(delta, 1, &delta)))
    2666             :                 {
    2667             :                     /* prevent int overflows in random functions */
    2668           2 :                     pg_log_error("random range is too large");
    2669           2 :                     return false;
    2670             :                 }
    2671             : 
    2672        3084 :                 if (func == PGBENCH_RANDOM)
    2673             :                 {
    2674             :                     Assert(nargs == 2);
    2675        3058 :                     setIntValue(retval, getrand(&st->cs_func_rs, imin, imax));
    2676             :                 }
    2677             :                 else            /* gaussian & exponential */
    2678             :                 {
    2679             :                     double      param;
    2680             : 
    2681             :                     Assert(nargs == 3);
    2682             : 
    2683          26 :                     if (!coerceToDouble(&vargs[2], &param))
    2684           8 :                         return false;
    2685             : 
    2686          26 :                     if (func == PGBENCH_RANDOM_GAUSSIAN)
    2687             :                     {
    2688           8 :                         if (param < MIN_GAUSSIAN_PARAM)
    2689             :                         {
    2690           2 :                             pg_log_error("gaussian parameter must be at least %f (not %f)",
    2691             :                                          MIN_GAUSSIAN_PARAM, param);
    2692           2 :                             return false;
    2693             :                         }
    2694             : 
    2695           6 :                         setIntValue(retval,
    2696             :                                     getGaussianRand(&st->cs_func_rs,
    2697             :                                                     imin, imax, param));
    2698             :                     }
    2699          18 :                     else if (func == PGBENCH_RANDOM_ZIPFIAN)
    2700             :                     {
    2701          10 :                         if (param < MIN_ZIPFIAN_PARAM || param > MAX_ZIPFIAN_PARAM)
    2702             :                         {
    2703           4 :                             pg_log_error("zipfian parameter must be in range [%.3f, %.0f] (not %f)",
    2704             :                                          MIN_ZIPFIAN_PARAM, MAX_ZIPFIAN_PARAM, param);
    2705           4 :                             return false;
    2706             :                         }
    2707             : 
    2708           6 :                         setIntValue(retval,
    2709             :                                     getZipfianRand(&st->cs_func_rs, imin, imax, param));
    2710             :                     }
    2711             :                     else        /* exponential */
    2712             :                     {
    2713           8 :                         if (param <= 0.0)
    2714             :                         {
    2715           2 :                             pg_log_error("exponential parameter must be greater than zero (not %f)",
    2716             :                                          param);
    2717           2 :                             return false;
    2718             :                         }
    2719             : 
    2720           6 :                         setIntValue(retval,
    2721             :                                     getExponentialRand(&st->cs_func_rs,
    2722             :                                                        imin, imax, param));
    2723             :                     }
    2724             :                 }
    2725             : 
    2726        3076 :                 return true;
    2727             :             }
    2728             : 
    2729          18 :         case PGBENCH_POW:
    2730             :             {
    2731          18 :                 PgBenchValue *lval = &vargs[0];
    2732          18 :                 PgBenchValue *rval = &vargs[1];
    2733             :                 double      ld,
    2734             :                             rd;
    2735             : 
    2736             :                 Assert(nargs == 2);
    2737             : 
    2738          18 :                 if (!coerceToDouble(lval, &ld) ||
    2739          18 :                     !coerceToDouble(rval, &rd))
    2740           0 :                     return false;
    2741             : 
    2742          18 :                 setDoubleValue(retval, pow(ld, rd));
    2743             : 
    2744          18 :                 return true;
    2745             :             }
    2746             : 
    2747          20 :         case PGBENCH_IS:
    2748             :             {
    2749             :                 Assert(nargs == 2);
    2750             : 
    2751             :                 /*
    2752             :                  * note: this simple implementation is more permissive than
    2753             :                  * SQL
    2754             :                  */
    2755          20 :                 setBoolValue(retval,
    2756          30 :                              vargs[0].type == vargs[1].type &&
    2757          10 :                              vargs[0].u.bval == vargs[1].u.bval);
    2758          20 :                 return true;
    2759             :             }
    2760             : 
    2761             :             /* hashing */
    2762          12 :         case PGBENCH_HASH_FNV1A:
    2763             :         case PGBENCH_HASH_MURMUR2:
    2764             :             {
    2765             :                 int64       val,
    2766             :                             seed;
    2767             : 
    2768             :                 Assert(nargs == 2);
    2769             : 
    2770          12 :                 if (!coerceToInt(&vargs[0], &val) ||
    2771          12 :                     !coerceToInt(&vargs[1], &seed))
    2772           0 :                     return false;
    2773             : 
    2774          12 :                 if (func == PGBENCH_HASH_MURMUR2)
    2775          10 :                     setIntValue(retval, getHashMurmur2(val, seed));
    2776           2 :                 else if (func == PGBENCH_HASH_FNV1A)
    2777           2 :                     setIntValue(retval, getHashFnv1a(val, seed));
    2778             :                 else
    2779             :                     /* cannot get here */
    2780             :                     Assert(0);
    2781             : 
    2782          12 :                 return true;
    2783             :             }
    2784             : 
    2785          92 :         case PGBENCH_PERMUTE:
    2786             :             {
    2787             :                 int64       val,
    2788             :                             size,
    2789             :                             seed;
    2790             : 
    2791             :                 Assert(nargs == 3);
    2792             : 
    2793          92 :                 if (!coerceToInt(&vargs[0], &val) ||
    2794          92 :                     !coerceToInt(&vargs[1], &size) ||
    2795          92 :                     !coerceToInt(&vargs[2], &seed))
    2796           0 :                     return false;
    2797             : 
    2798          92 :                 if (size <= 0)
    2799             :                 {
    2800           2 :                     pg_log_error("permute size parameter must be greater than zero");
    2801           2 :                     return false;
    2802             :                 }
    2803             : 
    2804          90 :                 setIntValue(retval, permute(val, size, seed));
    2805          90 :                 return true;
    2806             :             }
    2807             : 
    2808           0 :         default:
    2809             :             /* cannot get here */
    2810             :             Assert(0);
    2811             :             /* dead code to avoid a compiler warning */
    2812           0 :             return false;
    2813             :     }
    2814             : }
    2815             : 
    2816             : /* evaluate some function */
    2817             : static bool
    2818        7040 : evalFunc(CState *st,
    2819             :          PgBenchFunction func, PgBenchExprLink *args, PgBenchValue *retval)
    2820             : {
    2821        7040 :     if (isLazyFunc(func))
    2822         126 :         return evalLazyFunc(st, func, args, retval);
    2823             :     else
    2824        6914 :         return evalStandardFunc(st, func, args, retval);
    2825             : }
    2826             : 
    2827             : /*
    2828             :  * Recursive evaluation of an expression in a pgbench script
    2829             :  * using the current state of variables.
    2830             :  * Returns whether the evaluation was ok,
    2831             :  * the value itself is returned through the retval pointer.
    2832             :  */
    2833             : static bool
    2834       18336 : evaluateExpr(CState *st, PgBenchExpr *expr, PgBenchValue *retval)
    2835             : {
    2836       18336 :     switch (expr->etype)
    2837             :     {
    2838        7362 :         case ENODE_CONSTANT:
    2839             :             {
    2840        7362 :                 *retval = expr->u.constant;
    2841        7362 :                 return true;
    2842             :             }
    2843             : 
    2844        3934 :         case ENODE_VARIABLE:
    2845             :             {
    2846             :                 Variable   *var;
    2847             : 
    2848        3934 :                 if ((var = lookupVariable(&st->variables, expr->u.variable.varname)) == NULL)
    2849             :                 {
    2850           4 :                     pg_log_error("undefined variable \"%s\"", expr->u.variable.varname);
    2851           4 :                     return false;
    2852             :                 }
    2853             : 
    2854        3930 :                 if (!makeVariableValue(var))
    2855           4 :                     return false;
    2856             : 
    2857        3926 :                 *retval = var->value;
    2858        3926 :                 return true;
    2859             :             }
    2860             : 
    2861        7040 :         case ENODE_FUNCTION:
    2862        7040 :             return evalFunc(st,
    2863             :                             expr->u.function.function,
    2864             :                             expr->u.function.args,
    2865             :                             retval);
    2866             : 
    2867           0 :         default:
    2868             :             /* internal error which should never occur */
    2869           0 :             pg_fatal("unexpected enode type in evaluation: %d", expr->etype);
    2870             :     }
    2871             : }
    2872             : 
    2873             : /*
    2874             :  * Convert command name to meta-command enum identifier
    2875             :  */
    2876             : static MetaCommand
    2877         946 : getMetaCommand(const char *cmd)
    2878             : {
    2879             :     MetaCommand mc;
    2880             : 
    2881         946 :     if (cmd == NULL)
    2882           0 :         mc = META_NONE;
    2883         946 :     else if (pg_strcasecmp(cmd, "set") == 0)
    2884         726 :         mc = META_SET;
    2885         220 :     else if (pg_strcasecmp(cmd, "setshell") == 0)
    2886           8 :         mc = META_SETSHELL;
    2887         212 :     else if (pg_strcasecmp(cmd, "shell") == 0)
    2888          10 :         mc = META_SHELL;
    2889         202 :     else if (pg_strcasecmp(cmd, "sleep") == 0)
    2890          18 :         mc = META_SLEEP;
    2891         184 :     else if (pg_strcasecmp(cmd, "if") == 0)
    2892          32 :         mc = META_IF;
    2893         152 :     else if (pg_strcasecmp(cmd, "elif") == 0)
    2894          16 :         mc = META_ELIF;
    2895         136 :     else if (pg_strcasecmp(cmd, "else") == 0)
    2896          16 :         mc = META_ELSE;
    2897         120 :     else if (pg_strcasecmp(cmd, "endif") == 0)
    2898          26 :         mc = META_ENDIF;
    2899          94 :     else if (pg_strcasecmp(cmd, "gset") == 0)
    2900          60 :         mc = META_GSET;
    2901          34 :     else if (pg_strcasecmp(cmd, "aset") == 0)
    2902           6 :         mc = META_ASET;
    2903          28 :     else if (pg_strcasecmp(cmd, "startpipeline") == 0)
    2904          14 :         mc = META_STARTPIPELINE;
    2905          14 :     else if (pg_strcasecmp(cmd, "endpipeline") == 0)
    2906          12 :         mc = META_ENDPIPELINE;
    2907             :     else
    2908           2 :         mc = META_NONE;
    2909         946 :     return mc;
    2910             : }
    2911             : 
    2912             : /*
    2913             :  * Run a shell command. The result is assigned to the variable if not NULL.
    2914             :  * Return true if succeeded, or false on error.
    2915             :  */
    2916             : static bool
    2917          12 : runShellCommand(Variables *variables, char *variable, char **argv, int argc)
    2918             : {
    2919             :     char        command[SHELL_COMMAND_SIZE];
    2920             :     int         i,
    2921          12 :                 len = 0;
    2922             :     FILE       *fp;
    2923             :     char        res[64];
    2924             :     char       *endptr;
    2925             :     int         retval;
    2926             : 
    2927             :     /*----------
    2928             :      * Join arguments with whitespace separators. Arguments starting with
    2929             :      * exactly one colon are treated as variables:
    2930             :      *  name - append a string "name"
    2931             :      *  :var - append a variable named 'var'
    2932             :      *  ::name - append a string ":name"
    2933             :      *----------
    2934             :      */
    2935          34 :     for (i = 0; i < argc; i++)
    2936             :     {
    2937             :         char       *arg;
    2938             :         int         arglen;
    2939             : 
    2940          24 :         if (argv[i][0] != ':')
    2941             :         {
    2942          18 :             arg = argv[i];      /* a string literal */
    2943             :         }
    2944           6 :         else if (argv[i][1] == ':')
    2945             :         {
    2946           2 :             arg = argv[i] + 1;  /* a string literal starting with colons */
    2947             :         }
    2948           4 :         else if ((arg = getVariable(variables, argv[i] + 1)) == NULL)
    2949             :         {
    2950           2 :             pg_log_error("%s: undefined variable \"%s\"", argv[0], argv[i]);
    2951           2 :             return false;
    2952             :         }
    2953             : 
    2954          22 :         arglen = strlen(arg);
    2955          22 :         if (len + arglen + (i > 0 ? 1 : 0) >= SHELL_COMMAND_SIZE - 1)
    2956             :         {
    2957           0 :             pg_log_error("%s: shell command is too long", argv[0]);
    2958           0 :             return false;
    2959             :         }
    2960             : 
    2961          22 :         if (i > 0)
    2962          10 :             command[len++] = ' ';
    2963          22 :         memcpy(command + len, arg, arglen);
    2964          22 :         len += arglen;
    2965             :     }
    2966             : 
    2967          10 :     command[len] = '\0';
    2968             : 
    2969          10 :     fflush(NULL);               /* needed before either system() or popen() */
    2970             : 
    2971             :     /* Fast path for non-assignment case */
    2972          10 :     if (variable == NULL)
    2973             :     {
    2974           4 :         if (system(command))
    2975             :         {
    2976           2 :             if (!timer_exceeded)
    2977           2 :                 pg_log_error("%s: could not launch shell command", argv[0]);
    2978           2 :             return false;
    2979             :         }
    2980           2 :         return true;
    2981             :     }
    2982             : 
    2983             :     /* Execute the command with pipe and read the standard output. */
    2984           6 :     if ((fp = popen(command, "r")) == NULL)
    2985             :     {
    2986           0 :         pg_log_error("%s: could not launch shell command", argv[0]);
    2987           0 :         return false;
    2988             :     }
    2989           6 :     if (fgets(res, sizeof(res), fp) == NULL)
    2990             :     {
    2991           2 :         if (!timer_exceeded)
    2992           2 :             pg_log_error("%s: could not read result of shell command", argv[0]);
    2993           2 :         (void) pclose(fp);
    2994           2 :         return false;
    2995             :     }
    2996           4 :     if (pclose(fp) < 0)
    2997             :     {
    2998           0 :         pg_log_error("%s: could not run shell command: %m", argv[0]);
    2999           0 :         return false;
    3000             :     }
    3001             : 
    3002             :     /* Check whether the result is an integer and assign it to the variable */
    3003           4 :     retval = (int) strtol(res, &endptr, 10);
    3004           6 :     while (*endptr != '\0' && isspace((unsigned char) *endptr))
    3005           2 :         endptr++;
    3006           4 :     if (*res == '\0' || *endptr != '\0')
    3007             :     {
    3008           2 :         pg_log_error("%s: shell command must return an integer (not \"%s\")", argv[0], res);
    3009           2 :         return false;
    3010             :     }
    3011           2 :     if (!putVariableInt(variables, "setshell", variable, retval))
    3012           0 :         return false;
    3013             : 
    3014           2 :     pg_log_debug("%s: shell parameter name: \"%s\", value: \"%s\"", argv[0], argv[1], res);
    3015             : 
    3016           2 :     return true;
    3017             : }
    3018             : 
    3019             : /*
    3020             :  * Report the abortion of the client when processing SQL commands.
    3021             :  */
    3022             : static void
    3023          64 : commandFailed(CState *st, const char *cmd, const char *message)
    3024             : {
    3025          64 :     pg_log_error("client %d aborted in command %d (%s) of script %d; %s",
    3026             :                  st->id, st->command, cmd, st->use_file, message);
    3027          64 : }
    3028             : 
    3029             : /*
    3030             :  * Report the error in the command while the script is executing.
    3031             :  */
    3032             : static void
    3033           4 : commandError(CState *st, const char *message)
    3034             : {
    3035             :     Assert(sql_script[st->use_file].commands[st->command]->type == SQL_COMMAND);
    3036           4 :     pg_log_info("client %d got an error in command %d (SQL) of script %d; %s",
    3037             :                 st->id, st->command, st->use_file, message);
    3038           4 : }
    3039             : 
    3040             : /* return a script number with a weighted choice. */
    3041             : static int
    3042        4958 : chooseScript(TState *thread)
    3043             : {
    3044        4958 :     int         i = 0;
    3045             :     int64       w;
    3046             : 
    3047        4958 :     if (num_scripts == 1)
    3048        2758 :         return 0;
    3049             : 
    3050        2200 :     w = getrand(&thread->ts_choose_rs, 0, total_weight - 1);
    3051             :     do
    3052             :     {
    3053        4754 :         w -= sql_script[i++].weight;
    3054        4754 :     } while (w >= 0);
    3055             : 
    3056        2200 :     return i - 1;
    3057             : }
    3058             : 
    3059             : /*
    3060             :  * Allocate space for CState->prepared: we need one boolean for each command
    3061             :  * of each script.
    3062             :  */
    3063             : static void
    3064          58 : allocCStatePrepared(CState *st)
    3065             : {
    3066             :     Assert(st->prepared == NULL);
    3067             : 
    3068          58 :     st->prepared = pg_malloc(sizeof(bool *) * num_scripts);
    3069         118 :     for (int i = 0; i < num_scripts; i++)
    3070             :     {
    3071          60 :         ParsedScript *script = &sql_script[i];
    3072             :         int         numcmds;
    3073             : 
    3074         300 :         for (numcmds = 0; script->commands[numcmds] != NULL; numcmds++)
    3075             :             ;
    3076          60 :         st->prepared[i] = pg_malloc0(sizeof(bool) * numcmds);
    3077             :     }
    3078          58 : }
    3079             : 
    3080             : /*
    3081             :  * Prepare the SQL command from st->use_file at command_num.
    3082             :  */
    3083             : static void
    3084        3472 : prepareCommand(CState *st, int command_num)
    3085             : {
    3086        3472 :     Command    *command = sql_script[st->use_file].commands[command_num];
    3087             : 
    3088             :     /* No prepare for non-SQL commands */
    3089        3472 :     if (command->type != SQL_COMMAND)
    3090           0 :         return;
    3091             : 
    3092        3472 :     if (!st->prepared)
    3093          48 :         allocCStatePrepared(st);
    3094             : 
    3095        3472 :     if (!st->prepared[st->use_file][command_num])
    3096             :     {
    3097             :         PGresult   *res;
    3098             : 
    3099         198 :         pg_log_debug("client %d preparing %s", st->id, command->prepname);
    3100         198 :         res = PQprepare(st->con, command->prepname,
    3101         198 :                         command->argv[0], command->argc - 1, NULL);
    3102         198 :         if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
    3103           2 :             pg_log_error("%s", PQerrorMessage(st->con));
    3104         198 :         PQclear(res);
    3105         198 :         st->prepared[st->use_file][command_num] = true;
    3106             :     }
    3107             : }
    3108             : 
    3109             : /*
    3110             :  * Prepare all the commands in the script that come after the \startpipeline
    3111             :  * that's at position st->command, and the first \endpipeline we find.
    3112             :  *
    3113             :  * This sets the ->prepared flag for each relevant command as well as the
    3114             :  * \startpipeline itself, but doesn't move the st->command counter.
    3115             :  */
    3116             : static void
    3117          84 : prepareCommandsInPipeline(CState *st)
    3118             : {
    3119             :     int         j;
    3120          84 :     Command   **commands = sql_script[st->use_file].commands;
    3121             : 
    3122             :     Assert(commands[st->command]->type == META_COMMAND &&
    3123             :            commands[st->command]->meta == META_STARTPIPELINE);
    3124             : 
    3125          84 :     if (!st->prepared)
    3126          10 :         allocCStatePrepared(st);
    3127             : 
    3128             :     /*
    3129             :      * We set the 'prepared' flag on the \startpipeline itself to flag that we
    3130             :      * don't need to do this next time without calling prepareCommand(), even
    3131             :      * though we don't actually prepare this command.
    3132             :      */
    3133          84 :     if (st->prepared[st->use_file][st->command])
    3134          72 :         return;
    3135             : 
    3136         128 :     for (j = st->command + 1; commands[j] != NULL; j++)
    3137             :     {
    3138         128 :         if (commands[j]->type == META_COMMAND &&
    3139          12 :             commands[j]->meta == META_ENDPIPELINE)
    3140          12 :             break;
    3141             : 
    3142         116 :         prepareCommand(st, j);
    3143             :     }
    3144             : 
    3145          12 :     st->prepared[st->use_file][st->command] = true;
    3146             : }
    3147             : 
    3148             : /* Send a SQL command, using the chosen querymode */
    3149             : static bool
    3150       11048 : sendCommand(CState *st, Command *command)
    3151             : {
    3152             :     int         r;
    3153             : 
    3154       11048 :     if (querymode == QUERY_SIMPLE)
    3155             :     {
    3156             :         char       *sql;
    3157             : 
    3158        6552 :         sql = pg_strdup(command->argv[0]);
    3159        6552 :         sql = assignVariables(&st->variables, sql);
    3160             : 
    3161        6552 :         pg_log_debug("client %d sending %s", st->id, sql);
    3162        6552 :         r = PQsendQuery(st->con, sql);
    3163        6552 :         free(sql);
    3164             :     }
    3165        4496 :     else if (querymode == QUERY_EXTENDED)
    3166             :     {
    3167        1140 :         const char *sql = command->argv[0];
    3168             :         const char *params[MAX_ARGS];
    3169             : 
    3170        1140 :         getQueryParams(&st->variables, command, params);
    3171             : 
    3172        1140 :         pg_log_debug("client %d sending %s", st->id, sql);
    3173        1140 :         r = PQsendQueryParams(st->con, sql, command->argc - 1,
    3174             :                               NULL, params, NULL, NULL, 0);
    3175             :     }
    3176        3356 :     else if (querymode == QUERY_PREPARED)
    3177             :     {
    3178             :         const char *params[MAX_ARGS];
    3179             : 
    3180        3356 :         prepareCommand(st, st->command);
    3181        3356 :         getQueryParams(&st->variables, command, params);
    3182             : 
    3183        3356 :         pg_log_debug("client %d sending %s", st->id, command->prepname);
    3184        3356 :         r = PQsendQueryPrepared(st->con, command->prepname, command->argc - 1,
    3185             :                                 params, NULL, NULL, 0);
    3186             :     }
    3187             :     else                        /* unknown sql mode */
    3188           0 :         r = 0;
    3189             : 
    3190       11048 :     if (r == 0)
    3191             :     {
    3192           0 :         pg_log_debug("client %d could not send %s", st->id, command->argv[0]);
    3193           0 :         return false;
    3194             :     }
    3195             :     else
    3196       11048 :         return true;
    3197             : }
    3198             : 
    3199             : /*
    3200             :  * Get the error status from the error code.
    3201             :  */
    3202             : static EStatus
    3203          18 : getSQLErrorStatus(const char *sqlState)
    3204             : {
    3205          18 :     if (sqlState != NULL)
    3206             :     {
    3207          18 :         if (strcmp(sqlState, ERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE) == 0)
    3208           2 :             return ESTATUS_SERIALIZATION_ERROR;
    3209          16 :         else if (strcmp(sqlState, ERRCODE_T_R_DEADLOCK_DETECTED) == 0)
    3210           2 :             return ESTATUS_DEADLOCK_ERROR;
    3211             :     }
    3212             : 
    3213          14 :     return ESTATUS_OTHER_SQL_ERROR;
    3214             : }
    3215             : 
    3216             : /*
    3217             :  * Returns true if this type of error can be retried.
    3218             :  */
    3219             : static bool
    3220          50 : canRetryError(EStatus estatus)
    3221             : {
    3222          50 :     return (estatus == ESTATUS_SERIALIZATION_ERROR ||
    3223             :             estatus == ESTATUS_DEADLOCK_ERROR);
    3224             : }
    3225             : 
    3226             : /*
    3227             :  * Process query response from the backend.
    3228             :  *
    3229             :  * If varprefix is not NULL, it's the variable name prefix where to store
    3230             :  * the results of the *last* command (META_GSET) or *all* commands
    3231             :  * (META_ASET).
    3232             :  *
    3233             :  * Returns true if everything is A-OK, false if any error occurs.
    3234             :  */
    3235             : static bool
    3236       11132 : readCommandResponse(CState *st, MetaCommand meta, char *varprefix)
    3237             : {
    3238             :     PGresult   *res;
    3239             :     PGresult   *next_res;
    3240       11132 :     int         qrynum = 0;
    3241             : 
    3242             :     /*
    3243             :      * varprefix should be set only with \gset or \aset, and \endpipeline and
    3244             :      * SQL commands do not need it.
    3245             :      */
    3246             :     Assert((meta == META_NONE && varprefix == NULL) ||
    3247             :            ((meta == META_ENDPIPELINE) && varprefix == NULL) ||
    3248             :            ((meta == META_GSET || meta == META_ASET) && varprefix != NULL));
    3249             : 
    3250       11132 :     res = PQgetResult(st->con);
    3251             : 
    3252       22240 :     while (res != NULL)
    3253             :     {
    3254             :         bool        is_last;
    3255             : 
    3256             :         /* peek at the next result to know whether the current is last */
    3257       11136 :         next_res = PQgetResult(st->con);
    3258       11136 :         is_last = (next_res == NULL);
    3259             : 
    3260       11136 :         switch (PQresultStatus(res))
    3261             :         {
    3262        6540 :             case PGRES_COMMAND_OK:  /* non-SELECT commands */
    3263             :             case PGRES_EMPTY_QUERY: /* may be used for testing no-op overhead */
    3264        6540 :                 if (is_last && meta == META_GSET)
    3265             :                 {
    3266           2 :                     pg_log_error("client %d script %d command %d query %d: expected one row, got %d",
    3267             :                                  st->id, st->use_file, st->command, qrynum, 0);
    3268           2 :                     st->estatus = ESTATUS_META_COMMAND_ERROR;
    3269           2 :                     goto error;
    3270             :                 }
    3271        6538 :                 break;
    3272             : 
    3273        4492 :             case PGRES_TUPLES_OK:
    3274        4492 :                 if ((is_last && meta == META_GSET) || meta == META_ASET)
    3275             :                 {
    3276         938 :                     int         ntuples = PQntuples(res);
    3277             : 
    3278         938 :                     if (meta == META_GSET && ntuples != 1)
    3279             :                     {
    3280             :                         /* under \gset, report the error */
    3281           4 :                         pg_log_error("client %d script %d command %d query %d: expected one row, got %d",
    3282             :                                      st->id, st->use_file, st->command, qrynum, PQntuples(res));
    3283           4 :                         st->estatus = ESTATUS_META_COMMAND_ERROR;
    3284           4 :                         goto error;
    3285             :                     }
    3286         934 :                     else if (meta == META_ASET && ntuples <= 0)
    3287             :                     {
    3288             :                         /* coldly skip empty result under \aset */
    3289           2 :                         break;
    3290             :                     }
    3291             : 
    3292             :                     /* store results into variables */
    3293        1864 :                     for (int fld = 0; fld < PQnfields(res); fld++)
    3294             :                     {
    3295         936 :                         char       *varname = PQfname(res, fld);
    3296             : 
    3297             :                         /* allocate varname only if necessary, freed below */
    3298         936 :                         if (*varprefix != '\0')
    3299           2 :                             varname = psprintf("%s%s", varprefix, varname);
    3300             : 
    3301             :                         /* store last row result as a string */
    3302         936 :                         if (!putVariable(&st->variables, meta == META_ASET ? "aset" : "gset", varname,
    3303         936 :                                          PQgetvalue(res, ntuples - 1, fld)))
    3304             :                         {
    3305             :                             /* internal error */
    3306           4 :                             pg_log_error("client %d script %d command %d query %d: error storing into variable %s",
    3307             :                                          st->id, st->use_file, st->command, qrynum, varname);
    3308           4 :                             st->estatus = ESTATUS_META_COMMAND_ERROR;
    3309           4 :                             goto error;
    3310             :                         }
    3311             : 
    3312         932 :                         if (*varprefix != '\0')
    3313           2 :                             pg_free(varname);
    3314             :                     }
    3315             :                 }
    3316             :                 /* otherwise the result is simply thrown away by PQclear below */
    3317        4482 :                 break;
    3318             : 
    3319          86 :             case PGRES_PIPELINE_SYNC:
    3320          86 :                 pg_log_debug("client %d pipeline ending", st->id);
    3321          86 :                 if (PQexitPipelineMode(st->con) != 1)
    3322           0 :                     pg_log_error("client %d failed to exit pipeline mode: %s", st->id,
    3323             :                                  PQerrorMessage(st->con));
    3324          86 :                 break;
    3325             : 
    3326          18 :             case PGRES_NONFATAL_ERROR:
    3327             :             case PGRES_FATAL_ERROR:
    3328          18 :                 st->estatus = getSQLErrorStatus(PQresultErrorField(res,
    3329             :                                                                    PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE));
    3330          18 :                 if (canRetryError(st->estatus))
    3331             :                 {
    3332           4 :                     if (verbose_errors)
    3333           4 :                         commandError(st, PQerrorMessage(st->con));
    3334           4 :                     goto error;
    3335             :                 }
    3336             :                 /* fall through */
    3337             : 
    3338             :             default:
    3339             :                 /* anything else is unexpected */
    3340          14 :                 pg_log_error("client %d script %d aborted in command %d query %d: %s",
    3341             :                              st->id, st->use_file, st->command, qrynum,
    3342             :                              PQerrorMessage(st->con));
    3343          14 :                 goto error;
    3344             :         }
    3345             : 
    3346       11108 :         PQclear(res);
    3347       11108 :         qrynum++;
    3348       11108 :         res = next_res;
    3349             :     }
    3350             : 
    3351       11104 :     if (qrynum == 0)
    3352             :     {
    3353           0 :         pg_log_error("client %d command %d: no results", st->id, st->command);
    3354           0 :         return false;
    3355             :     }
    3356             : 
    3357       11104 :     return true;
    3358             : 
    3359          28 : error:
    3360          28 :     PQclear(res);
    3361          28 :     PQclear(next_res);
    3362             :     do
    3363             :     {
    3364          28 :         res = PQgetResult(st->con);
    3365          28 :         PQclear(res);
    3366          28 :     } while (res);
    3367             : 
    3368          28 :     return false;
    3369             : }
    3370             : 
    3371             : /*
    3372             :  * Parse the argument to a \sleep command, and return the requested amount
    3373             :  * of delay, in microseconds.  Returns true on success, false on error.
    3374             :  */
    3375             : static bool
    3376          12 : evaluateSleep(Variables *variables, int argc, char **argv, int *usecs)
    3377             : {
    3378             :     char       *var;
    3379             :     int         usec;
    3380             : 
    3381          12 :     if (*argv[1] == ':')
    3382             :     {
    3383           6 :         if ((var = getVariable(variables, argv[1] + 1)) == NULL)
    3384             :         {
    3385           2 :             pg_log_error("%s: undefined variable \"%s\"", argv[0], argv[1] + 1);
    3386           2 :             return false;
    3387             :         }
    3388             : 
    3389           4 :         usec = atoi(var);
    3390             : 
    3391             :         /* Raise an error if the value of a variable is not a number */
    3392           4 :         if (usec == 0 && !isdigit((unsigned char) *var))
    3393             :         {
    3394           0 :             pg_log_error("%s: invalid sleep time \"%s\" for variable \"%s\"",
    3395             :                          argv[0], var, argv[1] + 1);
    3396           0 :             return false;
    3397             :         }
    3398             :     }
    3399             :     else
    3400           6 :         usec = atoi(argv[1]);
    3401             : 
    3402          10 :     if (argc > 2)
    3403             :     {
    3404           8 :         if (pg_strcasecmp(argv[2], "ms") == 0)
    3405           4 :             usec *= 1000;
    3406           4 :         else if (pg_strcasecmp(argv[2], "s") == 0)
    3407           2 :             usec *= 1000000;
    3408             :     }
    3409             :     else
    3410           2 :         usec *= 1000000;
    3411             : 
    3412          10 :     *usecs = usec;
    3413          10 :     return true;
    3414             : }
    3415             : 
    3416             : 
    3417             : /*
    3418             :  * Returns true if the error can be retried.
    3419             :  */
    3420             : static bool
    3421           4 : doRetry(CState *st, pg_time_usec_t *now)
    3422             : {
    3423             :     Assert(st->estatus != ESTATUS_NO_ERROR);
    3424             : 
    3425             :     /* We can only retry serialization or deadlock errors. */
    3426           4 :     if (!canRetryError(st->estatus))
    3427           0 :         return false;
    3428             : 
    3429             :     /*
    3430             :      * We must have at least one option to limit the retrying of transactions
    3431             :      * that got an error.
    3432             :      */
    3433             :     Assert(max_tries || latency_limit || duration > 0);
    3434             : 
    3435             :     /*
    3436             :      * We cannot retry the error if we have reached the maximum number of
    3437             :      * tries.
    3438             :      */
    3439           4 :     if (max_tries && st->tries >= max_tries)
    3440           0 :         return false;
    3441             : 
    3442             :     /*
    3443             :      * We cannot retry the error if we spent too much time on this
    3444             :      * transaction.
    3445             :      */
    3446           4 :     if (latency_limit)
    3447             :     {
    3448           0 :         pg_time_now_lazy(now);
    3449           0 :         if (*now - st->txn_scheduled > latency_limit)
    3450           0 :             return false;
    3451             :     }
    3452             : 
    3453             :     /*
    3454             :      * We cannot retry the error if the benchmark duration is over.
    3455             :      */
    3456           4 :     if (timer_exceeded)
    3457           0 :         return false;
    3458             : 
    3459             :     /* OK */
    3460           4 :     return true;
    3461             : }
    3462             : 
    3463             : /*
    3464             :  * Read results and discard it until a sync point.
    3465             :  */
    3466             : static int
    3467           0 : discardUntilSync(CState *st)
    3468             : {
    3469             :     /* send a sync */
    3470           0 :     if (!PQpipelineSync(st->con))
    3471             :     {
    3472           0 :         pg_log_error("client %d aborted: failed to send a pipeline sync",
    3473             :                      st->id);
    3474           0 :         return 0;
    3475             :     }
    3476             : 
    3477             :     /* receive PGRES_PIPELINE_SYNC and null following it */
    3478             :     for (;;)
    3479           0 :     {
    3480           0 :         PGresult   *res = PQgetResult(st->con);
    3481             : 
    3482           0 :         if (PQresultStatus(res) == PGRES_PIPELINE_SYNC)
    3483             :         {
    3484           0 :             PQclear(res);
    3485           0 :             res = PQgetResult(st->con);
    3486             :             Assert(res == NULL);
    3487           0 :             break;
    3488             :         }
    3489           0 :         PQclear(res);
    3490             :     }
    3491             : 
    3492             :     /* exit pipeline */
    3493           0 :     if (PQexitPipelineMode(st->con) != 1)
    3494             :     {
    3495           0 :         pg_log_error("client %d aborted: failed to exit pipeline mode for rolling back the failed transaction",
    3496             :                      st->id);
    3497           0 :         return 0;
    3498             :     }
    3499           0 :     return 1;
    3500             : }
    3501             : 
    3502             : /*
    3503             :  * Get the transaction status at the end of a command especially for
    3504             :  * checking if we are in a (failed) transaction block.
    3505             :  */
    3506             : static TStatus
    3507        4870 : getTransactionStatus(PGconn *con)
    3508             : {
    3509             :     PGTransactionStatusType tx_status;
    3510             : 
    3511        4870 :     tx_status = PQtransactionStatus(con);
    3512        4870 :     switch (tx_status)
    3513             :     {
    3514        4866 :         case PQTRANS_IDLE:
    3515        4866 :             return TSTATUS_IDLE;
    3516           4 :         case PQTRANS_INTRANS:
    3517             :         case PQTRANS_INERROR:
    3518           4 :             return TSTATUS_IN_BLOCK;
    3519           0 :         case PQTRANS_UNKNOWN:
    3520             :             /* PQTRANS_UNKNOWN is expected given a broken connection */
    3521           0 :             if (PQstatus(con) == CONNECTION_BAD)
    3522           0 :                 return TSTATUS_CONN_ERROR;
    3523             :             /* fall through */
    3524             :         case PQTRANS_ACTIVE:
    3525             :         default:
    3526             : 
    3527             :             /*
    3528             :              * We cannot find out whether we are in a transaction block or
    3529             :              * not. Internal error which should never occur.
    3530             :              */
    3531           0 :             pg_log_error("unexpected transaction status %d", tx_status);
    3532           0 :             return TSTATUS_OTHER_ERROR;
    3533             :     }
    3534             : 
    3535             :     /* not reached */
    3536             :     Assert(false);
    3537             :     return TSTATUS_OTHER_ERROR;
    3538             : }
    3539             : 
    3540             : /*
    3541             :  * Print verbose messages of an error
    3542             :  */
    3543             : static void
    3544           4 : printVerboseErrorMessages(CState *st, pg_time_usec_t *now, bool is_retry)
    3545             : {
    3546             :     static PQExpBuffer buf = NULL;
    3547             : 
    3548           4 :     if (buf == NULL)
    3549           4 :         buf = createPQExpBuffer();
    3550             :     else
    3551           0 :         resetPQExpBuffer(buf);
    3552             : 
    3553           4 :     printfPQExpBuffer(buf, "client %d ", st->id);
    3554           4 :     appendPQExpBufferStr(buf, (is_retry ?
    3555             :                                "repeats the transaction after the error" :
    3556             :                                "ends the failed transaction"));
    3557           4 :     appendPQExpBuffer(buf, " (try %u", st->tries);
    3558             : 
    3559             :     /* Print max_tries if it is not unlimited. */
    3560           4 :     if (max_tries)
    3561           4 :         appendPQExpBuffer(buf, "/%u", max_tries);
    3562             : 
    3563             :     /*
    3564             :      * If the latency limit is used, print a percentage of the current
    3565             :      * transaction latency from the latency limit.
    3566             :      */
    3567           4 :     if (latency_limit)
    3568             :     {
    3569           0 :         pg_time_now_lazy(now);
    3570           0 :         appendPQExpBuffer(buf, ", %.3f%% of the maximum time of tries was used",
    3571           0 :                           (100.0 * (*now - st->txn_scheduled) / latency_limit));
    3572             :     }
    3573           4 :     appendPQExpBufferStr(buf, ")\n");
    3574             : 
    3575           4 :     pg_log_info("%s", buf->data);
    3576           4 : }
    3577             : 
    3578             : /*
    3579             :  * Advance the state machine of a connection.
    3580             :  */
    3581             : static void
    3582       15100 : advanceConnectionState(TState *thread, CState *st, StatsData *agg)
    3583             : {
    3584             : 
    3585             :     /*
    3586             :      * gettimeofday() isn't free, so we get the current timestamp lazily the
    3587             :      * first time it's needed, and reuse the same value throughout this
    3588             :      * function after that.  This also ensures that e.g. the calculated
    3589             :      * latency reported in the log file and in the totals are the same. Zero
    3590             :      * means "not set yet".  Reset "now" when we execute shell commands or
    3591             :      * expressions, which might take a non-negligible amount of time, though.
    3592             :      */
    3593       15100 :     pg_time_usec_t now = 0;
    3594             : 
    3595             :     /*
    3596             :      * Loop in the state machine, until we have to wait for a result from the
    3597             :      * server or have to sleep for throttling or \sleep.
    3598             :      *
    3599             :      * Note: In the switch-statement below, 'break' will loop back here,
    3600             :      * meaning "continue in the state machine".  Return is used to return to
    3601             :      * the caller, giving the thread the opportunity to advance another
    3602             :      * client.
    3603             :      */
    3604             :     for (;;)
    3605       58952 :     {
    3606             :         Command    *command;
    3607             : 
    3608       74052 :         switch (st->state)
    3609             :         {
    3610             :                 /* Select transaction (script) to run.  */
    3611        4958 :             case CSTATE_CHOOSE_SCRIPT:
    3612        4958 :                 st->use_file = chooseScript(thread);
    3613             :                 Assert(conditional_stack_empty(st->cstack));
    3614             : 
    3615             :                 /* reset transaction variables to default values */
    3616        4958 :                 st->estatus = ESTATUS_NO_ERROR;
    3617        4958 :                 st->tries = 1;
    3618             : 
    3619        4958 :                 pg_log_debug("client %d executing script \"%s\"",
    3620             :                              st->id, sql_script[st->use_file].desc);
    3621             : 
    3622             :                 /*
    3623             :                  * If time is over, we're done; otherwise, get ready to start
    3624             :                  * a new transaction, or to get throttled if that's requested.
    3625             :                  */
    3626        9916 :                 st->state = timer_exceeded ? CSTATE_FINISHED :
    3627        4958 :                     throttle_delay > 0 ? CSTATE_PREPARE_THROTTLE : CSTATE_START_TX;
    3628        4958 :                 break;
    3629             : 
    3630             :                 /* Start new transaction (script) */
    3631        4956 :             case CSTATE_START_TX:
    3632        4956 :                 pg_time_now_lazy(&now);
    3633             : 
    3634             :                 /* establish connection if needed, i.e. under --connect */
    3635        4956 :                 if (st->con == NULL)
    3636             :                 {
    3637         220 :                     pg_time_usec_t start = now;
    3638             : 
    3639         220 :                     if ((st->con = doConnect()) == NULL)
    3640             :                     {
    3641             :                         /*
    3642             :                          * as the bench is already running, we do not abort
    3643             :                          * the process
    3644             :                          */
    3645           0 :                         pg_log_error("client %d aborted while establishing connection", st->id);
    3646           0 :                         st->state = CSTATE_ABORTED;
    3647           0 :                         break;
    3648             :                     }
    3649             : 
    3650             :                     /* reset now after connection */
    3651         220 :                     now = pg_time_now();
    3652             : 
    3653         220 :                     thread->conn_duration += now - start;
    3654             : 
    3655             :                     /* Reset session-local state */
    3656         220 :                     pg_free(st->prepared);
    3657         220 :                     st->prepared = NULL;
    3658             :                 }
    3659             : 
    3660             :                 /*
    3661             :                  * It is the first try to run this transaction. Remember the
    3662             :                  * random state: maybe it will get an error and we will need
    3663             :                  * to run it again.
    3664             :                  */
    3665        4956 :                 st->random_state = st->cs_func_rs;
    3666             : 
    3667             :                 /* record transaction start time */
    3668        4956 :                 st->txn_begin = now;
    3669             : 
    3670             :                 /*
    3671             :                  * When not throttling, this is also the transaction's
    3672             :                  * scheduled start time.
    3673             :                  */
    3674        4956 :                 if (!throttle_delay)
    3675        4554 :                     st->txn_scheduled = now;
    3676             : 
    3677             :                 /* Begin with the first command */
    3678        4956 :                 st->state = CSTATE_START_COMMAND;
    3679        4956 :                 st->command = 0;
    3680        4956 :                 break;
    3681             : 
    3682             :                 /*
    3683             :                  * Handle throttling once per transaction by sleeping.
    3684             :                  */
    3685         420 :             case CSTATE_PREPARE_THROTTLE:
    3686             : 
    3687             :                 /*
    3688             :                  * Generate a delay such that the series of delays will
    3689             :                  * approximate a Poisson distribution centered on the
    3690             :                  * throttle_delay time.
    3691             :                  *
    3692             :                  * If transactions are too slow or a given wait is shorter
    3693             :                  * than a transaction, the next transaction will start right
    3694             :                  * away.
    3695             :                  */
    3696             :                 Assert(throttle_delay > 0);
    3697             : 
    3698         420 :                 thread->throttle_trigger +=
    3699         420 :                     getPoissonRand(&thread->ts_throttle_rs, throttle_delay);
    3700         420 :                 st->txn_scheduled = thread->throttle_trigger;
    3701             : 
    3702             :                 /*
    3703             :                  * If --latency-limit is used, and this slot is already late
    3704             :                  * so that the transaction will miss the latency limit even if
    3705             :                  * it completed immediately, skip this time slot and loop to
    3706             :                  * reschedule.
    3707             :                  */
    3708         420 :                 if (latency_limit)
    3709             :                 {
    3710         420 :                     pg_time_now_lazy(&now);
    3711             : 
    3712         420 :                     if (thread->throttle_trigger < now - latency_limit)
    3713             :                     {
    3714          18 :                         processXactStats(thread, st, &now, true, agg);
    3715             : 
    3716             :                         /*
    3717             :                          * Finish client if -T or -t was exceeded.
    3718             :                          *
    3719             :                          * Stop counting skipped transactions under -T as soon
    3720             :                          * as the timer is exceeded. Because otherwise it can
    3721             :                          * take a very long time to count all of them
    3722             :                          * especially when quite a lot of them happen with
    3723             :                          * unrealistically high rate setting in -R, which
    3724             :                          * would prevent pgbench from ending immediately.
    3725             :                          * Because of this behavior, note that there is no
    3726             :                          * guarantee that all skipped transactions are counted
    3727             :                          * under -T though there is under -t. This is OK in
    3728             :                          * practice because it's very unlikely to happen with
    3729             :                          * realistic setting.
    3730             :                          */
    3731          18 :                         if (timer_exceeded || (nxacts > 0 && st->cnt >= nxacts))
    3732           2 :                             st->state = CSTATE_FINISHED;
    3733             : 
    3734             :                         /* Go back to top of loop with CSTATE_PREPARE_THROTTLE */
    3735          18 :                         break;
    3736             :                     }
    3737             :                 }
    3738             : 
    3739             :                 /*
    3740             :                  * stop client if next transaction is beyond pgbench end of
    3741             :                  * execution; otherwise, throttle it.
    3742             :                  */
    3743           0 :                 st->state = end_time > 0 && st->txn_scheduled > end_time ?
    3744         402 :                     CSTATE_FINISHED : CSTATE_THROTTLE;
    3745         402 :                 break;
    3746             : 
    3747             :                 /*
    3748             :                  * Wait until it's time to start next transaction.
    3749             :                  */
    3750         402 :             case CSTATE_THROTTLE:
    3751         402 :                 pg_time_now_lazy(&now);
    3752             : 
    3753         402 :                 if (now < st->txn_scheduled)
    3754           0 :                     return;     /* still sleeping, nothing to do here */
    3755             : 
    3756             :                 /* done sleeping, but don't start transaction if we're done */
    3757         402 :                 st->state = timer_exceeded ? CSTATE_FINISHED : CSTATE_START_TX;
    3758         402 :                 break;
    3759             : 
    3760             :                 /*
    3761             :                  * Send a command to server (or execute a meta-command)
    3762             :                  */
    3763       20548 :             case CSTATE_START_COMMAND:
    3764       20548 :                 command = sql_script[st->use_file].commands[st->command];
    3765             : 
    3766             :                 /* Transition to script end processing if done */
    3767       20548 :                 if (command == NULL)
    3768             :                 {
    3769        4866 :                     st->state = CSTATE_END_TX;
    3770        4866 :                     break;
    3771             :                 }
    3772             : 
    3773             :                 /* record begin time of next command, and initiate it */
    3774       15682 :                 if (report_per_command)
    3775             :                 {
    3776         802 :                     pg_time_now_lazy(&now);
    3777         802 :                     st->stmt_begin = now;
    3778             :                 }
    3779             : 
    3780             :                 /* Execute the command */
    3781       15682 :                 if (command->type == SQL_COMMAND)
    3782             :                 {
    3783             :                     /* disallow \aset and \gset in pipeline mode */
    3784       11050 :                     if (PQpipelineStatus(st->con) != PQ_PIPELINE_OFF)
    3785             :                     {
    3786        1002 :                         if (command->meta == META_GSET)
    3787             :                         {
    3788           2 :                             commandFailed(st, "gset", "\\gset is not allowed in pipeline mode");
    3789           2 :                             st->state = CSTATE_ABORTED;
    3790           2 :                             break;
    3791             :                         }
    3792        1000 :                         else if (command->meta == META_ASET)
    3793             :                         {
    3794           0 :                             commandFailed(st, "aset", "\\aset is not allowed in pipeline mode");
    3795           0 :                             st->state = CSTATE_ABORTED;
    3796           0 :                             break;
    3797             :                         }
    3798             :                     }
    3799             : 
    3800       11048 :                     if (!sendCommand(st, command))
    3801             :                     {
    3802           0 :                         commandFailed(st, "SQL", "SQL command send failed");
    3803           0 :                         st->state = CSTATE_ABORTED;
    3804             :                     }
    3805             :                     else
    3806             :                     {
    3807             :                         /* Wait for results, unless in pipeline mode */
    3808       11048 :                         if (PQpipelineStatus(st->con) == PQ_PIPELINE_OFF)
    3809       10048 :                             st->state = CSTATE_WAIT_RESULT;
    3810             :                         else
    3811        1000 :                             st->state = CSTATE_END_COMMAND;
    3812             :                     }
    3813             :                 }
    3814        4632 :                 else if (command->type == META_COMMAND)
    3815             :                 {
    3816             :                     /*-----
    3817             :                      * Possible state changes when executing meta commands:
    3818             :                      * - on errors CSTATE_ABORTED
    3819             :                      * - on sleep CSTATE_SLEEP
    3820             :                      * - else CSTATE_END_COMMAND
    3821             :                      */
    3822        4632 :                     st->state = executeMetaCommand(st, &now);
    3823        4632 :                     if (st->state == CSTATE_ABORTED)
    3824          62 :                         st->estatus = ESTATUS_META_COMMAND_ERROR;
    3825             :                 }
    3826             : 
    3827             :                 /*
    3828             :                  * We're now waiting for an SQL command to complete, or
    3829             :                  * finished processing a metacommand, or need to sleep, or
    3830             :                  * something bad happened.
    3831             :                  */
    3832             :                 Assert(st->state == CSTATE_WAIT_RESULT ||
    3833             :                        st->state == CSTATE_END_COMMAND ||
    3834             :                        st->state == CSTATE_SLEEP ||
    3835             :                        st->state == CSTATE_ABORTED);
    3836       15680 :                 break;
    3837             : 
    3838             :                 /*
    3839             :                  * non executed conditional branch
    3840             :                  */
    3841        3802 :             case CSTATE_SKIP_COMMAND:
    3842             :                 Assert(!conditional_active(st->cstack));
    3843             :                 /* quickly skip commands until something to do... */
    3844             :                 while (true)
    3845             :                 {
    3846        3802 :                     command = sql_script[st->use_file].commands[st->command];
    3847             : 
    3848             :                     /* cannot reach end of script in that state */
    3849             :                     Assert(command != NULL);
    3850             : 
    3851             :                     /*
    3852             :                      * if this is conditional related, update conditional
    3853             :                      * state
    3854             :                      */
    3855        3802 :                     if (command->type == META_COMMAND &&
    3856         844 :                         (command->meta == META_IF ||
    3857         844 :                          command->meta == META_ELIF ||
    3858         838 :                          command->meta == META_ELSE ||
    3859         834 :                          command->meta == META_ENDIF))
    3860             :                     {
    3861         820 :                         switch (conditional_stack_peek(st->cstack))
    3862             :                         {
    3863         812 :                             case IFSTATE_FALSE:
    3864         812 :                                 if (command->meta == META_IF ||
    3865         812 :                                     command->meta == META_ELIF)
    3866             :                                 {
    3867             :                                     /* we must evaluate the condition */
    3868           6 :                                     st->state = CSTATE_START_COMMAND;
    3869             :                                 }
    3870         806 :                                 else if (command->meta == META_ELSE)
    3871             :                                 {
    3872             :                                     /* we must execute next command */
    3873           2 :                                     conditional_stack_poke(st->cstack,
    3874             :                                                            IFSTATE_ELSE_TRUE);
    3875           2 :                                     st->state = CSTATE_START_COMMAND;
    3876           2 :                                     st->command++;
    3877             :                                 }
    3878         804 :                                 else if (command->meta == META_ENDIF)
    3879             :                                 {
    3880             :                                     Assert(!conditional_stack_empty(st->cstack));
    3881         804 :                                     conditional_stack_pop(st->cstack);
    3882         804 :                                     if (conditional_active(st->cstack))
    3883         804 :                                         st->state = CSTATE_START_COMMAND;
    3884             : 
    3885             :                                     /*
    3886             :                                      * else state remains in
    3887             :                                      * CSTATE_SKIP_COMMAND
    3888             :                                      */
    3889         804 :                                     st->command++;
    3890             :                                 }
    3891         812 :                                 break;
    3892             : 
    3893           8 :                             case IFSTATE_IGNORED:
    3894             :                             case IFSTATE_ELSE_FALSE:
    3895           8 :                                 if (command->meta == META_IF)
    3896           0 :                                     conditional_stack_push(st->cstack,
    3897             :                                                            IFSTATE_IGNORED);
    3898           8 :                                 else if (command->meta == META_ENDIF)
    3899             :                                 {
    3900             :                                     Assert(!conditional_stack_empty(st->cstack));
    3901           6 :                                     conditional_stack_pop(st->cstack);
    3902           6 :                                     if (conditional_active(st->cstack))
    3903           6 :                                         st->state = CSTATE_START_COMMAND;
    3904             :                                 }
    3905             :                                 /* could detect "else" & "elif" after "else" */
    3906           8 :                                 st->command++;
    3907           8 :                                 break;
    3908             : 
    3909         820 :                             case IFSTATE_NONE:
    3910             :                             case IFSTATE_TRUE:
    3911             :                             case IFSTATE_ELSE_TRUE:
    3912             :                             default:
    3913             : 
    3914             :                                 /*
    3915             :                                  * inconsistent if inactive, unreachable dead
    3916             :                                  * code
    3917             :                                  */
    3918             :                                 Assert(false);
    3919             :                         }
    3920             :                     }
    3921             :                     else
    3922             :                     {
    3923             :                         /* skip and consider next */
    3924        2982 :                         st->command++;
    3925             :                     }
    3926             : 
    3927        3802 :                     if (st->state != CSTATE_SKIP_COMMAND)
    3928             :                         /* out of quick skip command loop */
    3929         818 :                         break;
    3930             :                 }
    3931         818 :                 break;
    3932             : 
    3933             :                 /*
    3934             :                  * Wait for the current SQL command to complete
    3935             :                  */
    3936       21268 :             case CSTATE_WAIT_RESULT:
    3937       21268 :                 pg_log_debug("client %d receiving", st->id);
    3938             : 
    3939             :                 /*
    3940             :                  * Only check for new network data if we processed all data
    3941             :                  * fetched prior. Otherwise we end up doing a syscall for each
    3942             :                  * individual pipelined query, which has a measurable
    3943             :                  * performance impact.
    3944             :                  */
    3945       21268 :                 if (PQisBusy(st->con) && !PQconsumeInput(st->con))
    3946             :                 {
    3947             :                     /* there's something wrong */
    3948           0 :                     commandFailed(st, "SQL", "perhaps the backend died while processing");
    3949           0 :                     st->state = CSTATE_ABORTED;
    3950           0 :                     break;
    3951             :                 }
    3952       21268 :                 if (PQisBusy(st->con))
    3953       10136 :                     return;     /* don't have the whole result yet */
    3954             : 
    3955             :                 /* store or discard the query results */
    3956       11132 :                 if (readCommandResponse(st,
    3957       11132 :                                         sql_script[st->use_file].commands[st->command]->meta,
    3958       11132 :                                         sql_script[st->use_file].commands[st->command]->varprefix))
    3959             :                 {
    3960             :                     /*
    3961             :                      * outside of pipeline mode: stop reading results.
    3962             :                      * pipeline mode: continue reading results until an
    3963             :                      * end-of-pipeline response.
    3964             :                      */
    3965       11104 :                     if (PQpipelineStatus(st->con) != PQ_PIPELINE_ON)
    3966       10104 :                         st->state = CSTATE_END_COMMAND;
    3967             :                 }
    3968          28 :                 else if (canRetryError(st->estatus))
    3969           4 :                     st->state = CSTATE_ERROR;
    3970             :                 else
    3971          24 :                     st->state = CSTATE_ABORTED;
    3972       11132 :                 break;
    3973             : 
    3974             :                 /*
    3975             :                  * Wait until sleep is done. This state is entered after a
    3976             :                  * \sleep metacommand. The behavior is similar to
    3977             :                  * CSTATE_THROTTLE, but proceeds to CSTATE_START_COMMAND
    3978             :                  * instead of CSTATE_START_TX.
    3979             :                  */
    3980          16 :             case CSTATE_SLEEP:
    3981          16 :                 pg_time_now_lazy(&now);
    3982          16 :                 if (now < st->sleep_until)
    3983           6 :                     return;     /* still sleeping, nothing to do here */
    3984             :                 /* Else done sleeping. */
    3985          10 :                 st->state = CSTATE_END_COMMAND;
    3986          10 :                 break;
    3987             : 
    3988             :                 /*
    3989             :                  * End of command: record stats and proceed to next command.
    3990             :                  */
    3991       15588 :             case CSTATE_END_COMMAND:
    3992             : 
    3993             :                 /*
    3994             :                  * command completed: accumulate per-command execution times
    3995             :                  * in thread-local data structure, if per-command latencies
    3996             :                  * are requested.
    3997             :                  */
    3998       15588 :                 if (report_per_command)
    3999             :                 {
    4000         802 :                     pg_time_now_lazy(&now);
    4001             : 
    4002         802 :                     command = sql_script[st->use_file].commands[st->command];
    4003             :                     /* XXX could use a mutex here, but we choose not to */
    4004         802 :                     addToSimpleStats(&command->stats,
    4005         802 :                                      PG_TIME_GET_DOUBLE(now - st->stmt_begin));
    4006             :                 }
    4007             : 
    4008             :                 /* Go ahead with next command, to be executed or skipped */
    4009       15588 :                 st->command++;
    4010       15588 :                 st->state = conditional_active(st->cstack) ?
    4011       15588 :                     CSTATE_START_COMMAND : CSTATE_SKIP_COMMAND;
    4012       15588 :                 break;
    4013             : 
    4014             :                 /*
    4015             :                  * Clean up after an error.
    4016             :                  */
    4017           4 :             case CSTATE_ERROR:
    4018             :                 {
    4019             :                     TStatus     tstatus;
    4020             : 
    4021             :                     Assert(st->estatus != ESTATUS_NO_ERROR);
    4022             : 
    4023             :                     /* Clear the conditional stack */
    4024           4 :                     conditional_stack_reset(st->cstack);
    4025             : 
    4026             :                     /* Read and discard until a sync point in pipeline mode */
    4027           4 :                     if (PQpipelineStatus(st->con) != PQ_PIPELINE_OFF)
    4028             :                     {
    4029           0 :                         if (!discardUntilSync(st))
    4030             :                         {
    4031           0 :                             st->state = CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4032           0 :                             break;
    4033             :                         }
    4034             :                     }
    4035             : 
    4036             :                     /*
    4037             :                      * Check if we have a (failed) transaction block or not,
    4038             :                      * and roll it back if any.
    4039             :                      */
    4040           4 :                     tstatus = getTransactionStatus(st->con);
    4041           4 :                     if (tstatus == TSTATUS_IN_BLOCK)
    4042             :                     {
    4043             :                         /* Try to rollback a (failed) transaction block. */
    4044           2 :                         if (!PQsendQuery(st->con, "ROLLBACK"))
    4045             :                         {
    4046           0 :                             pg_log_error("client %d aborted: failed to send sql command for rolling back the failed transaction",
    4047             :                                          st->id);
    4048           0 :                             st->state = CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4049             :                         }
    4050             :                         else
    4051           2 :                             st->state = CSTATE_WAIT_ROLLBACK_RESULT;
    4052             :                     }
    4053           2 :                     else if (tstatus == TSTATUS_IDLE)
    4054             :                     {
    4055             :                         /*
    4056             :                          * If time is over, we're done; otherwise, check if we
    4057             :                          * can retry the error.
    4058             :                          */
    4059           4 :                         st->state = timer_exceeded ? CSTATE_FINISHED :
    4060           2 :                             doRetry(st, &now) ? CSTATE_RETRY : CSTATE_FAILURE;
    4061             :                     }
    4062             :                     else
    4063             :                     {
    4064           0 :                         if (tstatus == TSTATUS_CONN_ERROR)
    4065           0 :                             pg_log_error("perhaps the backend died while processing");
    4066             : 
    4067           0 :                         pg_log_error("client %d aborted while receiving the transaction status", st->id);
    4068           0 :                         st->state = CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4069             :                     }
    4070           4 :                     break;
    4071             :                 }
    4072             : 
    4073             :                 /*
    4074             :                  * Wait for the rollback command to complete
    4075             :                  */
    4076           4 :             case CSTATE_WAIT_ROLLBACK_RESULT:
    4077             :                 {
    4078             :                     PGresult   *res;
    4079             : 
    4080           4 :                     pg_log_debug("client %d receiving", st->id);
    4081           4 :                     if (!PQconsumeInput(st->con))
    4082             :                     {
    4083           0 :                         pg_log_error("client %d aborted while rolling back the transaction after an error; perhaps the backend died while processing",
    4084             :                                      st->id);
    4085           0 :                         st->state = CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4086           0 :                         break;
    4087             :                     }
    4088           4 :                     if (PQisBusy(st->con))
    4089           2 :                         return; /* don't have the whole result yet */
    4090             : 
    4091             :                     /*
    4092             :                      * Read and discard the query result;
    4093             :                      */
    4094           2 :                     res = PQgetResult(st->con);
    4095           2 :                     switch (PQresultStatus(res))
    4096             :                     {
    4097           2 :                         case PGRES_COMMAND_OK:
    4098             :                             /* OK */
    4099           2 :                             PQclear(res);
    4100             :                             /* null must be returned */
    4101           2 :                             res = PQgetResult(st->con);
    4102             :                             Assert(res == NULL);
    4103             : 
    4104             :                             /*
    4105             :                              * If time is over, we're done; otherwise, check
    4106             :                              * if we can retry the error.
    4107             :                              */
    4108           4 :                             st->state = timer_exceeded ? CSTATE_FINISHED :
    4109           2 :                                 doRetry(st, &now) ? CSTATE_RETRY : CSTATE_FAILURE;
    4110           2 :                             break;
    4111           0 :                         default:
    4112           0 :                             pg_log_error("client %d aborted while rolling back the transaction after an error; %s",
    4113             :                                          st->id, PQerrorMessage(st->con));
    4114           0 :                             PQclear(res);
    4115           0 :                             st->state = CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4116           0 :                             break;
    4117             :                     }
    4118           2 :                     break;
    4119             :                 }
    4120             : 
    4121             :                 /*
    4122             :                  * Retry the transaction after an error.
    4123             :                  */
    4124           4 :             case CSTATE_RETRY:
    4125           4 :                 command = sql_script[st->use_file].commands[st->command];
    4126             : 
    4127             :                 /*
    4128             :                  * Inform that the transaction will be retried after the
    4129             :                  * error.
    4130             :                  */
    4131           4 :                 if (verbose_errors)
    4132           4 :                     printVerboseErrorMessages(st, &now, true);
    4133             : 
    4134             :                 /* Count tries and retries */
    4135           4 :                 st->tries++;
    4136           4 :                 command->retries++;
    4137             : 
    4138             :                 /*
    4139             :                  * Reset the random state as they were at the beginning of the
    4140             :                  * transaction.
    4141             :                  */
    4142           4 :                 st->cs_func_rs = st->random_state;
    4143             : 
    4144             :                 /* Process the first transaction command. */
    4145           4 :                 st->command = 0;
    4146           4 :                 st->estatus = ESTATUS_NO_ERROR;
    4147           4 :                 st->state = CSTATE_START_COMMAND;
    4148           4 :                 break;
    4149             : 
    4150             :                 /*
    4151             :                  * Record a failed transaction.
    4152             :                  */
    4153           0 :             case CSTATE_FAILURE:
    4154           0 :                 command = sql_script[st->use_file].commands[st->command];
    4155             : 
    4156             :                 /* Accumulate the failure. */
    4157           0 :                 command->failures++;
    4158             : 
    4159             :                 /*
    4160             :                  * Inform that the failed transaction will not be retried.
    4161             :                  */
    4162           0 :                 if (verbose_errors)
    4163           0 :                     printVerboseErrorMessages(st, &now, false);
    4164             : 
    4165             :                 /* End the failed transaction. */
    4166           0 :                 st->state = CSTATE_END_TX;
    4167           0 :                 break;
    4168             : 
    4169             :                 /*
    4170             :                  * End of transaction (end of script, really).
    4171             :                  */
    4172        4866 :             case CSTATE_END_TX:
    4173             :                 {
    4174             :                     TStatus     tstatus;
    4175             : 
    4176             :                     /* transaction finished: calculate latency and do log */
    4177        4866 :                     processXactStats(thread, st, &now, false, agg);
    4178             : 
    4179             :                     /*
    4180             :                      * missing \endif... cannot happen if CheckConditional was
    4181             :                      * okay
    4182             :                      */
    4183             :                     Assert(conditional_stack_empty(st->cstack));
    4184             : 
    4185             :                     /*
    4186             :                      * We must complete all the transaction blocks that were
    4187             :                      * started in this script.
    4188             :                      */
    4189        4866 :                     tstatus = getTransactionStatus(st->con);
    4190        4866 :                     if (tstatus == TSTATUS_IN_BLOCK)
    4191             :                     {
    4192           2 :                         pg_log_error("client %d aborted: end of script reached without completing the last transaction",
    4193             :                                      st->id);
    4194           2 :                         st->state = CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4195           2 :                         break;
    4196             :                     }
    4197        4864 :                     else if (tstatus != TSTATUS_IDLE)
    4198             :                     {
    4199           0 :                         if (tstatus == TSTATUS_CONN_ERROR)
    4200           0 :                             pg_log_error("perhaps the backend died while processing");
    4201             : 
    4202           0 :                         pg_log_error("client %d aborted while receiving the transaction status", st->id);
    4203           0 :                         st->state = CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4204           0 :                         break;
    4205             :                     }
    4206             : 
    4207        4864 :                     if (is_connect)
    4208             :                     {
    4209         220 :                         pg_time_usec_t start = now;
    4210             : 
    4211         220 :                         pg_time_now_lazy(&start);
    4212         220 :                         finishCon(st);
    4213         220 :                         now = pg_time_now();
    4214         220 :                         thread->conn_duration += now - start;
    4215             :                     }
    4216             : 
    4217        4864 :                     if ((st->cnt >= nxacts && duration <= 0) || timer_exceeded)
    4218             :                     {
    4219             :                         /* script completed */
    4220         108 :                         st->state = CSTATE_FINISHED;
    4221         108 :                         break;
    4222             :                     }
    4223             : 
    4224             :                     /* next transaction (script) */
    4225        4756 :                     st->state = CSTATE_CHOOSE_SCRIPT;
    4226             : 
    4227             :                     /*
    4228             :                      * Ensure that we always return on this point, so as to
    4229             :                      * avoid an infinite loop if the script only contains meta
    4230             :                      * commands.
    4231             :                      */
    4232        4756 :                     return;
    4233             :                 }
    4234             : 
    4235             :                 /*
    4236             :                  * Final states.  Close the connection if it's still open.
    4237             :                  */
    4238         200 :             case CSTATE_ABORTED:
    4239             :             case CSTATE_FINISHED:
    4240             : 
    4241             :                 /*
    4242             :                  * Don't measure the disconnection delays here even if in
    4243             :                  * CSTATE_FINISHED and -C/--connect option is specified.
    4244             :                  * Because in this case all the connections that this thread
    4245             :                  * established are closed at the end of transactions and the
    4246             :                  * disconnection delays should have already been measured at
    4247             :                  * that moment.
    4248             :                  *
    4249             :                  * In CSTATE_ABORTED state, the measurement is no longer
    4250             :                  * necessary because we cannot report complete results anyways
    4251             :                  * in this case.
    4252             :                  */
    4253         200 :                 finishCon(st);
    4254         200 :                 return;
    4255             :         }
    4256       58952 :     }
    4257             : }
    4258             : 
    4259             : /*
    4260             :  * Subroutine for advanceConnectionState -- initiate or execute the current
    4261             :  * meta command, and return the next state to set.
    4262             :  *
    4263             :  * *now is updated to the current time, unless the command is expected to
    4264             :  * take no time to execute.
    4265             :  */
    4266             : static ConnectionStateEnum
    4267        4632 : executeMetaCommand(CState *st, pg_time_usec_t *now)
    4268             : {
    4269        4632 :     Command    *command = sql_script[st->use_file].commands[st->command];
    4270             :     int         argc;
    4271             :     char      **argv;
    4272             : 
    4273             :     Assert(command != NULL && command->type == META_COMMAND);
    4274             : 
    4275        4632 :     argc = command->argc;
    4276        4632 :     argv = command->argv;
    4277             : 
    4278        4632 :     if (unlikely(__pg_log_level <= PG_LOG_DEBUG))
    4279             :     {
    4280             :         PQExpBufferData buf;
    4281             : 
    4282        1406 :         initPQExpBuffer(&buf);
    4283             : 
    4284        1406 :         printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, "client %d executing \\%s", st->id, argv[0]);
    4285        2812 :         for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++)
    4286        1406 :             appendPQExpBuffer(&buf, " %s", argv[i]);
    4287             : 
    4288        1406 :         pg_log_debug("%s", buf.data);
    4289             : 
    4290        1406 :         termPQExpBuffer(&buf);
    4291             :     }
    4292             : 
    4293        4632 :     if (command->meta == META_SLEEP)
    4294             :     {
    4295             :         int         usec;
    4296             : 
    4297             :         /*
    4298             :          * A \sleep doesn't execute anything, we just get the delay from the
    4299             :          * argument, and enter the CSTATE_SLEEP state.  (The per-command
    4300             :          * latency will be recorded in CSTATE_SLEEP state, not here, after the
    4301             :          * delay has elapsed.)
    4302             :          */
    4303          12 :         if (!evaluateSleep(&st->variables, argc, argv, &usec))
    4304             :         {
    4305           2 :             commandFailed(st, "sleep", "execution of meta-command failed");
    4306           2 :             return CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4307             :         }
    4308             : 
    4309          10 :         pg_time_now_lazy(now);
    4310          10 :         st->sleep_until = (*now) + usec;
    4311          10 :         return CSTATE_SLEEP;
    4312             :     }
    4313        4620 :     else if (command->meta == META_SET)
    4314             :     {
    4315        3424 :         PgBenchExpr *expr = command->expr;
    4316             :         PgBenchValue result;
    4317             : 
    4318        3424 :         if (!evaluateExpr(st, expr, &result))
    4319             :         {
    4320          46 :             commandFailed(st, argv[0], "evaluation of meta-command failed");
    4321          48 :             return CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4322             :         }
    4323             : 
    4324        3378 :         if (!putVariableValue(&st->variables, argv[0], argv[1], &result))
    4325             :         {
    4326           2 :             commandFailed(st, "set", "assignment of meta-command failed");
    4327           2 :             return CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4328             :         }
    4329             :     }
    4330        1196 :     else if (command->meta == META_IF)
    4331             :     {
    4332             :         /* backslash commands with an expression to evaluate */
    4333         902 :         PgBenchExpr *expr = command->expr;
    4334             :         PgBenchValue result;
    4335             :         bool        cond;
    4336             : 
    4337         902 :         if (!evaluateExpr(st, expr, &result))
    4338             :         {
    4339           0 :             commandFailed(st, argv[0], "evaluation of meta-command failed");
    4340           0 :             return CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4341             :         }
    4342             : 
    4343         902 :         cond = valueTruth(&result);
    4344         902 :         conditional_stack_push(st->cstack, cond ? IFSTATE_TRUE : IFSTATE_FALSE);
    4345             :     }
    4346         294 :     else if (command->meta == META_ELIF)
    4347             :     {
    4348             :         /* backslash commands with an expression to evaluate */
    4349          10 :         PgBenchExpr *expr = command->expr;
    4350             :         PgBenchValue result;
    4351             :         bool        cond;
    4352             : 
    4353          10 :         if (conditional_stack_peek(st->cstack) == IFSTATE_TRUE)
    4354             :         {
    4355             :             /* elif after executed block, skip eval and wait for endif. */
    4356           4 :             conditional_stack_poke(st->cstack, IFSTATE_IGNORED);
    4357           4 :             return CSTATE_END_COMMAND;
    4358             :         }
    4359             : 
    4360           6 :         if (!evaluateExpr(st, expr, &result))
    4361             :         {
    4362           0 :             commandFailed(st, argv[0], "evaluation of meta-command failed");
    4363           0 :             return CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4364             :         }
    4365             : 
    4366           6 :         cond = valueTruth(&result);
    4367             :         Assert(conditional_stack_peek(st->cstack) == IFSTATE_FALSE);
    4368           6 :         conditional_stack_poke(st->cstack, cond ? IFSTATE_TRUE : IFSTATE_FALSE);
    4369             :     }
    4370         284 :     else if (command->meta == META_ELSE)
    4371             :     {
    4372           2 :         switch (conditional_stack_peek(st->cstack))
    4373             :         {
    4374           2 :             case IFSTATE_TRUE:
    4375           2 :                 conditional_stack_poke(st->cstack, IFSTATE_ELSE_FALSE);
    4376           2 :                 break;
    4377           2 :             case IFSTATE_FALSE: /* inconsistent if active */
    4378             :             case IFSTATE_IGNORED:   /* inconsistent if active */
    4379             :             case IFSTATE_NONE:  /* else without if */
    4380             :             case IFSTATE_ELSE_TRUE: /* else after else */
    4381             :             case IFSTATE_ELSE_FALSE:    /* else after else */
    4382             :             default:
    4383             :                 /* dead code if conditional check is ok */
    4384             :                 Assert(false);
    4385             :         }
    4386             :     }
    4387         282 :     else if (command->meta == META_ENDIF)
    4388             :     {
    4389             :         Assert(!conditional_stack_empty(st->cstack));
    4390          90 :         conditional_stack_pop(st->cstack);
    4391             :     }
    4392         192 :     else if (command->meta == META_SETSHELL)
    4393             :     {
    4394           6 :         if (!runShellCommand(&st->variables, argv[1], argv + 2, argc - 2))
    4395             :         {
    4396           4 :             commandFailed(st, "setshell", "execution of meta-command failed");
    4397           4 :             return CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4398             :         }
    4399             :     }
    4400         186 :     else if (command->meta == META_SHELL)
    4401             :     {
    4402           6 :         if (!runShellCommand(&st->variables, NULL, argv + 1, argc - 1))
    4403             :         {
    4404           4 :             commandFailed(st, "shell", "execution of meta-command failed");
    4405           4 :             return CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4406             :         }
    4407             :     }
    4408         180 :     else if (command->meta == META_STARTPIPELINE)
    4409             :     {
    4410             :         /*
    4411             :          * In pipeline mode, we use a workflow based on libpq pipeline
    4412             :          * functions.
    4413             :          */
    4414          92 :         if (querymode == QUERY_SIMPLE)
    4415             :         {
    4416           0 :             commandFailed(st, "startpipeline", "cannot use pipeline mode with the simple query protocol");
    4417           0 :             return CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4418             :         }
    4419             : 
    4420             :         /*
    4421             :          * If we're in prepared-query mode, we need to prepare all the
    4422             :          * commands that are inside the pipeline before we actually start the
    4423             :          * pipeline itself.  This solves the problem that running BEGIN
    4424             :          * ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE in a pipeline would fail due to a
    4425             :          * snapshot having been acquired by the prepare within the pipeline.
    4426             :          */
    4427          92 :         if (querymode == QUERY_PREPARED)
    4428          84 :             prepareCommandsInPipeline(st);
    4429             : 
    4430          92 :         if (PQpipelineStatus(st->con) != PQ_PIPELINE_OFF)
    4431             :         {
    4432           2 :             commandFailed(st, "startpipeline", "already in pipeline mode");
    4433           2 :             return CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4434             :         }
    4435          90 :         if (PQenterPipelineMode(st->con) == 0)
    4436             :         {
    4437           0 :             commandFailed(st, "startpipeline", "failed to enter pipeline mode");
    4438           0 :             return CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4439             :         }
    4440             :     }
    4441          88 :     else if (command->meta == META_ENDPIPELINE)
    4442             :     {
    4443          88 :         if (PQpipelineStatus(st->con) != PQ_PIPELINE_ON)
    4444             :         {
    4445           2 :             commandFailed(st, "endpipeline", "not in pipeline mode");
    4446           2 :             return CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4447             :         }
    4448          86 :         if (!PQpipelineSync(st->con))
    4449             :         {
    4450           0 :             commandFailed(st, "endpipeline", "failed to send a pipeline sync");
    4451           0 :             return CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4452             :         }
    4453             :         /* Now wait for the PGRES_PIPELINE_SYNC and exit pipeline mode there */
    4454             :         /* collect pending results before getting out of pipeline mode */
    4455          86 :         return CSTATE_WAIT_RESULT;
    4456             :     }
    4457             : 
    4458             :     /*
    4459             :      * executing the expression or shell command might have taken a
    4460             :      * non-negligible amount of time, so reset 'now'
    4461             :      */
    4462        4470 :     *now = 0;
    4463             : 
    4464        4470 :     return CSTATE_END_COMMAND;
    4465             : }
    4466             : 
    4467             : /*
    4468             :  * Return the number of failed transactions.
    4469             :  */
    4470             : static int64
    4471         154 : getFailures(const StatsData *stats)
    4472             : {
    4473         308 :     return (stats->serialization_failures +
    4474         154 :             stats->deadlock_failures);
    4475             : }
    4476             : 
    4477             : /*
    4478             :  * Return a string constant representing the result of a transaction
    4479             :  * that is not successfully processed.
    4480             :  */
    4481             : static const char *
    4482           0 : getResultString(bool skipped, EStatus estatus)
    4483             : {
    4484           0 :     if (skipped)
    4485           0 :         return "skipped";
    4486           0 :     else if (failures_detailed)
    4487             :     {
    4488           0 :         switch (estatus)
    4489             :         {
    4490           0 :             case ESTATUS_SERIALIZATION_ERROR:
    4491           0 :                 return "serialization";
    4492           0 :             case ESTATUS_DEADLOCK_ERROR:
    4493           0 :                 return "deadlock";
    4494           0 :             default:
    4495             :                 /* internal error which should never occur */
    4496           0 :                 pg_fatal("unexpected error status: %d", estatus);
    4497             :         }
    4498             :     }
    4499             :     else
    4500           0 :         return "failed";
    4501             : }
    4502             : 
    4503             : /*
    4504             :  * Print log entry after completing one transaction.
    4505             :  *
    4506             :  * We print Unix-epoch timestamps in the log, so that entries can be
    4507             :  * correlated against other logs.
    4508             :  *
    4509             :  * XXX We could obtain the time from the caller and just shift it here, to
    4510             :  * avoid the cost of an extra call to pg_time_now().
    4511             :  */
    4512             : static void
    4513         220 : doLog(TState *thread, CState *st,
    4514             :       StatsData *agg, bool skipped, double latency, double lag)
    4515             : {
    4516         220 :     FILE       *logfile = thread->logfile;
    4517         220 :     pg_time_usec_t now = pg_time_now() + epoch_shift;
    4518             : 
    4519             :     Assert(use_log);
    4520             : 
    4521             :     /*
    4522             :      * Skip the log entry if sampling is enabled and this row doesn't belong
    4523             :      * to the random sample.
    4524             :      */
    4525         220 :     if (sample_rate != 0.0 &&
    4526         200 :         pg_prng_double(&thread->ts_sample_rs) > sample_rate)
    4527         108 :         return;
    4528             : 
    4529             :     /* should we aggregate the results or not? */
    4530         112 :     if (agg_interval > 0)
    4531             :     {
    4532             :         pg_time_usec_t next;
    4533             : 
    4534             :         /*
    4535             :          * Loop until we reach the interval of the current moment, and print
    4536             :          * any empty intervals in between (this may happen with very low tps,
    4537             :          * e.g. --rate=0.1).
    4538             :          */
    4539             : 
    4540           0 :         while ((next = agg->start_time + agg_interval * INT64CONST(1000000)) <= now)
    4541             :         {
    4542           0 :             double      lag_sum = 0.0;
    4543           0 :             double      lag_sum2 = 0.0;
    4544           0 :             double      lag_min = 0.0;
    4545           0 :             double      lag_max = 0.0;
    4546           0 :             int64       skipped = 0;
    4547           0 :             int64       serialization_failures = 0;
    4548           0 :             int64       deadlock_failures = 0;
    4549           0 :             int64       retried = 0;
    4550           0 :             int64       retries = 0;
    4551             : 
    4552             :             /* print aggregated report to logfile */
    4553           0 :             fprintf(logfile, INT64_FORMAT " " INT64_FORMAT " %.0f %.0f %.0f %.0f",
    4554           0 :                     agg->start_time / 1000000,   /* seconds since Unix epoch */
    4555             :                     agg->cnt,
    4556             :                     agg->latency.sum,
    4557             :                     agg->latency.sum2,
    4558             :                     agg->latency.min,
    4559             :                     agg->latency.max);
    4560             : 
    4561           0 :             if (throttle_delay)
    4562             :             {
    4563           0 :                 lag_sum = agg->lag.sum;
    4564           0 :                 lag_sum2 = agg->lag.sum2;
    4565           0 :                 lag_min = agg->lag.min;
    4566           0 :                 lag_max = agg->lag.max;
    4567             :             }
    4568           0 :             fprintf(logfile, " %.0f %.0f %.0f %.0f",
    4569             :                     lag_sum,
    4570             :                     lag_sum2,
    4571             :                     lag_min,
    4572             :                     lag_max);
    4573             : 
    4574           0 :             if (latency_limit)
    4575           0 :                 skipped = agg->skipped;
    4576           0 :             fprintf(logfile, " " INT64_FORMAT, skipped);
    4577             : 
    4578           0 :             if (max_tries != 1)
    4579             :             {
    4580           0 :                 retried = agg->retried;
    4581           0 :                 retries = agg->retries;
    4582             :             }
    4583           0 :             fprintf(logfile, " " INT64_FORMAT " " INT64_FORMAT, retried, retries);
    4584             : 
    4585           0 :             if (failures_detailed)
    4586             :             {
    4587           0 :                 serialization_failures = agg->serialization_failures;
    4588           0 :                 deadlock_failures = agg->deadlock_failures;
    4589             :             }
    4590           0 :             fprintf(logfile, " " INT64_FORMAT " " INT64_FORMAT,
    4591             :                     serialization_failures,
    4592             :                     deadlock_failures);
    4593             : 
    4594           0 :             fputc('\n', logfile);
    4595             : 
    4596             :             /* reset data and move to next interval */
    4597           0 :             initStats(agg, next);
    4598             :         }
    4599             : 
    4600             :         /* accumulate the current transaction */
    4601           0 :         accumStats(agg, skipped, latency, lag, st->estatus, st->tries);
    4602             :     }
    4603             :     else
    4604             :     {
    4605             :         /* no, print raw transactions */
    4606         112 :         if (!skipped && st->estatus == ESTATUS_NO_ERROR)
    4607         112 :             fprintf(logfile, "%d " INT64_FORMAT " %.0f %d " INT64_FORMAT " "
    4608             :                     INT64_FORMAT,
    4609             :                     st->id, st->cnt, latency, st->use_file,
    4610             :                     now / 1000000, now % 1000000);
    4611             :         else
    4612           0 :             fprintf(logfile, "%d " INT64_FORMAT " %s %d " INT64_FORMAT " "
    4613             :                     INT64_FORMAT,
    4614             :                     st->id, st->cnt, getResultString(skipped, st->estatus),
    4615             :                     st->use_file, now / 1000000, now % 1000000);
    4616             : 
    4617         112 :         if (throttle_delay)
    4618           0 :             fprintf(logfile, " %.0f", lag);
    4619         112 :         if (max_tries != 1)
    4620           0 :             fprintf(logfile, " %u", st->tries - 1);
    4621         112 :         fputc('\n', logfile);
    4622             :     }
    4623             : }
    4624             : 
    4625             : /*
    4626             :  * Accumulate and report statistics at end of a transaction.
    4627             :  *
    4628             :  * (This is also called when a transaction is late and thus skipped.
    4629             :  * Note that even skipped and failed transactions are counted in the CState
    4630             :  * "cnt" field.)
    4631             :  */
    4632             : static void
    4633        4884 : processXactStats(TState *thread, CState *st, pg_time_usec_t *now,
    4634             :                  bool skipped, StatsData *agg)
    4635             : {
    4636        4884 :     double      latency = 0.0,
    4637        4884 :                 lag = 0.0;
    4638        4884 :     bool        detailed = progress || throttle_delay || latency_limit ||
    4639        9768 :         use_log || per_script_stats;
    4640             : 
    4641        4884 :     if (detailed && !skipped && st->estatus == ESTATUS_NO_ERROR)
    4642             :     {
    4643        2822 :         pg_time_now_lazy(now);
    4644             : 
    4645             :         /* compute latency & lag */
    4646        2822 :         latency = (*now) - st->txn_scheduled;
    4647        2822 :         lag = st->txn_begin - st->txn_scheduled;
    4648             :     }
    4649             : 
    4650             :     /* keep detailed thread stats */
    4651        4884 :     accumStats(&thread->stats, skipped, latency, lag, st->estatus, st->tries);
    4652             : 
    4653             :     /* count transactions over the latency limit, if needed */
    4654        4884 :     if (latency_limit && latency > latency_limit)
    4655           2 :         thread->latency_late++;
    4656             : 
    4657             :     /* client stat is just counting */
    4658        4884 :     st->cnt++;
    4659             : 
    4660        4884 :     if (use_log)
    4661         220 :         doLog(thread, st, agg, skipped, latency, lag);
    4662             : 
    4663             :     /* XXX could use a mutex here, but we choose not to */
    4664        4884 :     if (per_script_stats)
    4665        2200 :         accumStats(&sql_script[st->use_file].stats, skipped, latency, lag,
    4666        2200 :                    st->estatus, st->tries);
    4667        4884 : }
    4668             : 
    4669             : 
    4670             : /* discard connections */
    4671             : static void
    4672         274 : disconnect_all(CState *state, int length)
    4673             : {
    4674             :     int         i;
    4675             : 
    4676         670 :     for (i = 0; i < length; i++)
    4677         396 :         finishCon(&state[i]);
    4678         274 : }
    4679             : 
    4680             : /*
    4681             :  * Remove old pgbench tables, if any exist
    4682             :  */
    4683             : static void
    4684           6 : initDropTables(PGconn *con)
    4685             : {
    4686           6 :     fprintf(stderr, "dropping old tables...\n");
    4687             : 
    4688             :     /*
    4689             :      * We drop all the tables in one command, so that whether there are
    4690             :      * foreign key dependencies or not doesn't matter.
    4691             :      */
    4692           6 :     executeStatement(con, "drop table if exists "
    4693             :                      "pgbench_accounts, "
    4694             :                      "pgbench_branches, "
    4695             :                      "pgbench_history, "
    4696             :                      "pgbench_tellers");
    4697           6 : }
    4698             : 
    4699             : /*
    4700             :  * Create "pgbench_accounts" partitions if needed.
    4701             :  *
    4702             :  * This is the larger table of pgbench default tpc-b like schema
    4703             :  * with a known size, so we choose to partition it.
    4704             :  */
    4705             : static void
    4706           4 : createPartitions(PGconn *con)
    4707             : {
    4708             :     PQExpBufferData query;
    4709             : 
    4710             :     /* we must have to create some partitions */
    4711             :     Assert(partitions > 0);
    4712             : 
    4713           4 :     fprintf(stderr, "creating %d partitions...\n", partitions);
    4714             : 
    4715           4 :     initPQExpBuffer(&query);
    4716             : 
    4717          14 :     for (int p = 1; p <= partitions; p++)
    4718             :     {
    4719          10 :         if (partition_method == PART_RANGE)
    4720             :         {
    4721           6 :             int64       part_size = (naccounts * (int64) scale + partitions - 1) / partitions;
    4722             : 
    4723           6 :             printfPQExpBuffer(&query,
    4724             :                               "create%s table pgbench_accounts_%d\n"
    4725             :                               "  partition of pgbench_accounts\n"
    4726             :                               "  for values from (",
    4727           6 :                               unlogged_tables ? " unlogged" : "", p);
    4728             : 
    4729             :             /*
    4730             :              * For RANGE, we use open-ended partitions at the beginning and
    4731             :              * end to allow any valid value for the primary key.  Although the
    4732             :              * actual minimum and maximum values can be derived from the
    4733             :              * scale, it is more generic and the performance is better.
    4734             :              */
    4735           6 :             if (p == 1)
    4736           2 :                 appendPQExpBufferStr(&query, "minvalue");
    4737             :             else
    4738           4 :                 appendPQExpBuffer(&query, INT64_FORMAT, (p - 1) * part_size + 1);
    4739             : 
    4740           6 :             appendPQExpBufferStr(&query, ") to (");
    4741             : 
    4742           6 :             if (p < partitions)
    4743           4 :                 appendPQExpBuffer(&query, INT64_FORMAT, p * part_size + 1);
    4744             :             else
    4745           2 :                 appendPQExpBufferStr(&query, "maxvalue");
    4746             : 
    4747           6 :             appendPQExpBufferChar(&query, ')');
    4748             :         }
    4749           4 :         else if (partition_method == PART_HASH)
    4750           4 :             printfPQExpBuffer(&query,
    4751             :                               "create%s table pgbench_accounts_%d\n"
    4752             :                               "  partition of pgbench_accounts\n"
    4753             :                               "  for values with (modulus %d, remainder %d)",
    4754           4 :                               unlogged_tables ? " unlogged" : "", p,
    4755             :                               partitions, p - 1);
    4756             :         else                    /* cannot get there */
    4757             :             Assert(0);
    4758             : 
    4759             :         /*
    4760             :          * Per ddlinfo in initCreateTables, fillfactor is needed on table
    4761             :          * pgbench_accounts.
    4762             :          */
    4763          10 :         appendPQExpBuffer(&query, " with (fillfactor=%d)", fillfactor);
    4764             : 
    4765          10 :         executeStatement(con, query.data);
    4766             :     }
    4767             : 
    4768           4 :     termPQExpBuffer(&query);
    4769           4 : }
    4770             : 
    4771             : /*
    4772             :  * Create pgbench's standard tables
    4773             :  */
    4774             : static void
    4775           6 : initCreateTables(PGconn *con)
    4776             : {
    4777             :     /*
    4778             :      * Note: TPC-B requires at least 100 bytes per row, and the "filler"
    4779             :      * fields in these table declarations were intended to comply with that.
    4780             :      * The pgbench_accounts table complies with that because the "filler"
    4781             :      * column is set to blank-padded empty string. But for all other tables
    4782             :      * the columns default to NULL and so don't actually take any space.  We
    4783             :      * could fix that by giving them non-null default values.  However, that
    4784             :      * would completely break comparability of pgbench results with prior
    4785             :      * versions. Since pgbench has never pretended to be fully TPC-B compliant
    4786             :      * anyway, we stick with the historical behavior.
    4787             :      */
    4788             :     struct ddlinfo
    4789             :     {
    4790             :         const char *table;      /* table name */
    4791             :         const char *smcols;     /* column decls if accountIDs are 32 bits */
    4792             :         const char *bigcols;    /* column decls if accountIDs are 64 bits */
    4793             :         int         declare_fillfactor;
    4794             :     };
    4795             :     static const struct ddlinfo DDLs[] = {
    4796             :         {
    4797             :             "pgbench_history",
    4798             :             "tid int,bid int,aid    int,delta int,mtime timestamp,filler char(22)",
    4799             :             "tid int,bid int,aid bigint,delta int,mtime timestamp,filler char(22)",
    4800             :             0
    4801             :         },
    4802             :         {
    4803             :             "pgbench_tellers",
    4804             :             "tid int not null,bid int,tbalance int,filler char(84)",
    4805             :             "tid int not null,bid int,tbalance int,filler char(84)",
    4806             :             1
    4807             :         },
    4808             :         {
    4809             :             "pgbench_accounts",
    4810             :             "aid    int not null,bid int,abalance int,filler char(84)",
    4811             :             "aid bigint not null,bid int,abalance int,filler char(84)",
    4812             :             1
    4813             :         },
    4814             :         {
    4815             :             "pgbench_branches",
    4816             :             "bid int not null,bbalance int,filler char(88)",
    4817             :             "bid int not null,bbalance int,filler char(88)",
    4818             :             1
    4819             :         }
    4820             :     };
    4821             :     int         i;
    4822             :     PQExpBufferData query;
    4823             : 
    4824           6 :     fprintf(stderr, "creating tables...\n");
    4825             : 
    4826           6 :     initPQExpBuffer(&query);
    4827             : 
    4828          30 :     for (i = 0; i < lengthof(DDLs); i++)
    4829             :     {
    4830          24 :         const struct ddlinfo *ddl = &DDLs[i];
    4831             : 
    4832             :         /* Construct new create table statement. */
    4833          48 :         printfPQExpBuffer(&query, "create%s table %s(%s)",
    4834          24 :                           unlogged_tables ? " unlogged" : "",
    4835             :                           ddl->table,
    4836          24 :                           (scale >= SCALE_32BIT_THRESHOLD) ? ddl->bigcols : ddl->smcols);
    4837             : 
    4838             :         /* Partition pgbench_accounts table */
    4839          24 :         if (partition_method != PART_NONE && strcmp(ddl->table, "pgbench_accounts") == 0)
    4840           4 :             appendPQExpBuffer(&query,
    4841             :                               " partition by %s (aid)", PARTITION_METHOD[partition_method]);
    4842          20 :         else if (ddl->declare_fillfactor)
    4843             :         {
    4844             :             /* fillfactor is only expected on actual tables */
    4845          14 :             appendPQExpBuffer(&query, " with (fillfactor=%d)", fillfactor);
    4846             :         }
    4847             : 
    4848          24 :         if (tablespace != NULL)
    4849             :         {
    4850             :             char       *escape_tablespace;
    4851             : 
    4852           8 :             escape_tablespace = PQescapeIdentifier(con, tablespace, strlen(tablespace));
    4853           8 :             appendPQExpBuffer(&query, " tablespace %s", escape_tablespace);
    4854           8 :             PQfreemem(escape_tablespace);
    4855             :         }
    4856             : 
    4857          24 :         executeStatement(con, query.data);
    4858             :     }
    4859             : 
    4860           6 :     termPQExpBuffer(&query);
    4861             : 
    4862           6 :     if (partition_method != PART_NONE)
    4863           4 :         createPartitions(con);
    4864           6 : }
    4865             : 
    4866             : /*
    4867             :  * Truncate away any old data, in one command in case there are foreign keys
    4868             :  */
    4869             : static void
    4870           6 : initTruncateTables(PGconn *con)
    4871             : {
    4872           6 :     executeStatement(con, "truncate table "
    4873             :                      "pgbench_accounts, "
    4874             :                      "pgbench_branches, "
    4875             :                      "pgbench_history, "
    4876             :                      "pgbench_tellers");
    4877           6 : }
    4878             : 
    4879             : static void
    4880           4 : initBranch(PQExpBufferData *sql, int64 curr)
    4881             : {
    4882             :     /* "filler" column uses NULL */
    4883           4 :     printfPQExpBuffer(sql,
    4884             :                       INT64_FORMAT "\t0\t\\N\n",
    4885             :                       curr + 1);
    4886           4 : }
    4887             : 
    4888             : static void
    4889          40 : initTeller(PQExpBufferData *sql, int64 curr)
    4890             : {
    4891             :     /* "filler" column uses NULL */
    4892          40 :     printfPQExpBuffer(sql,
    4893             :                       INT64_FORMAT "\t" INT64_FORMAT "\t0\t\\N\n",
    4894          40 :                       curr + 1, curr / ntellers + 1);
    4895          40 : }
    4896             : 
    4897             : static void
    4898      400000 : initAccount(PQExpBufferData *sql, int64 curr)
    4899             : {
    4900             :     /* "filler" column defaults to blank padded empty string */
    4901      400000 :     printfPQExpBuffer(sql,
    4902             :                       INT64_FORMAT "\t" INT64_FORMAT "\t0\t\n",
    4903      400000 :                       curr + 1, curr / naccounts + 1);
    4904      400000 : }
    4905             : 
    4906             : static void
    4907          12 : initPopulateTable(PGconn *con, const char *table, int64 base,
    4908             :                   initRowMethod init_row)
    4909             : {
    4910             :     int         n;
    4911             :     int         k;
    4912          12 :     int         chars = 0;
    4913             :     PGresult   *res;
    4914             :     PQExpBufferData sql;
    4915             :     char        copy_statement[256];
    4916          12 :     const char *copy_statement_fmt = "copy %s from stdin";
    4917          12 :     int64       total = base * scale;
    4918             : 
    4919             :     /* used to track elapsed time and estimate of the remaining time */
    4920             :     pg_time_usec_t start;
    4921          12 :     int         log_interval = 1;
    4922             : 
    4923             :     /* Stay on the same line if reporting to a terminal */
    4924          12 :     char        eol = isatty(fileno(stderr)) ? '\r' : '\n';
    4925             : 
    4926          12 :     initPQExpBuffer(&sql);
    4927             : 
    4928             :     /*
    4929             :      * Use COPY with FREEZE on v14 and later for all the tables except
    4930             :      * pgbench_accounts when it is partitioned.
    4931             :      */
    4932          12 :     if (PQserverVersion(con) >= 140000)
    4933             :     {
    4934          12 :         if (strcmp(table, "pgbench_accounts") != 0 ||
    4935           4 :             partitions == 0)
    4936          10 :             copy_statement_fmt = "copy %s from stdin with (freeze on)";
    4937             :     }
    4938             : 
    4939          12 :     n = pg_snprintf(copy_statement, sizeof(copy_statement), copy_statement_fmt, table);
    4940          12 :     if (n >= sizeof(copy_statement))
    4941           0 :         pg_fatal("invalid buffer size: must be at least %d characters long", n);
    4942          12 :     else if (n == -1)
    4943           0 :         pg_fatal("invalid format string");
    4944             : 
    4945          12 :     res = PQexec(con, copy_statement);
    4946             : 
    4947          12 :     if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COPY_IN)
    4948           0 :         pg_fatal("unexpected copy in result: %s", PQerrorMessage(con));
    4949          12 :     PQclear(res);
    4950             : 
    4951          12 :     start = pg_time_now();
    4952             : 
    4953      400056 :     for (k = 0; k < total; k++)
    4954             :     {
    4955      400044 :         int64       j = k + 1;
    4956             : 
    4957      400044 :         init_row(&sql, k);
    4958      400044 :         if (PQputline(con, sql.data))
    4959           0 :             pg_fatal("PQputline failed");
    4960             : 
    4961      400044 :         if (CancelRequested)
    4962           0 :             break;
    4963             : 
    4964             :         /*
    4965             :          * If we want to stick with the original logging, print a message each
    4966             :          * 100k inserted rows.
    4967             :          */
    4968      400044 :         if ((!use_quiet) && (j % 100000 == 0))
    4969           2 :         {
    4970           2 :             double      elapsed_sec = PG_TIME_GET_DOUBLE(pg_time_now() - start);
    4971           2 :             double      remaining_sec = ((double) total - j) * elapsed_sec / j;
    4972             : 
    4973           2 :             chars = fprintf(stderr, INT64_FORMAT " of " INT64_FORMAT " tuples (%d%%) of %s done (elapsed %.2f s, remaining %.2f s)%c",
    4974             :                             j, total,
    4975           2 :                             (int) ((j * 100) / total),
    4976             :                             table, elapsed_sec, remaining_sec, eol);
    4977             :         }
    4978             :         /* let's not call the timing for each row, but only each 100 rows */
    4979      400042 :         else if (use_quiet && (j % 100 == 0))
    4980             :         {
    4981        2000 :             double      elapsed_sec = PG_TIME_GET_DOUBLE(pg_time_now() - start);
    4982        2000 :             double      remaining_sec = ((double) total - j) * elapsed_sec / j;
    4983             : 
    4984             :             /* have we reached the next interval (or end)? */
    4985        2000 :             if ((j == total) || (elapsed_sec >= log_interval * LOG_STEP_SECONDS))
    4986             :             {
    4987           2 :                 chars = fprintf(stderr, INT64_FORMAT " of " INT64_FORMAT " tuples (%d%%) of %s done (elapsed %.2f s, remaining %.2f s)%c",
    4988             :                                 j, total,
    4989           2 :                                 (int) ((j * 100) / total),
    4990             :                                 table, elapsed_sec, remaining_sec, eol);
    4991             : 
    4992             :                 /* skip to the next interval */
    4993           2 :                 log_interval = (int) ceil(elapsed_sec / LOG_STEP_SECONDS);
    4994             :             }
    4995             :         }
    4996             :     }
    4997             : 
    4998          12 :     if (chars != 0 && eol != '\n')
    4999           0 :         fprintf(stderr, "%*c\r", chars - 1, ' '); /* Clear the current line */
    5000             : 
    5001          12 :     if (PQputline(con, "\\.\n"))
    5002           0 :         pg_fatal("very last PQputline failed");
    5003          12 :     if (PQendcopy(con))
    5004           0 :         pg_fatal("PQendcopy failed");
    5005             : 
    5006          12 :     termPQExpBuffer(&sql);
    5007          12 : }
    5008             : 
    5009             : /*
    5010             :  * Fill the standard tables with some data generated and sent from the client.
    5011             :  *
    5012             :  * The filler column is NULL in pgbench_branches and pgbench_tellers, and is
    5013             :  * a blank-padded string in pgbench_accounts.
    5014             :  */
    5015             : static void
    5016           4 : initGenerateDataClientSide(PGconn *con)
    5017             : {
    5018           4 :     fprintf(stderr, "generating data (client-side)...\n");
    5019             : 
    5020             :     /*
    5021             :      * we do all of this in one transaction to enable the backend's
    5022             :      * data-loading optimizations
    5023             :      */
    5024           4 :     executeStatement(con, "begin");
    5025             : 
    5026             :     /* truncate away any old data */
    5027           4 :     initTruncateTables(con);
    5028             : 
    5029             :     /*
    5030             :      * fill branches, tellers, accounts in that order in case foreign keys
    5031             :      * already exist
    5032             :      */
    5033           4 :     initPopulateTable(con, "pgbench_branches", nbranches, initBranch);
    5034           4 :     initPopulateTable(con, "pgbench_tellers", ntellers, initTeller);
    5035           4 :     initPopulateTable(con, "pgbench_accounts", naccounts, initAccount);
    5036             : 
    5037           4 :     executeStatement(con, "commit");
    5038           4 : }
    5039             : 
    5040             : /*
    5041             :  * Fill the standard tables with some data generated on the server
    5042             :  *
    5043             :  * As already the case with the client-side data generation, the filler
    5044             :  * column defaults to NULL in pgbench_branches and pgbench_tellers,
    5045             :  * and is a blank-padded string in pgbench_accounts.
    5046             :  */
    5047             : static void
    5048           2 : initGenerateDataServerSide(PGconn *con)
    5049             : {
    5050             :     PQExpBufferData sql;
    5051             : 
    5052           2 :     fprintf(stderr, "generating data (server-side)...\n");
    5053             : 
    5054             :     /*
    5055             :      * we do all of this in one transaction to enable the backend's
    5056             :      * data-loading optimizations
    5057             :      */
    5058           2 :     executeStatement(con, "begin");
    5059             : 
    5060             :     /* truncate away any old data */
    5061           2 :     initTruncateTables(con);
    5062             : 
    5063           2 :     initPQExpBuffer(&sql);
    5064             : 
    5065           2 :     printfPQExpBuffer(&sql,
    5066             :                       "insert into pgbench_branches(bid,bbalance) "
    5067             :                       "select bid, 0 "
    5068             :                       "from generate_series(1, %d) as bid", nbranches * scale);
    5069           2 :     executeStatement(con, sql.data);
    5070             : 
    5071           2 :     printfPQExpBuffer(&sql,
    5072             :                       "insert into pgbench_tellers(tid,bid,tbalance) "
    5073             :                       "select tid, (tid - 1) / %d + 1, 0 "
    5074             :                       "from generate_series(1, %d) as tid", ntellers, ntellers * scale);
    5075           2 :     executeStatement(con, sql.data);
    5076             : 
    5077           2 :     printfPQExpBuffer(&sql,
    5078             :                       "insert into pgbench_accounts(aid,bid,abalance,filler) "
    5079             :                       "select aid, (aid - 1) / %d + 1, 0, '' "
    5080             :                       "from generate_series(1, " INT64_FORMAT ") as aid",
    5081             :                       naccounts, (int64) naccounts * scale);
    5082           2 :     executeStatement(con, sql.data);
    5083             : 
    5084           2 :     termPQExpBuffer(&sql);
    5085             : 
    5086           2 :     executeStatement(con, "commit");
    5087           2 : }
    5088             : 
    5089             : /*
    5090             :  * Invoke vacuum on the standard tables
    5091             :  */
    5092             : static void
    5093           4 : initVacuum(PGconn *con)
    5094             : {
    5095           4 :     fprintf(stderr, "vacuuming...\n");
    5096           4 :     executeStatement(con, "vacuum analyze pgbench_branches");
    5097           4 :     executeStatement(con, "vacuum analyze pgbench_tellers");
    5098           4 :     executeStatement(con, "vacuum analyze pgbench_accounts");
    5099           4 :     executeStatement(con, "vacuum analyze pgbench_history");
    5100           4 : }
    5101             : 
    5102             : /*
    5103             :  * Create primary keys on the standard tables
    5104             :  */
    5105             : static void
    5106           6 : initCreatePKeys(PGconn *con)
    5107             : {
    5108             :     static const char *const DDLINDEXes[] = {
    5109             :         "alter table pgbench_branches add primary key (bid)",
    5110             :         "alter table pgbench_tellers add primary key (tid)",
    5111             :         "alter table pgbench_accounts add primary key (aid)"
    5112             :     };
    5113             :     int         i;
    5114             :     PQExpBufferData query;
    5115             : 
    5116           6 :     fprintf(stderr, "creating primary keys...\n");
    5117           6 :     initPQExpBuffer(&query);
    5118             : 
    5119          24 :     for (i = 0; i < lengthof(DDLINDEXes); i++)
    5120             :     {
    5121          18 :         resetPQExpBuffer(&query);
    5122          18 :         appendPQExpBufferStr(&query, DDLINDEXes[i]);
    5123             : 
    5124          18 :         if (index_tablespace != NULL)
    5125             :         {
    5126             :             char       *escape_tablespace;
    5127             : 
    5128           6 :             escape_tablespace = PQescapeIdentifier(con, index_tablespace,
    5129             :                                                    strlen(index_tablespace));
    5130           6 :             appendPQExpBuffer(&query, " using index tablespace %s", escape_tablespace);
    5131           6 :             PQfreemem(escape_tablespace);
    5132             :         }
    5133             : 
    5134          18 :         executeStatement(con, query.data);
    5135             :     }
    5136             : 
    5137           6 :     termPQExpBuffer(&query);
    5138           6 : }
    5139             : 
    5140             : /*
    5141             :  * Create foreign key constraints between the standard tables
    5142             :  */
    5143             : static void
    5144           4 : initCreateFKeys(PGconn *con)
    5145             : {
    5146             :     static const char *const DDLKEYs[] = {
    5147             :         "alter table pgbench_tellers add constraint pgbench_tellers_bid_fkey foreign key (bid) references pgbench_branches",
    5148             :         "alter table pgbench_accounts add constraint pgbench_accounts_bid_fkey foreign key (bid) references pgbench_branches",
    5149             :         "alter table pgbench_history add constraint pgbench_history_bid_fkey foreign key (bid) references pgbench_branches",
    5150             :         "alter table pgbench_history add constraint pgbench_history_tid_fkey foreign key (tid) references pgbench_tellers",
    5151             :         "alter table pgbench_history add constraint pgbench_history_aid_fkey foreign key (aid) references pgbench_accounts"
    5152             :     };
    5153             :     int         i;
    5154             : 
    5155           4 :     fprintf(stderr, "creating foreign keys...\n");
    5156          24 :     for (i = 0; i < lengthof(DDLKEYs); i++)
    5157             :     {
    5158          20 :         executeStatement(con, DDLKEYs[i]);
    5159             :     }
    5160           4 : }
    5161             : 
    5162             : /*
    5163             :  * Validate an initialization-steps string
    5164             :  *
    5165             :  * (We could just leave it to runInitSteps() to fail if there are wrong
    5166             :  * characters, but since initialization can take awhile, it seems friendlier
    5167             :  * to check during option parsing.)
    5168             :  */
    5169             : static void
    5170           8 : checkInitSteps(const char *initialize_steps)
    5171             : {
    5172           8 :     if (initialize_steps[0] == '\0')
    5173           0 :         pg_fatal("no initialization steps specified");
    5174             : 
    5175          42 :     for (const char *step = initialize_steps; *step != '\0'; step++)
    5176             :     {
    5177          36 :         if (strchr(ALL_INIT_STEPS " ", *step) == NULL)
    5178             :         {
    5179           2 :             pg_log_error("unrecognized initialization step \"%c\"", *step);
    5180           2 :             pg_log_error_detail("Allowed step characters are: \"" ALL_INIT_STEPS "\".");
    5181           2 :             exit(1);
    5182             :         }
    5183             :     }
    5184           6 : }
    5185             : 
    5186             : /*
    5187             :  * Invoke each initialization step in the given string
    5188             :  */
    5189             : static void
    5190           6 : runInitSteps(const char *initialize_steps)
    5191             : {
    5192             :     PQExpBufferData stats;
    5193             :     PGconn     *con;
    5194             :     const char *step;
    5195           6 :     double      run_time = 0.0;
    5196           6 :     bool        first = true;
    5197             : 
    5198           6 :     initPQExpBuffer(&stats);
    5199             : 
    5200           6 :     if ((con = doConnect()) == NULL)
    5201           0 :         pg_fatal("could not create connection for initialization");
    5202             : 
    5203           6 :     setup_cancel_handler(NULL);
    5204           6 :     SetCancelConn(con);
    5205             : 
    5206          44 :     for (step = initialize_steps; *step != '\0'; step++)
    5207             :     {
    5208          38 :         char       *op = NULL;
    5209          38 :         pg_time_usec_t start = pg_time_now();
    5210             : 
    5211          38 :         switch (*step)
    5212             :         {
    5213           6 :             case 'd':
    5214           6 :                 op = "drop tables";
    5215           6 :                 initDropTables(con);
    5216           6 :                 break;
    5217           6 :             case 't':
    5218           6 :                 op = "create tables";
    5219           6 :                 initCreateTables(con);
    5220           6 :                 break;
    5221           4 :             case 'g':
    5222           4 :                 op = "client-side generate";
    5223           4 :                 initGenerateDataClientSide(con);
    5224           4 :                 break;
    5225           2 :             case 'G':
    5226           2 :                 op = "server-side generate";
    5227           2 :                 initGenerateDataServerSide(con);
    5228           2 :                 break;
    5229           4 :             case 'v':
    5230           4 :                 op = "vacuum";
    5231           4 :                 initVacuum(con);
    5232           4 :                 break;
    5233           6 :             case 'p':
    5234           6 :                 op = "primary keys";
    5235           6 :                 initCreatePKeys(con);
    5236           6 :                 break;
    5237           4 :             case 'f':
    5238           4 :                 op = "foreign keys";
    5239           4 :                 initCreateFKeys(con);
    5240           4 :                 break;
    5241           6 :             case ' ':
    5242           6 :                 break;          /* ignore */
    5243           0 :             default:
    5244           0 :                 pg_log_error("unrecognized initialization step \"%c\"", *step);
    5245           0 :                 PQfinish(con);
    5246           0 :                 exit(1);
    5247             :         }
    5248             : 
    5249          38 :         if (op != NULL)
    5250             :         {
    5251          32 :             double      elapsed_sec = PG_TIME_GET_DOUBLE(pg_time_now() - start);
    5252             : 
    5253          32 :             if (!first)
    5254          26 :                 appendPQExpBufferStr(&stats, ", ");
    5255             :             else
    5256           6 :                 first = false;
    5257             : 
    5258          32 :             appendPQExpBuffer(&stats, "%s %.2f s", op, elapsed_sec);
    5259             : 
    5260          32 :             run_time += elapsed_sec;
    5261             :         }
    5262             :     }
    5263             : 
    5264           6 :     fprintf(stderr, "done in %.2f s (%s).\n", run_time, stats.data);
    5265           6 :     ResetCancelConn();
    5266           6 :     PQfinish(con);
    5267           6 :     termPQExpBuffer(&stats);
    5268           6 : }
    5269             : 
    5270             : /*
    5271             :  * Extract pgbench table information into global variables scale,
    5272             :  * partition_method and partitions.
    5273             :  */
    5274             : static void
    5275          14 : GetTableInfo(PGconn *con, bool scale_given)
    5276             : {
    5277             :     PGresult   *res;
    5278             : 
    5279             :     /*
    5280             :      * get the scaling factor that should be same as count(*) from
    5281             :      * pgbench_branches if this is not a custom query
    5282             :      */
    5283          14 :     res = PQexec(con, "select count(*) from pgbench_branches");
    5284          14 :     if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK)
    5285             :     {
    5286           2 :         char       *sqlState = PQresultErrorField(res, PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE);
    5287             : 
    5288           2 :         pg_log_error("could not count number of branches: %s", PQerrorMessage(con));
    5289             : 
    5290           2 :         if (sqlState && strcmp(sqlState, ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_TABLE) == 0)
    5291           2 :             pg_log_error_hint("Perhaps you need to do initialization (\"pgbench -i\") in database \"%s\".",
    5292             :                               PQdb(con));
    5293             : 
    5294           2 :         exit(1);
    5295             :     }
    5296          12 :     scale = atoi(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 0));
    5297          12 :     if (scale < 0)
    5298           0 :         pg_fatal("invalid count(*) from pgbench_branches: \"%s\"",
    5299             :                  PQgetvalue(res, 0, 0));
    5300          12 :     PQclear(res);
    5301             : 
    5302             :     /* warn if we override user-given -s switch */
    5303          12 :     if (scale_given)
    5304           2 :         pg_log_warning("scale option ignored, using count from pgbench_branches table (%d)",
    5305             :                        scale);
    5306             : 
    5307             :     /*
    5308             :      * Get the partition information for the first "pgbench_accounts" table
    5309             :      * found in search_path.
    5310             :      *
    5311             :      * The result is empty if no "pgbench_accounts" is found.
    5312             :      *
    5313             :      * Otherwise, it always returns one row even if the table is not
    5314             :      * partitioned (in which case the partition strategy is NULL).
    5315             :      *
    5316             :      * The number of partitions can be 0 even for partitioned tables, if no
    5317             :      * partition is attached.
    5318             :      *
    5319             :      * We assume no partitioning on any failure, so as to avoid failing on an
    5320             :      * old version without "pg_partitioned_table".
    5321             :      */
    5322          12 :     res = PQexec(con,
    5323             :                  "select o.n, p.partstrat, pg_catalog.count(i.inhparent) "
    5324             :                  "from pg_catalog.pg_class as c "
    5325             :                  "join pg_catalog.pg_namespace as n on (n.oid = c.relnamespace) "
    5326             :                  "cross join lateral (select pg_catalog.array_position(pg_catalog.current_schemas(true), n.nspname)) as o(n) "
    5327             :                  "left join pg_catalog.pg_partitioned_table as p on (p.partrelid = c.oid) "
    5328             :                  "left join pg_catalog.pg_inherits as i on (c.oid = i.inhparent) "
    5329             :                  "where c.relname = 'pgbench_accounts' and o.n is not null "
    5330             :                  "group by 1, 2 "
    5331             :                  "order by 1 asc "
    5332             :                  "limit 1");
    5333             : 
    5334          12 :     if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK)
    5335             :     {
    5336             :         /* probably an older version, coldly assume no partitioning */
    5337           0 :         partition_method = PART_NONE;
    5338           0 :         partitions = 0;
    5339             :     }
    5340          12 :     else if (PQntuples(res) == 0)
    5341             :     {
    5342             :         /*
    5343             :          * This case is unlikely as pgbench already found "pgbench_branches"
    5344             :          * above to compute the scale.
    5345             :          */
    5346           0 :         pg_log_error("no pgbench_accounts table found in search_path");
    5347           0 :         pg_log_error_hint("Perhaps you need to do initialization (\"pgbench -i\") in database \"%s\".", PQdb(con));
    5348           0 :         exit(1);
    5349             :     }
    5350             :     else                        /* PQntuples(res) == 1 */
    5351             :     {
    5352             :         /* normal case, extract partition information */
    5353          12 :         if (PQgetisnull(res, 0, 1))
    5354           0 :             partition_method = PART_NONE;
    5355             :         else
    5356             :         {
    5357          12 :             char       *ps = PQgetvalue(res, 0, 1);
    5358             : 
    5359             :             /* column must be there */
    5360             :             Assert(ps != NULL);
    5361             : 
    5362          12 :             if (strcmp(ps, "r") == 0)
    5363          12 :                 partition_method = PART_RANGE;
    5364           0 :             else if (strcmp(ps, "h") == 0)
    5365           0 :                 partition_method = PART_HASH;
    5366             :             else
    5367             :             {
    5368             :                 /* possibly a newer version with new partition method */
    5369           0 :                 pg_fatal("unexpected partition method: \"%s\"", ps);
    5370             :             }
    5371             :         }
    5372             : 
    5373          12 :         partitions = atoi(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 2));
    5374             :     }
    5375             : 
    5376          12 :     PQclear(res);
    5377          12 : }
    5378             : 
    5379             : /*
    5380             :  * Replace :param with $n throughout the command's SQL text, which
    5381             :  * is a modifiable string in cmd->lines.
    5382             :  */
    5383             : static bool
    5384         138 : parseQuery(Command *cmd)
    5385             : {
    5386             :     char       *sql,
    5387             :                *p;
    5388             : 
    5389         138 :     cmd->argc = 1;
    5390             : 
    5391         138 :     p = sql = pg_strdup(cmd->lines.data);
    5392         730 :     while ((p = strchr(p, ':')) != NULL)
    5393             :     {
    5394             :         char        var[13];
    5395             :         char       *name;
    5396             :         int         eaten;
    5397             : 
    5398         594 :         name = parseVariable(p, &eaten);
    5399         594 :         if (name == NULL)
    5400             :         {
    5401          96 :             while (*p == ':')
    5402             :             {
    5403          64 :                 p++;
    5404             :             }
    5405          32 :             continue;
    5406             :         }
    5407             : 
    5408             :         /*
    5409             :          * cmd->argv[0] is the SQL statement itself, so the max number of
    5410             :          * arguments is one less than MAX_ARGS
    5411             :          */
    5412         562 :         if (cmd->argc >= MAX_ARGS)
    5413             :         {
    5414           2 :             pg_log_error("statement has too many arguments (maximum is %d): %s",
    5415             :                          MAX_ARGS - 1, cmd->lines.data);
    5416           2 :             pg_free(name);
    5417           2 :             return false;
    5418             :         }
    5419             : 
    5420         560 :         sprintf(var, "$%d", cmd->argc);
    5421         560 :         p = replaceVariable(&sql, p, eaten, var);
    5422             : 
    5423         560 :         cmd->argv[cmd->argc] = name;
    5424         560 :         cmd->argc++;
    5425             :     }
    5426             : 
    5427             :     Assert(cmd->argv[0] == NULL);
    5428         136 :     cmd->argv[0] = sql;
    5429         136 :     return true;
    5430             : }
    5431             : 
    5432             : /*
    5433             :  * syntax error while parsing a script (in practice, while parsing a
    5434             :  * backslash command, because we don't detect syntax errors in SQL)
    5435             :  *
    5436             :  * source: source of script (filename or builtin-script ID)
    5437             :  * lineno: line number within script (count from 1)
    5438             :  * line: whole line of backslash command, if available
    5439             :  * command: backslash command name, if available
    5440             :  * msg: the actual error message
    5441             :  * more: optional extra message
    5442             :  * column: zero-based column number, or -1 if unknown
    5443             :  */
    5444             : void
    5445          66 : syntax_error(const char *source, int lineno,
    5446             :              const char *line, const char *command,
    5447             :              const char *msg, const char *more, int column)
    5448             : {
    5449             :     PQExpBufferData buf;
    5450             : 
    5451          66 :     initPQExpBuffer(&buf);
    5452             : 
    5453          66 :     printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, "%s:%d: %s", source, lineno, msg);
    5454          66 :     if (more != NULL)
    5455          30 :         appendPQExpBuffer(&buf, " (%s)", more);
    5456          66 :     if (column >= 0 && line == NULL)
    5457           0 :         appendPQExpBuffer(&buf, " at column %d", column + 1);
    5458          66 :     if (command != NULL)
    5459          60 :         appendPQExpBuffer(&buf, " in command \"%s\"", command);
    5460             : 
    5461          66 :     pg_log_error("%s", buf.data);
    5462             : 
    5463          66 :     termPQExpBuffer(&buf);
    5464             : 
    5465          66 :     if (line != NULL)
    5466             :     {
    5467          56 :         fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", line);
    5468          56 :         if (column >= 0)
    5469          42 :             fprintf(stderr, "%*c error found here\n", column + 1, '^');
    5470             :     }
    5471             : 
    5472          66 :     exit(1);
    5473             : }
    5474             : 
    5475             : /*
    5476             :  * Return a pointer to the start of the SQL command, after skipping over
    5477             :  * whitespace and "--" comments.
    5478             :  * If the end of the string is reached, return NULL.
    5479             :  */
    5480             : static char *
    5481        2084 : skip_sql_comments(char *sql_command)
    5482             : {
    5483        2084 :     char       *p = sql_command;
    5484             : 
    5485             :     /* Skip any leading whitespace, as well as "--" style comments */
    5486             :     for (;;)
    5487             :     {
    5488        2084 :         if (isspace((unsigned char) *p))
    5489           0 :             p++;
    5490        2084 :         else if (strncmp(p, "--", 2) == 0)
    5491             :         {
    5492           0 :             p = strchr(p, '\n');
    5493           0 :             if (p == NULL)
    5494           0 :                 return NULL;
    5495           0 :             p++;
    5496             :         }
    5497             :         else
    5498        2084 :             break;
    5499             :     }
    5500             : 
    5501             :     /* NULL if there's nothing but whitespace and comments */
    5502        2084 :     if (*p == '\0')
    5503        1344 :         return NULL;
    5504             : 
    5505         740 :     return p;
    5506             : }
    5507             : 
    5508             : /*
    5509             :  * Parse a SQL command; return a Command struct, or NULL if it's a comment
    5510             :  *
    5511             :  * On entry, psqlscan.l has collected the command into "buf", so we don't
    5512             :  * really need to do much here except check for comments and set up a Command
    5513             :  * struct.
    5514             :  */
    5515             : static Command *
    5516        2084 : create_sql_command(PQExpBuffer buf, const char *source)
    5517             : {
    5518             :     Command    *my_command;
    5519        2084 :     char       *p = skip_sql_comments(buf->data);
    5520             : 
    5521        2084 :     if (p == NULL)
    5522        1344 :         return NULL;
    5523             : 
    5524             :     /* Allocate and initialize Command structure */
    5525         740 :     my_command = (Command *) pg_malloc(sizeof(Command));
    5526         740 :     initPQExpBuffer(&my_command->lines);
    5527         740 :     appendPQExpBufferStr(&my_command->lines, p);
    5528         740 :     my_command->first_line = NULL;   /* this is set later */
    5529         740 :     my_command->type = SQL_COMMAND;
    5530         740 :     my_command->meta = META_NONE;
    5531         740 :     my_command->argc = 0;
    5532         740 :     my_command->retries = 0;
    5533         740 :     my_command->failures = 0;
    5534         740 :     memset(my_command->argv, 0, sizeof(my_command->argv));
    5535         740 :     my_command->varprefix = NULL;    /* allocated later, if needed */
    5536         740 :     my_command->expr = NULL;
    5537         740 :     initSimpleStats(&my_command->stats);
    5538         740 :     my_command->prepname = NULL; /* set later, if needed */
    5539             : 
    5540         740 :     return my_command;
    5541             : }
    5542             : 
    5543             : /* Free a Command structure and associated data */
    5544             : static void
    5545          58 : free_command(Command *command)
    5546             : {
    5547          58 :     termPQExpBuffer(&command->lines);
    5548          58 :     pg_free(command->first_line);
    5549         120 :     for (int i = 0; i < command->argc; i++)
    5550          62 :         pg_free(command->argv[i]);
    5551          58 :     pg_free(command->varprefix);
    5552             : 
    5553             :     /*
    5554             :      * It should also free expr recursively, but this is currently not needed
    5555             :      * as only gset commands (which do not have an expression) are freed.
    5556             :      */
    5557          58 :     pg_free(command);
    5558          58 : }
    5559             : 
    5560             : /*
    5561             :  * Once an SQL command is fully parsed, possibly by accumulating several
    5562             :  * parts, complete other fields of the Command structure.
    5563             :  */
    5564             : static void
    5565         478 : postprocess_sql_command(Command *my_command)
    5566             : {
    5567             :     char        buffer[128];
    5568             :     static int  prepnum = 0;
    5569             : 
    5570             :     Assert(my_command->type == SQL_COMMAND);
    5571             : 
    5572             :     /* Save the first line for error display. */
    5573         478 :     strlcpy(buffer, my_command->lines.data, sizeof(buffer));
    5574         478 :     buffer[strcspn(buffer, "\n\r")] = '\0';
    5575         478 :     my_command->first_line = pg_strdup(buffer);
    5576             : 
    5577             :     /* Parse query and generate prepared statement name, if necessary */
    5578         478 :     switch (querymode)
    5579             :     {
    5580         340 :         case QUERY_SIMPLE:
    5581         340 :             my_command->argv[0] = my_command->lines.data;
    5582         340 :             my_command->argc++;
    5583         340 :             break;
    5584         100 :         case QUERY_PREPARED:
    5585         100 :             my_command->prepname = psprintf("P_%d", prepnum++);
    5586             :             /* fall through */
    5587         138 :         case QUERY_EXTENDED:
    5588         138 :             if (!parseQuery(my_command))
    5589           2 :                 exit(1);
    5590         136 :             break;
    5591           0 :         default:
    5592           0 :             exit(1);
    5593             :     }
    5594         476 : }
    5595             : 
    5596             : /*
    5597             :  * Parse a backslash command; return a Command struct, or NULL if comment
    5598             :  *
    5599             :  * At call, we have scanned only the initial backslash.
    5600             :  */
    5601             : static Command *
    5602         946 : process_backslash_command(PsqlScanState sstate, const char *source)
    5603             : {
    5604             :     Command    *my_command;
    5605             :     PQExpBufferData word_buf;
    5606             :     int         word_offset;
    5607             :     int         offsets[MAX_ARGS];  /* offsets of argument words */
    5608             :     int         start_offset;
    5609             :     int         lineno;
    5610             :     int         j;
    5611             : 
    5612         946 :     initPQExpBuffer(&word_buf);
    5613             : 
    5614             :     /* Remember location of the backslash */
    5615         946 :     start_offset = expr_scanner_offset(sstate) - 1;
    5616         946 :     lineno = expr_scanner_get_lineno(sstate, start_offset);
    5617             : 
    5618             :     /* Collect first word of command */
    5619         946 :     if (!expr_lex_one_word(sstate, &word_buf, &word_offset))
    5620             :     {
    5621           0 :         termPQExpBuffer(&word_buf);
    5622           0 :         return NULL;
    5623             :     }
    5624             : 
    5625             :     /* Allocate and initialize Command structure */
    5626         946 :     my_command = (Command *) pg_malloc0(sizeof(Command));
    5627         946 :     my_command->type = META_COMMAND;
    5628         946 :     my_command->argc = 0;
    5629         946 :     initSimpleStats(&my_command->stats);
    5630             : 
    5631             :     /* Save first word (command name) */
    5632         946 :     j = 0;
    5633         946 :     offsets[j] = word_offset;
    5634         946 :     my_command->argv[j++] = pg_strdup(word_buf.data);
    5635         946 :     my_command->argc++;
    5636             : 
    5637             :     /* ... and convert it to enum form */
    5638         946 :     my_command->meta = getMetaCommand(my_command->argv[0]);
    5639             : 
    5640         946 :     if (my_command->meta == META_SET ||
    5641         220 :         my_command->meta == META_IF ||
    5642         188 :         my_command->meta == META_ELIF)
    5643             :     {
    5644             :         yyscan_t    yyscanner;
    5645             : 
    5646             :         /* For \set, collect var name */
    5647         774 :         if (my_command->meta == META_SET)
    5648             :         {
    5649         726 :             if (!expr_lex_one_word(sstate, &word_buf, &word_offset))
    5650           2 :                 syntax_error(source, lineno, my_command->first_line, my_command->argv[0],
    5651             :                              "missing argument", NULL, -1);
    5652             : 
    5653         724 :             offsets[j] = word_offset;
    5654         724 :             my_command->argv[j++] = pg_strdup(word_buf.data);
    5655         724 :             my_command->argc++;
    5656             :         }
    5657             : 
    5658             :         /* then for all parse the expression */
    5659         772 :         yyscanner = expr_scanner_init(sstate, source, lineno, start_offset,
    5660         772 :                                       my_command->argv[0]);
    5661             : 
    5662         772 :         if (expr_yyparse(yyscanner) != 0)
    5663             :         {
    5664             :             /* dead code: exit done from syntax_error called by yyerror */
    5665           0 :             exit(1);
    5666             :         }
    5667             : 
    5668         734 :         my_command->expr = expr_parse_result;
    5669             : 
    5670             :         /* Save line, trimming any trailing newline */
    5671         734 :         my_command->first_line =
    5672         734 :             expr_scanner_get_substring(sstate,
    5673             :                                        start_offset,
    5674             :                                        expr_scanner_offset(sstate),
    5675             :                                        true);
    5676             : 
    5677         734 :         expr_scanner_finish(yyscanner);
    5678             : 
    5679         734 :         termPQExpBuffer(&word_buf);
    5680             : 
    5681         734 :         return my_command;
    5682             :     }
    5683             : 
    5684             :     /* For all other commands, collect remaining words. */
    5685         754 :     while (expr_lex_one_word(sstate, &word_buf, &word_offset))
    5686             :     {
    5687             :         /*
    5688             :          * my_command->argv[0] is the command itself, so the max number of
    5689             :          * arguments is one less than MAX_ARGS
    5690             :          */
    5691         584 :         if (j >= MAX_ARGS)
    5692           2 :             syntax_error(source, lineno, my_command->first_line, my_command->argv[0],
    5693             :                          "too many arguments", NULL, -1);
    5694             : 
    5695         582 :         offsets[j] = word_offset;
    5696         582 :         my_command->argv[j++] = pg_strdup(word_buf.data);
    5697         582 :         my_command->argc++;
    5698             :     }
    5699             : 
    5700             :     /* Save line, trimming any trailing newline */
    5701         170 :     my_command->first_line =
    5702         170 :         expr_scanner_get_substring(sstate,
    5703             :                                    start_offset,
    5704             :                                    expr_scanner_offset(sstate),
    5705             :                                    true);
    5706             : 
    5707         170 :     if (my_command->meta == META_SLEEP)
    5708             :     {
    5709          18 :         if (my_command->argc < 2)
    5710           2 :             syntax_error(source, lineno, my_command->first_line, my_command->argv[0],
    5711             :                          "missing argument", NULL, -1);
    5712             : 
    5713          16 :         if (my_command->argc > 3)
    5714           2 :             syntax_error(source, lineno, my_command->first_line, my_command->argv[0],
    5715             :                          "too many arguments", NULL,
    5716           2 :                          offsets[3] - start_offset);
    5717             : 
    5718             :         /*
    5719             :          * Split argument into number and unit to allow "sleep 1ms" etc. We
    5720             :          * don't have to terminate the number argument with null because it
    5721             :          * will be parsed with atoi, which ignores trailing non-digit
    5722             :          * characters.
    5723             :          */
    5724          14 :         if (my_command->argv[1][0] != ':')
    5725             :         {
    5726           8 :             char       *c = my_command->argv[1];
    5727           8 :             bool        have_digit = false;
    5728             : 
    5729             :             /* Skip sign */
    5730           8 :             if (*c == '+' || *c == '-')
    5731           0 :                 c++;
    5732             : 
    5733             :             /* Require at least one digit */
    5734           8 :             if (*c && isdigit((unsigned char) *c))
    5735           8 :                 have_digit = true;
    5736             : 
    5737             :             /* Eat all digits */
    5738          20 :             while (*c && isdigit((unsigned char) *c))
    5739          12 :                 c++;
    5740             : 
    5741           8 :             if (*c)
    5742             :             {
    5743           2 :                 if (my_command->argc == 2 && have_digit)
    5744             :                 {
    5745           2 :                     my_command->argv[2] = c;
    5746           2 :                     offsets[2] = offsets[1] + (c - my_command->argv[1]);
    5747           2 :                     my_command->argc = 3;
    5748             :                 }
    5749             :                 else
    5750             :                 {
    5751             :                     /*
    5752             :                      * Raise an error if argument starts with non-digit
    5753             :                      * character (after sign).
    5754             :                      */
    5755           0 :                     syntax_error(source, lineno, my_command->first_line, my_command->argv[0],
    5756             :                                  "invalid sleep time, must be an integer",
    5757           0 :                                  my_command->argv[1], offsets[1] - start_offset);
    5758             :                 }
    5759             :             }
    5760             :         }
    5761             : 
    5762          14 :         if (my_command->argc == 3)
    5763             :         {
    5764          18 :             if (pg_strcasecmp(my_command->argv[2], "us") != 0 &&
    5765          12 :                 pg_strcasecmp(my_command->argv[2], "ms") != 0 &&
    5766           4 :                 pg_strcasecmp(my_command->argv[2], "s") != 0)
    5767           2 :                 syntax_error(source, lineno, my_command->first_line, my_command->argv[0],
    5768             :                              "unrecognized time unit, must be us, ms or s",
    5769           2 :                              my_command->argv[2], offsets[2] - start_offset);
    5770             :         }
    5771             :     }
    5772         152 :     else if (my_command->meta == META_SETSHELL)
    5773             :     {
    5774           8 :         if (my_command->argc < 3)
    5775           2 :             syntax_error(source, lineno, my_command->first_line, my_command->argv[0],
    5776             :                          "missing argument", NULL, -1);
    5777             :     }
    5778         144 :     else if (my_command->meta == META_SHELL)
    5779             :     {
    5780           8 :         if (my_command->argc < 2)
    5781           2 :             syntax_error(source, lineno, my_command->first_line, my_command->argv[0],
    5782             :                          "missing command", NULL, -1);
    5783             :     }
    5784         136 :     else if (my_command->meta == META_ELSE || my_command->meta == META_ENDIF ||
    5785          94 :              my_command->meta == META_STARTPIPELINE ||
    5786          80 :              my_command->meta == META_ENDPIPELINE)
    5787             :     {
    5788          68 :         if (my_command->argc != 1)
    5789           4 :             syntax_error(source, lineno, my_command->first_line, my_command->argv[0],
    5790             :                          "unexpected argument", NULL, -1);
    5791             :     }
    5792          68 :     else if (my_command->meta == META_GSET || my_command->meta == META_ASET)
    5793             :     {
    5794          66 :         if (my_command->argc > 2)
    5795           2 :             syntax_error(source, lineno, my_command->first_line, my_command->argv[0],
    5796             :                          "too many arguments", NULL, -1);
    5797             :     }
    5798             :     else
    5799             :     {
    5800             :         /* my_command->meta == META_NONE */
    5801           2 :         syntax_error(source, lineno, my_command->first_line, my_command->argv[0],
    5802             :                      "invalid command", NULL, -1);
    5803             :     }
    5804             : 
    5805         152 :     termPQExpBuffer(&word_buf);
    5806             : 
    5807         152 :     return my_command;
    5808             : }
    5809             : 
    5810             : static void
    5811          12 : ConditionError(const char *desc, int cmdn, const char *msg)
    5812             : {
    5813          12 :     pg_fatal("condition error in script \"%s\" command %d: %s",
    5814             :              desc, cmdn, msg);
    5815             : }
    5816             : 
    5817             : /*
    5818             :  * Partial evaluation of conditionals before recording and running the script.
    5819             :  */
    5820             : static void
    5821         456 : CheckConditional(const ParsedScript *ps)
    5822             : {
    5823             :     /* statically check conditional structure */
    5824         456 :     ConditionalStack cs = conditional_stack_create();
    5825             :     int         i;
    5826             : 
    5827        1988 :     for (i = 0; ps->commands[i] != NULL; i++)
    5828             :     {
    5829        1542 :         Command    *cmd = ps->commands[i];
    5830             : 
    5831        1542 :         if (cmd->type == META_COMMAND)
    5832             :         {
    5833         808 :             switch (cmd->meta)
    5834             :             {
    5835          24 :                 case META_IF:
    5836          24 :                     conditional_stack_push(cs, IFSTATE_FALSE);
    5837          24 :                     break;
    5838          14 :                 case META_ELIF:
    5839          14 :                     if (conditional_stack_empty(cs))
    5840           2 :                         ConditionError(ps->desc, i + 1, "\\elif without matching \\if");
    5841          12 :                     if (conditional_stack_peek(cs) == IFSTATE_ELSE_FALSE)
    5842           2 :                         ConditionError(ps->desc, i + 1, "\\elif after \\else");
    5843          10 :                     break;
    5844          14 :                 case META_ELSE:
    5845          14 :                     if (conditional_stack_empty(cs))
    5846           2 :                         ConditionError(ps->desc, i + 1, "\\else without matching \\if");
    5847          12 :                     if (conditional_stack_peek(cs) == IFSTATE_ELSE_FALSE)
    5848           2 :                         ConditionError(ps->desc, i + 1, "\\else after \\else");
    5849          10 :                     conditional_stack_poke(cs, IFSTATE_ELSE_FALSE);
    5850          10 :                     break;
    5851          20 :                 case META_ENDIF:
    5852          20 :                     if (!conditional_stack_pop(cs))
    5853           2 :                         ConditionError(ps->desc, i + 1, "\\endif without matching \\if");
    5854          18 :                     break;
    5855         736 :                 default:
    5856             :                     /* ignore anything else... */
    5857         736 :                     break;
    5858             :             }
    5859         734 :         }
    5860             :     }
    5861         446 :     if (!conditional_stack_empty(cs))
    5862           2 :         ConditionError(ps->desc, i + 1, "\\if without matching \\endif");
    5863         444 :     conditional_stack_destroy(cs);
    5864         444 : }
    5865             : 
    5866             : /*
    5867             :  * Parse a script (either the contents of a file, or a built-in script)
    5868             :  * and add it to the list of scripts.
    5869             :  */
    5870             : static void
    5871         526 : ParseScript(const char *script, const char *desc, int weight)
    5872             : {
    5873             :     ParsedScript ps;
    5874             :     PsqlScanState sstate;
    5875             :     PQExpBufferData line_buf;
    5876             :     int         alloc_num;
    5877             :     int         index;
    5878             :     int         lineno;
    5879             :     int         start_offset;
    5880             : 
    5881             : #define COMMANDS_ALLOC_NUM 128
    5882         526 :     alloc_num = COMMANDS_ALLOC_NUM;
    5883             : 
    5884             :     /* Initialize all fields of ps */
    5885         526 :     ps.desc = desc;
    5886         526 :     ps.weight = weight;
    5887         526 :     ps.commands = (Command **) pg_malloc(sizeof(Command *) * alloc_num);
    5888         526 :     initStats(&ps.stats, 0);
    5889             : 
    5890             :     /* Prepare to parse script */
    5891         526 :     sstate = psql_scan_create(&pgbench_callbacks);
    5892             : 
    5893             :     /*
    5894             :      * Ideally, we'd scan scripts using the encoding and stdstrings settings
    5895             :      * we get from a DB connection.  However, without major rearrangement of
    5896             :      * pgbench's argument parsing, we can't have a DB connection at the time
    5897             :      * we parse scripts.  Using SQL_ASCII (encoding 0) should work well enough
    5898             :      * with any backend-safe encoding, though conceivably we could be fooled
    5899             :      * if a script file uses a client-only encoding.  We also assume that
    5900             :      * stdstrings should be true, which is a bit riskier.
    5901             :      */
    5902         526 :     psql_scan_setup(sstate, script, strlen(script), 0, true);
    5903         526 :     start_offset = expr_scanner_offset(sstate) - 1;
    5904             : 
    5905         526 :     initPQExpBuffer(&line_buf);
    5906             : 
    5907         526 :     index = 0;
    5908             : 
    5909             :     for (;;)
    5910        1558 :     {
    5911             :         PsqlScanResult sr;
    5912             :         promptStatus_t prompt;
    5913        2084 :         Command    *command = NULL;
    5914             : 
    5915        2084 :         resetPQExpBuffer(&line_buf);
    5916        2084 :         lineno = expr_scanner_get_lineno(sstate, start_offset);
    5917             : 
    5918        2084 :         sr = psql_scan(sstate, &line_buf, &prompt);
    5919             : 
    5920             :         /* If we collected a new SQL command, process that */
    5921        2084 :         command = create_sql_command(&line_buf, desc);
    5922             : 
    5923             :         /* store new command */
    5924        2084 :         if (command)
    5925         740 :             ps.commands[index++] = command;
    5926             : 
    5927             :         /* If we reached a backslash, process that */
    5928        2084 :         if (sr == PSCAN_BACKSLASH)
    5929             :         {
    5930         946 :             command = process_backslash_command(sstate, desc);
    5931             : 
    5932         886 :             if (command)
    5933             :             {
    5934             :                 /*
    5935             :                  * If this is gset or aset, merge into the preceding command.
    5936             :                  * (We don't use a command slot in this case).
    5937             :                  */
    5938         886 :                 if (command->meta == META_GSET || command->meta == META_ASET)
    5939             :                 {
    5940             :                     Command    *cmd;
    5941             : 
    5942          64 :                     if (index == 0)
    5943           2 :                         syntax_error(desc, lineno, NULL, NULL,
    5944             :                                      "\\gset must follow an SQL command",
    5945             :                                      NULL, -1);
    5946             : 
    5947          62 :                     cmd = ps.commands[index - 1];
    5948             : 
    5949          62 :                     if (cmd->type != SQL_COMMAND ||
    5950          60 :                         cmd->varprefix != NULL)
    5951           4 :                         syntax_error(desc, lineno, NULL, NULL,
    5952             :                                      "\\gset must follow an SQL command",
    5953           4 :                                      cmd->first_line, -1);
    5954             : 
    5955             :                     /* get variable prefix */
    5956          58 :                     if (command->argc <= 1 || command->argv[1][0] == '\0')
    5957          54 :                         cmd->varprefix = pg_strdup("");
    5958             :                     else
    5959           4 :                         cmd->varprefix = pg_strdup(command->argv[1]);
    5960             : 
    5961             :                     /* update the sql command meta */
    5962          58 :                     cmd->meta = command->meta;
    5963             : 
    5964             :                     /* cleanup unused command */
    5965          58 :                     free_command(command);
    5966             : 
    5967          58 :                     continue;
    5968             :                 }
    5969             : 
    5970             :                 /* Attach any other backslash command as a new command */
    5971         822 :                 ps.commands[index++] = command;
    5972             :             }
    5973             :         }
    5974             : 
    5975             :         /*
    5976             :          * Since we used a command slot, allocate more if needed.  Note we
    5977             :          * always allocate one more in order to accommodate the NULL
    5978             :          * terminator below.
    5979             :          */
    5980        1960 :         if (index >= alloc_num)
    5981             :         {
    5982           0 :             alloc_num += COMMANDS_ALLOC_NUM;
    5983           0 :             ps.commands = (Command **)
    5984           0 :                 pg_realloc(ps.commands, sizeof(Command *) * alloc_num);
    5985             :         }
    5986             : 
    5987             :         /* Done if we reached EOF */
    5988        1960 :         if (sr == PSCAN_INCOMPLETE || sr == PSCAN_EOL)
    5989             :             break;
    5990             :     }
    5991             : 
    5992         460 :     ps.commands[index] = NULL;
    5993             : 
    5994         460 :     addScript(&ps);
    5995             : 
    5996         444 :     termPQExpBuffer(&line_buf);
    5997         444 :     psql_scan_finish(sstate);
    5998         444 :     psql_scan_destroy(sstate);
    5999         444 : }
    6000             : 
    6001             : /*
    6002             :  * Read the entire contents of file fd, and return it in a malloc'd buffer.
    6003             :  *
    6004             :  * The buffer will typically be larger than necessary, but we don't care
    6005             :  * in this program, because we'll free it as soon as we've parsed the script.
    6006             :  */
    6007             : static char *
    6008         220 : read_file_contents(FILE *fd)
    6009             : {
    6010             :     char       *buf;
    6011         220 :     size_t      buflen = BUFSIZ;
    6012         220 :     size_t      used = 0;
    6013             : 
    6014         220 :     buf = (char *) pg_malloc(buflen);
    6015             : 
    6016             :     for (;;)
    6017           0 :     {
    6018             :         size_t      nread;
    6019             : 
    6020         220 :         nread = fread(buf + used, 1, BUFSIZ, fd);
    6021         220 :         used += nread;
    6022             :         /* If fread() read less than requested, must be EOF or error */
    6023         220 :         if (nread < BUFSIZ)
    6024         220 :             break;
    6025             :         /* Enlarge buf so we can read some more */
    6026           0 :         buflen += BUFSIZ;
    6027           0 :         buf = (char *) pg_realloc(buf, buflen);
    6028             :     }
    6029             :     /* There is surely room for a terminator */
    6030         220 :     buf[used] = '\0';
    6031             : 
    6032         220 :     return buf;
    6033             : }
    6034             : 
    6035             : /*
    6036             :  * Given a file name, read it and add its script to the list.
    6037             :  * "-" means to read stdin.
    6038             :  * NB: filename must be storage that won't disappear.
    6039             :  */
    6040             : static void
    6041         222 : process_file(const char *filename, int weight)
    6042             : {
    6043             :     FILE       *fd;
    6044             :     char       *buf;
    6045             : 
    6046             :     /* Slurp the file contents into "buf" */
    6047         222 :     if (strcmp(filename, "-") == 0)
    6048           0 :         fd = stdin;
    6049         222 :     else if ((fd = fopen(filename, "r")) == NULL)
    6050           2 :         pg_fatal("could not open file \"%s\": %m", filename);
    6051             : 
    6052         220 :     buf = read_file_contents(fd);
    6053             : 
    6054         220 :     if (ferror(fd))
    6055           0 :         pg_fatal("could not read file \"%s\": %m", filename);
    6056             : 
    6057         220 :     if (fd != stdin)
    6058         220 :         fclose(fd);
    6059             : 
    6060         220 :     ParseScript(buf, filename, weight);
    6061             : 
    6062         140 :     free(buf);
    6063         140 : }
    6064             : 
    6065             : /* Parse the given builtin script and add it to the list. */
    6066             : static void
    6067         306 : process_builtin(const BuiltinScript *bi, int weight)
    6068             : {
    6069         306 :     ParseScript(bi->script, bi->desc, weight);
    6070         304 : }
    6071             : 
    6072             : /* show available builtin scripts */
    6073             : static void
    6074           6 : listAvailableScripts(void)
    6075             : {
    6076             :     int         i;
    6077             : 
    6078           6 :     fprintf(stderr, "Available builtin scripts:\n");
    6079          24 :     for (i = 0; i < lengthof(builtin_script); i++)
    6080          18 :         fprintf(stderr, "  %13s: %s\n", builtin_script[i].name, builtin_script[i].desc);
    6081           6 :     fprintf(stderr, "\n");
    6082           6 : }
    6083             : 
    6084             : /* return builtin script "name" if unambiguous, fails if not found */
    6085             : static const BuiltinScript *
    6086         312 : findBuiltin(const char *name)
    6087             : {
    6088             :     int         i,
    6089         312 :                 found = 0,
    6090         312 :                 len = strlen(name);
    6091         312 :     const BuiltinScript *result = NULL;
    6092             : 
    6093        1248 :     for (i = 0; i < lengthof(builtin_script); i++)
    6094             :     {
    6095         936 :         if (strncmp(builtin_script[i].name, name, len) == 0)
    6096             :         {
    6097         312 :             result = &builtin_script[i];
    6098         312 :             found++;
    6099             :         }
    6100             :     }
    6101             : 
    6102             :     /* ok, unambiguous result */
    6103         312 :     if (found == 1)
    6104         308 :         return result;
    6105             : 
    6106             :     /* error cases */
    6107           4 :     if (found == 0)
    6108           2 :         pg_log_error("no builtin script found for name \"%s\"", name);
    6109             :     else                        /* found > 1 */
    6110           2 :         pg_log_error("ambiguous builtin name: %d builtin scripts found for prefix \"%s\"", found, name);
    6111             : 
    6112           4 :     listAvailableScripts();
    6113           4 :     exit(1);
    6114             : }
    6115             : 
    6116             : /*
    6117             :  * Determine the weight specification from a script option (-b, -f), if any,
    6118             :  * and return it as an integer (1 is returned if there's no weight).  The
    6119             :  * script name is returned in *script as a malloc'd string.
    6120             :  */
    6121             : static int
    6122         244 : parseScriptWeight(const char *option, char **script)
    6123             : {
    6124             :     char       *sep;
    6125             :     int         weight;
    6126             : 
    6127         244 :     if ((sep = strrchr(option, WSEP)))
    6128             :     {
    6129          14 :         int         namelen = sep - option;
    6130             :         long        wtmp;
    6131             :         char       *badp;
    6132             : 
    6133             :         /* generate the script name */
    6134          14 :         *script = pg_malloc(namelen + 1);
    6135          14 :         strncpy(*script, option, namelen);
    6136          14 :         (*script)[namelen] = '\0';
    6137             : 
    6138             :         /* process digits of the weight spec */
    6139          14 :         errno = 0;
    6140          14 :         wtmp = strtol(sep + 1, &badp, 10);
    6141          14 :         if (errno != 0 || badp == sep + 1 || *badp != '\0')
    6142           2 :             pg_fatal("invalid weight specification: %s", sep);
    6143          12 :         if (wtmp > INT_MAX || wtmp < 0)
    6144           2 :             pg_fatal("weight specification out of range (0 .. %d): %lld",
    6145             :                      INT_MAX, (long long) wtmp);
    6146          10 :         weight = wtmp;
    6147             :     }
    6148             :     else
    6149             :     {
    6150         230 :         *script = pg_strdup(option);
    6151         230 :         weight = 1;
    6152             :     }
    6153             : 
    6154         240 :     return weight;
    6155             : }
    6156             : 
    6157             : /* append a script to the list of scripts to process */
    6158             : static void
    6159         460 : addScript(const ParsedScript *script)
    6160             : {
    6161         460 :     if (script->commands == NULL || script->commands[0] == NULL)
    6162           2 :         pg_fatal("empty command list for script \"%s\"", script->desc);
    6163             : 
    6164         458 :     if (num_scripts >= MAX_SCRIPTS)
    6165           2 :         pg_fatal("at most %d SQL scripts are allowed", MAX_SCRIPTS);
    6166             : 
    6167         456 :     CheckConditional(script);
    6168             : 
    6169         444 :     sql_script[num_scripts] = *script;
    6170         444 :     num_scripts++;
    6171         444 : }
    6172             : 
    6173             : /*
    6174             :  * Print progress report.
    6175             :  *
    6176             :  * On entry, *last and *last_report contain the statistics and time of last
    6177             :  * progress report.  On exit, they are updated with the new stats.
    6178             :  */
    6179             : static void
    6180           0 : printProgressReport(TState *threads, int64 test_start, pg_time_usec_t now,
    6181             :                     StatsData *last, int64 *last_report)
    6182             : {
    6183             :     /* generate and show report */
    6184           0 :     pg_time_usec_t run = now - *last_report;
    6185             :     int64       cnt,
    6186             :                 failures,
    6187             :                 retried;
    6188             :     double      tps,
    6189             :                 total_run,
    6190             :                 latency,
    6191             :                 sqlat,
    6192             :                 lag,
    6193             :                 stdev;
    6194             :     char        tbuf[315];
    6195             :     StatsData   cur;
    6196             : 
    6197             :     /*
    6198             :      * Add up the statistics of all threads.
    6199             :      *
    6200             :      * XXX: No locking.  There is no guarantee that we get an atomic snapshot
    6201             :      * of the transaction count and latencies, so these figures can well be
    6202             :      * off by a small amount.  The progress report's purpose is to give a
    6203             :      * quick overview of how the test is going, so that shouldn't matter too
    6204             :      * much.  (If a read from a 64-bit integer is not atomic, you might get a
    6205             :      * "torn" read and completely bogus latencies though!)
    6206             :      */
    6207           0 :     initStats(&cur, 0);
    6208           0 :     for (int i = 0; i < nthreads; i++)
    6209             :     {
    6210           0 :         mergeSimpleStats(&cur.latency, &threads[i].stats.latency);
    6211           0 :         mergeSimpleStats(&cur.lag, &threads[i].stats.lag);
    6212           0 :         cur.cnt += threads[i].stats.cnt;
    6213           0 :         cur.skipped += threads[i].stats.skipped;
    6214           0 :         cur.retries += threads[i].stats.retries;
    6215           0 :         cur.retried += threads[i].stats.retried;
    6216           0 :         cur.serialization_failures +=
    6217           0 :             threads[i].stats.serialization_failures;
    6218           0 :         cur.deadlock_failures += threads[i].stats.deadlock_failures;
    6219             :     }
    6220             : 
    6221             :     /* we count only actually executed transactions */
    6222           0 :     cnt = cur.cnt - last->cnt;
    6223           0 :     total_run = (now - test_start) / 1000000.0;
    6224           0 :     tps = 1000000.0 * cnt / run;
    6225           0 :     if (cnt > 0)
    6226             :     {
    6227           0 :         latency = 0.001 * (cur.latency.sum - last->latency.sum) / cnt;
    6228           0 :         sqlat = 1.0 * (cur.latency.sum2 - last->latency.sum2) / cnt;
    6229           0 :         stdev = 0.001 * sqrt(sqlat - 1000000.0 * latency * latency);
    6230           0 :         lag = 0.001 * (cur.lag.sum - last->lag.sum) / cnt;
    6231             :     }
    6232             :     else
    6233             :     {
    6234           0 :         latency = sqlat = stdev = lag = 0;
    6235             :     }
    6236           0 :     failures = getFailures(&cur) - getFailures(last);
    6237           0 :     retried = cur.retried - last->retried;
    6238             : 
    6239           0 :     if (progress_timestamp)
    6240             :     {
    6241           0 :         snprintf(tbuf, sizeof(tbuf), "%.3f s",
    6242           0 :                  PG_TIME_GET_DOUBLE(now + epoch_shift));
    6243             :     }
    6244             :     else
    6245             :     {
    6246             :         /* round seconds are expected, but the thread may be late */
    6247           0 :         snprintf(tbuf, sizeof(tbuf), "%.1f s", total_run);
    6248             :     }
    6249             : 
    6250           0 :     fprintf(stderr,
    6251             :             "progress: %s, %.1f tps, lat %.3f ms stddev %.3f, " INT64_FORMAT " failed",
    6252             :             tbuf, tps, latency, stdev, failures);
    6253             : 
    6254           0 :     if (throttle_delay)
    6255             :     {
    6256           0 :         fprintf(stderr, ", lag %.3f ms", lag);
    6257           0 :         if (latency_limit)
    6258           0 :             fprintf(stderr, ", " INT64_FORMAT " skipped",
    6259           0 :                     cur.skipped - last->skipped);
    6260             :     }
    6261             : 
    6262             :     /* it can be non-zero only if max_tries is not equal to one */
    6263           0 :     if (max_tries != 1)
    6264           0 :         fprintf(stderr,
    6265             :                 ", " INT64_FORMAT " retried, " INT64_FORMAT " retries",
    6266           0 :                 retried, cur.retries - last->retries);
    6267           0 :     fprintf(stderr, "\n");
    6268             : 
    6269           0 :     *last = cur;
    6270           0 :     *last_report = now;
    6271           0 : }
    6272             : 
    6273             : static void
    6274          22 : printSimpleStats(const char *prefix, SimpleStats *ss)
    6275             : {
    6276          22 :     if (ss->count > 0)
    6277             :     {
    6278          22 :         double      latency = ss->sum / ss->count;
    6279          22 :         double      stddev = sqrt(ss->sum2 / ss->count - latency * latency);
    6280             : 
    6281          22 :         printf("%s average = %.3f ms\n", prefix, 0.001 * latency);
    6282          22 :         printf("%s stddev = %.3f ms\n", prefix, 0.001 * stddev);
    6283             :     }
    6284          22 : }
    6285             : 
    6286             : /* print version banner */
    6287             : static void
    6288         140 : printVersion(PGconn *con)
    6289             : {
    6290         140 :     int         server_ver = PQserverVersion(con);
    6291         140 :     int         client_ver = PG_VERSION_NUM;
    6292             : 
    6293         140 :     if (server_ver != client_ver)
    6294             :     {
    6295             :         const char *server_version;
    6296             :         char        sverbuf[32];
    6297             : 
    6298             :         /* Try to get full text form, might include "devel" etc */
    6299           0 :         server_version = PQparameterStatus(con, "server_version");
    6300             :         /* Otherwise fall back on server_ver */
    6301           0 :         if (!server_version)
    6302             :         {
    6303           0 :             formatPGVersionNumber(server_ver, true,
    6304             :                                   sverbuf, sizeof(sverbuf));
    6305           0 :             server_version = sverbuf;
    6306             :         }
    6307             : 
    6308           0 :         printf(_("%s (%s, server %s)\n"),
    6309             :                "pgbench", PG_VERSION, server_version);
    6310             :     }
    6311             :     /* For version match, only print pgbench version */
    6312             :     else
    6313         140 :         printf("%s (%s)\n", "pgbench", PG_VERSION);
    6314         140 :     fflush(stdout);
    6315         140 : }
    6316             : 
    6317             : /* print out results */
    6318             : static void
    6319         136 : printResults(StatsData *total,
    6320             :              pg_time_usec_t total_duration, /* benchmarking time */
    6321             :              pg_time_usec_t conn_total_duration,    /* is_connect */
    6322             :              pg_time_usec_t conn_elapsed_duration,  /* !is_connect */
    6323             :              int64 latency_late)
    6324             : {
    6325             :     /* tps is about actually executed transactions during benchmarking */
    6326         136 :     int64       failures = getFailures(total);
    6327         136 :     int64       total_cnt = total->cnt + total->skipped + failures;
    6328         136 :     double      bench_duration = PG_TIME_GET_DOUBLE(total_duration);
    6329         136 :     double      tps = total->cnt / bench_duration;
    6330             : 
    6331             :     /* Report test parameters. */
    6332         136 :     printf("transaction type: %s\n",
    6333             :            num_scripts == 1 ? sql_script[0].desc : "multiple scripts");
    6334         136 :     printf("scaling factor: %d\n", scale);
    6335             :     /* only print partitioning information if some partitioning was detected */
    6336         136 :     if (partition_method != PART_NONE)
    6337          12 :         printf("partition method: %s\npartitions: %d\n",
    6338             :                PARTITION_METHOD[partition_method], partitions);
    6339         136 :     printf("query mode: %s\n", QUERYMODE[querymode]);
    6340         136 :     printf("number of clients: %d\n", nclients);
    6341         136 :     printf("number of threads: %d\n", nthreads);
    6342             : 
    6343         136 :     if (max_tries)
    6344         136 :         printf("maximum number of tries: %u\n", max_tries);
    6345             : 
    6346         136 :     if (duration <= 0)
    6347             :     {
    6348         136 :         printf("number of transactions per client: %d\n", nxacts);
    6349         136 :         printf("number of transactions actually processed: " INT64_FORMAT "/%d\n",
    6350             :                total->cnt, nxacts * nclients);
    6351             :     }
    6352             :     else
    6353             :     {
    6354           0 :         printf("duration: %d s\n", duration);
    6355           0 :         printf("number of transactions actually processed: " INT64_FORMAT "\n",
    6356             :                total->cnt);
    6357             :     }
    6358             : 
    6359         136 :     printf("number of failed transactions: " INT64_FORMAT " (%.3f%%)\n",
    6360             :            failures, 100.0 * failures / total_cnt);
    6361             : 
    6362         136 :     if (failures_detailed)
    6363             :     {
    6364           0 :         printf("number of serialization failures: " INT64_FORMAT " (%.3f%%)\n",
    6365             :                total->serialization_failures,
    6366             :                100.0 * total->serialization_failures / total_cnt);
    6367           0 :         printf("number of deadlock failures: " INT64_FORMAT " (%.3f%%)\n",
    6368             :                total->deadlock_failures,
    6369             :                100.0 * total->deadlock_failures / total_cnt);
    6370             :     }
    6371             : 
    6372             :     /* it can be non-zero only if max_tries is not equal to one */
    6373         136 :     if (max_tries != 1)
    6374             :     {
    6375           4 :         printf("number of transactions retried: " INT64_FORMAT " (%.3f%%)\n",
    6376             :                total->retried, 100.0 * total->retried / total_cnt);
    6377           4 :         printf("total number of retries: " INT64_FORMAT "\n", total->retries);
    6378             :     }
    6379             : 
    6380             :     /* Remaining stats are nonsensical if we failed to execute any xacts */
    6381         136 :     if (total->cnt + total->skipped <= 0)
    6382          86 :         return;
    6383             : 
    6384          50 :     if (throttle_delay && latency_limit)
    6385           4 :         printf("number of transactions skipped: " INT64_FORMAT " (%.3f%%)\n",
    6386             :                total->skipped, 100.0 * total->skipped / total_cnt);
    6387             : 
    6388          50 :     if (latency_limit)
    6389           4 :         printf("number of transactions above the %.1f ms latency limit: " INT64_FORMAT "/" INT64_FORMAT " (%.3f%%)\n",
    6390             :                latency_limit / 1000.0, latency_late, total->cnt,
    6391             :                (total->cnt > 0) ? 100.0 * latency_late / total->cnt : 0.0);
    6392             : 
    6393          50 :     if (throttle_delay || progress || latency_limit)
    6394           4 :         printSimpleStats("latency", &total->latency);
    6395             :     else
    6396             :     {
    6397             :         /* no measurement, show average latency computed from run time */
    6398          46 :         printf("latency average = %.3f ms%s\n",
    6399             :                0.001 * total_duration * nclients / total_cnt,
    6400             :                failures > 0 ? " (including failures)" : "");
    6401             :     }
    6402             : 
    6403          50 :     if (throttle_delay)
    6404             :     {
    6405             :         /*
    6406             :          * Report average transaction lag under rate limit throttling.  This
    6407             :          * is the delay between scheduled and actual start times for the
    6408             :          * transaction.  The measured lag may be caused by thread/client load,
    6409             :          * the database load, or the Poisson throttling process.
    6410             :          */
    6411           4 :         printf("rate limit schedule lag: avg %.3f (max %.3f) ms\n",
    6412             :                0.001 * total->lag.sum / total->cnt, 0.001 * total->lag.max);
    6413             :     }
    6414             : 
    6415             :     /*
    6416             :      * Under -C/--connect, each transaction incurs a significant connection
    6417             :      * cost, it would not make much sense to ignore it in tps, and it would
    6418             :      * not be tps anyway.
    6419             :      *
    6420             :      * Otherwise connections are made just once at the beginning of the run
    6421             :      * and should not impact performance but for very short run, so they are
    6422             :      * (right)fully ignored in tps.
    6423             :      */
    6424          50 :     if (is_connect)
    6425             :     {
    6426           4 :         printf("average connection time = %.3f ms\n", 0.001 * conn_total_duration / (total->cnt + failures));
    6427           4 :         printf("tps = %f (including reconnection times)\n", tps);
    6428             :     }
    6429             :     else
    6430             :     {
    6431          46 :         printf("initial connection time = %.3f ms\n", 0.001 * conn_elapsed_duration);
    6432          46 :         printf("tps = %f (without initial connection time)\n", tps);
    6433             :     }
    6434             : 
    6435             :     /* Report per-script/command statistics */
    6436          50 :     if (per_script_stats || report_per_command)
    6437             :     {
    6438             :         int         i;
    6439             : 
    6440          32 :         for (i = 0; i < num_scripts; i++)
    6441             :         {
    6442          22 :             if (per_script_stats)
    6443             :             {
    6444          18 :                 StatsData  *sstats = &sql_script[i].stats;
    6445          18 :                 int64       script_failures = getFailures(sstats);
    6446          18 :                 int64       script_total_cnt =
    6447          18 :                     sstats->cnt + sstats->skipped + script_failures;
    6448             : 
    6449          18 :                 printf("SQL script %d: %s\n"
    6450             :                        " - weight: %d (targets %.1f%% of total)\n"
    6451             :                        " - " INT64_FORMAT " transactions (%.1f%% of total, tps = %f)\n",
    6452             :                        i + 1, sql_script[i].desc,
    6453             :                        sql_script[i].weight,
    6454             :                        100.0 * sql_script[i].weight / total_weight,
    6455             :                        sstats->cnt,
    6456             :                        100.0 * sstats->cnt / total->cnt,
    6457             :                        sstats->cnt / bench_duration);
    6458             : 
    6459          18 :                 printf(" - number of failed transactions: " INT64_FORMAT " (%.3f%%)\n",
    6460             :                        script_failures,
    6461             :                        100.0 * script_failures / script_total_cnt);
    6462             : 
    6463          18 :                 if (failures_detailed)
    6464             :                 {
    6465           0 :                     printf(" - number of serialization failures: " INT64_FORMAT " (%.3f%%)\n",
    6466             :                            sstats->serialization_failures,
    6467             :                            (100.0 * sstats->serialization_failures /
    6468             :                             script_total_cnt));
    6469           0 :                     printf(" - number of deadlock failures: " INT64_FORMAT " (%.3f%%)\n",
    6470             :                            sstats->deadlock_failures,
    6471             :                            (100.0 * sstats->deadlock_failures /
    6472             :                             script_total_cnt));
    6473             :                 }
    6474             : 
    6475             :                 /* it can be non-zero only if max_tries is not equal to one */
    6476          18 :                 if (max_tries != 1)
    6477             :                 {
    6478           0 :                     printf(" - number of transactions retried: " INT64_FORMAT " (%.3f%%)\n",
    6479             :                            sstats->retried,
    6480             :                            100.0 * sstats->retried / script_total_cnt);
    6481           0 :                     printf(" - total number of retries: " INT64_FORMAT "\n",
    6482             :                            sstats->retries);
    6483             :                 }
    6484             : 
    6485          18 :                 if (throttle_delay && latency_limit && script_total_cnt > 0)
    6486           0 :                     printf(" - number of transactions skipped: " INT64_FORMAT " (%.3f%%)\n",
    6487             :                            sstats->skipped,
    6488             :                            100.0 * sstats->skipped / script_total_cnt);
    6489             : 
    6490          18 :                 printSimpleStats(" - latency", &sstats->latency);
    6491             :             }
    6492             : 
    6493             :             /*
    6494             :              * Report per-command statistics: latencies, retries after errors,
    6495             :              * failures (errors without retrying).
    6496             :              */
    6497          22 :             if (report_per_command)
    6498             :             {
    6499             :                 Command   **commands;
    6500             : 
    6501           4 :                 printf("%sstatement latencies in milliseconds%s:\n",
    6502             :                        per_script_stats ? " - " : "",
    6503             :                        (max_tries == 1 ?
    6504             :                         " and failures" :
    6505             :                         ", failures and retries"));
    6506             : 
    6507           4 :                 for (commands = sql_script[i].commands;
    6508          10 :                      *commands != NULL;
    6509           6 :                      commands++)
    6510             :                 {
    6511           6 :                     SimpleStats *cstats = &(*commands)->stats;
    6512             : 
    6513           6 :                     if (max_tries == 1)
    6514           6 :                         printf("   %11.3f  %10" INT64_MODIFIER "d  %s\n",
    6515             :                                (cstats->count > 0) ?
    6516             :                                1000.0 * cstats->sum / cstats->count : 0.0,
    6517             :                                (*commands)->failures,
    6518             :                                (*commands)->first_line);
    6519             :                     else
    6520           0 :                         printf("   %11.3f  %10" INT64_MODIFIER "d  %10" INT64_MODIFIER "d  %s\n",
    6521             :                                (cstats->count > 0) ?
    6522             :                                1000.0 * cstats->sum / cstats->count : 0.0,
    6523             :                                (*commands)->failures,
    6524             :                                (*commands)->retries,
    6525             :                                (*commands)->first_line);
    6526             :                 }
    6527             :             }
    6528             :         }
    6529             :     }
    6530             : }
    6531             : 
    6532             : /*
    6533             :  * Set up a random seed according to seed parameter (NULL means default),
    6534             :  * and initialize base_random_sequence for use in initializing other sequences.
    6535             :  */
    6536             : static bool
    6537         324 : set_random_seed(const char *seed)
    6538             : {
    6539             :     uint64      iseed;
    6540             : 
    6541         324 :     if (seed == NULL || strcmp(seed, "time") == 0)
    6542             :     {
    6543             :         /* rely on current time */
    6544         316 :         iseed = pg_time_now();
    6545             :     }
    6546           8 :     else if (strcmp(seed, "rand") == 0)
    6547             :     {
    6548             :         /* use some "strong" random source */
    6549           0 :         if (!pg_strong_random(&iseed, sizeof(iseed)))
    6550             :         {
    6551           0 :             pg_log_error("could not generate random seed");
    6552           0 :             return false;
    6553             :         }
    6554             :     }
    6555             :     else
    6556             :     {
    6557             :         /* parse unsigned-int seed value */
    6558             :         unsigned long ulseed;
    6559             :         char        garbage;
    6560             : 
    6561             :         /* Don't try to use UINT64_FORMAT here; it might not work for sscanf */
    6562           8 :         if (sscanf(seed, "%lu%c", &ulseed, &garbage) != 1)
    6563             :         {
    6564           2 :             pg_log_error("unrecognized random seed option \"%s\"", seed);
    6565           2 :             pg_log_error_detail("Expecting an unsigned integer, \"time\" or \"rand\".");
    6566           2 :             return false;
    6567             :         }
    6568           6 :         iseed = (uint64) ulseed;
    6569             :     }
    6570             : 
    6571         322 :     if (seed != NULL)
    6572           6 :         pg_log_info("setting random seed to %llu", (unsigned long long) iseed);
    6573             : 
    6574         322 :     random_seed = iseed;
    6575             : 
    6576             :     /* Initialize base_random_sequence using seed */
    6577         322 :     pg_prng_seed(&base_random_sequence, (uint64) iseed);
    6578             : 
    6579         322 :     return true;
    6580             : }
    6581             : 
    6582             : int
    6583         320 : main(int argc, char **argv)
    6584             : {
    6585             :     static struct option long_options[] = {
    6586             :         /* systematic long/short named options */
    6587             :         {"builtin", required_argument, NULL, 'b'},
    6588             :         {"client", required_argument, NULL, 'c'},
    6589             :         {"connect", no_argument, NULL, 'C'},
    6590             :         {"debug", no_argument, NULL, 'd'},
    6591             :         {"define", required_argument, NULL, 'D'},
    6592             :         {"file", required_argument, NULL, 'f'},
    6593             :         {"fillfactor", required_argument, NULL, 'F'},
    6594             :         {"host", required_argument, NULL, 'h'},
    6595             :         {"initialize", no_argument, NULL, 'i'},
    6596             :         {"init-steps", required_argument, NULL, 'I'},
    6597             :         {"jobs", required_argument, NULL, 'j'},
    6598             :         {"log", no_argument, NULL, 'l'},
    6599             :         {"latency-limit", required_argument, NULL, 'L'},
    6600             :         {"no-vacuum", no_argument, NULL, 'n'},
    6601             :         {"port", required_argument, NULL, 'p'},
    6602             :         {"progress", required_argument, NULL, 'P'},
    6603             :         {"protocol", required_argument, NULL, 'M'},
    6604             :         {"quiet", no_argument, NULL, 'q'},
    6605             :         {"report-per-command", no_argument, NULL, 'r'},
    6606             :         {"rate", required_argument, NULL, 'R'},
    6607             :         {"scale", required_argument, NULL, 's'},
    6608             :         {"select-only", no_argument, NULL, 'S'},
    6609             :         {"skip-some-updates", no_argument, NULL, 'N'},
    6610             :         {"time", required_argument, NULL, 'T'},
    6611             :         {"transactions", required_argument, NULL, 't'},
    6612             :         {"username", required_argument, NULL, 'U'},
    6613             :         {"vacuum-all", no_argument, NULL, 'v'},
    6614             :         /* long-named only options */
    6615             :         {"unlogged-tables", no_argument, NULL, 1},
    6616             :         {"tablespace", required_argument, NULL, 2},
    6617             :         {"index-tablespace", required_argument, NULL, 3},
    6618             :         {"sampling-rate", required_argument, NULL, 4},
    6619             :         {"aggregate-interval", required_argument, NULL, 5},
    6620             :         {"progress-timestamp", no_argument, NULL, 6},
    6621             :         {"log-prefix", required_argument, NULL, 7},
    6622             :         {"foreign-keys", no_argument, NULL, 8},
    6623             :         {"random-seed", required_argument, NULL, 9},
    6624             :         {"show-script", required_argument, NULL, 10},
    6625             :         {"partitions", required_argument, NULL, 11},
    6626             :         {"partition-method", required_argument, NULL, 12},
    6627             :         {"failures-detailed", no_argument, NULL, 13},
    6628             :         {"max-tries", required_argument, NULL, 14},
    6629             :         {"verbose-errors", no_argument, NULL, 15},
    6630             :         {"exit-on-abort", no_argument, NULL, 16},
    6631             :         {NULL, 0, NULL, 0}
    6632             :     };
    6633             : 
    6634             :     int         c;
    6635         320 :     bool        is_init_mode = false;   /* initialize mode? */
    6636         320 :     char       *initialize_steps = NULL;
    6637         320 :     bool        foreign_keys = false;
    6638         320 :     bool        is_no_vacuum = false;
    6639         320 :     bool        do_vacuum_accounts = false; /* vacuum accounts table? */
    6640             :     int         optindex;
    6641         320 :     bool        scale_given = false;
    6642             : 
    6643         320 :     bool        benchmarking_option_set = false;
    6644         320 :     bool        initialization_option_set = false;
    6645         320 :     bool        internal_script_used = false;
    6646             : 
    6647             :     CState     *state;          /* status of clients */
    6648             :     TState     *threads;        /* array of thread */
    6649             : 
    6650             :     pg_time_usec_t
    6651             :                 start_time,     /* start up time */
    6652         320 :                 bench_start = 0,    /* first recorded benchmarking time */
    6653             :                 conn_total_duration;    /* cumulated connection time in
    6654             :                                          * threads */
    6655         320 :     int64       latency_late = 0;
    6656             :     StatsData   stats;
    6657             :     int         weight;
    6658             : 
    6659             :     int         i;
    6660             :     int         nclients_dealt;
    6661             : 
    6662             : #ifdef HAVE_GETRLIMIT
    6663             :     struct rlimit rlim;
    6664             : #endif
    6665             : 
    6666             :     PGconn     *con;
    6667             :     char       *env;
    6668             : 
    6669         320 :     int         exit_code = 0;
    6670             :     struct timeval tv;
    6671             : 
    6672             :     /*
    6673             :      * Record difference between Unix time and instr_time time.  We'll use
    6674             :      * this for logging and aggregation.
    6675             :      */
    6676         320 :     gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
    6677         320 :     epoch_shift = tv.tv_sec * INT64CONST(1000000) + tv.tv_usec - pg_time_now();
    6678             : 
    6679         320 :     pg_logging_init(argv[0]);
    6680         320 :     progname = get_progname(argv[0]);
    6681             : 
    6682         320 :     if (argc > 1)
    6683             :     {
    6684         320 :         if (strcmp(argv[1], "--help") == 0 || strcmp(argv[1], "-?") == 0)
    6685             :         {
    6686           2 :             usage();
    6687           2 :             exit(0);
    6688             :         }
    6689         318 :         if (strcmp(argv[1], "--version") == 0 || strcmp(argv[1], "-V") == 0)
    6690             :         {
    6691           2 :             puts("pgbench (PostgreSQL) " PG_VERSION);
    6692           2 :             exit(0);
    6693             :         }
    6694             :     }
    6695             : 
    6696         316 :     state = (CState *) pg_malloc0(sizeof(CState));
    6697             : 
    6698             :     /* set random seed early, because it may be used while parsing scripts. */
    6699         316 :     if (!set_random_seed(getenv("PGBENCH_RANDOM_SEED")))
    6700           0 :         pg_fatal("error while setting random seed from PGBENCH_RANDOM_SEED environment variable");
    6701             : 
    6702        2300 :     while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "b:c:CdD:f:F:h:iI:j:lL:M:nNp:P:qrR:s:St:T:U:v", long_options, &optindex)) != -1)
    6703             :     {
    6704             :         char       *script;
    6705             : 
    6706        2120 :         switch (c)
    6707             :         {
    6708          24 :             case 'b':
    6709          24 :                 if (strcmp(optarg, "list") == 0)
    6710             :                 {
    6711           2 :                     listAvailableScripts();
    6712           2 :                     exit(0);
    6713             :                 }
    6714          22 :                 weight = parseScriptWeight(optarg, &script);
    6715          18 :                 process_builtin(findBuiltin(script), weight);
    6716          14 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6717          14 :                 internal_script_used = true;
    6718          14 :                 break;
    6719          44 :             case 'c':
    6720          44 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6721          44 :                 if (!option_parse_int(optarg, "-c/--clients", 1, INT_MAX,
    6722             :                                       &nclients))
    6723             :                 {
    6724           2 :                     exit(1);
    6725             :                 }
    6726             : #ifdef HAVE_GETRLIMIT
    6727          42 :                 if (getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &rlim) == -1)
    6728           0 :                     pg_fatal("getrlimit failed: %m");
    6729          42 :                 if (rlim.rlim_cur < nclients + 3)
    6730             :                 {
    6731           0 :                     pg_log_error("need at least %d open files, but system limit is %ld",
    6732             :                                  nclients + 3, (long) rlim.rlim_cur);
    6733           0 :                     pg_log_error_hint("Reduce number of clients, or use limit/ulimit to increase the system limit.");
    6734           0 :                     exit(1);
    6735             :                 }
    6736             : #endif                          /* HAVE_GETRLIMIT */
    6737          42 :                 break;
    6738           4 :             case 'C':
    6739           4 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6740           4 :                 is_connect = true;
    6741           4 :                 break;
    6742           6 :             case 'd':
    6743           6 :                 pg_logging_increase_verbosity();
    6744           6 :                 break;
    6745         866 :             case 'D':
    6746             :                 {
    6747             :                     char       *p;
    6748             : 
    6749         866 :                     benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6750             : 
    6751         866 :                     if ((p = strchr(optarg, '=')) == NULL || p == optarg || *(p + 1) == '\0')
    6752           2 :                         pg_fatal("invalid variable definition: \"%s\"", optarg);
    6753             : 
    6754         864 :                     *p++ = '\0';
    6755         864 :                     if (!putVariable(&state[0].variables, "option", optarg, p))
    6756           0 :                         exit(1);
    6757             :                 }
    6758         864 :                 break;
    6759         222 :             case 'f':
    6760         222 :                 weight = parseScriptWeight(optarg, &script);
    6761         222 :                 process_file(script, weight);
    6762         140 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6763         140 :                 break;
    6764           6 :             case 'F':
    6765           6 :                 initialization_option_set = true;
    6766           6 :                 if (!option_parse_int(optarg, "-F/--fillfactor", 10, 100,
    6767             :                                       &fillfactor))
    6768           2 :                     exit(1);
    6769           4 :                 break;
    6770           2 :             case 'h':
    6771           2 :                 pghost = pg_strdup(optarg);
    6772           2 :                 break;
    6773          18 :             case 'i':
    6774          18 :                 is_init_mode = true;
    6775          18 :                 break;
    6776           8 :             case 'I':
    6777           8 :                 pg_free(initialize_steps);
    6778           8 :                 initialize_steps = pg_strdup(optarg);
    6779           8 :                 checkInitSteps(initialize_steps);
    6780           6 :                 initialization_option_set = true;
    6781           6 :                 break;
    6782          10 :             case 'j':           /* jobs */
    6783          10 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6784          10 :                 if (!option_parse_int(optarg, "-j/--jobs", 1, INT_MAX,
    6785             :                                       &nthreads))
    6786             :                 {
    6787           2 :                     exit(1);
    6788             :                 }
    6789           8 :                 break;
    6790          14 :             case 'l':
    6791          14 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6792          14 :                 use_log = true;
    6793          14 :                 break;
    6794           6 :             case 'L':
    6795             :                 {
    6796           6 :                     double      limit_ms = atof(optarg);
    6797             : 
    6798           6 :                     if (limit_ms <= 0.0)
    6799           2 :                         pg_fatal("invalid latency limit: \"%s\"", optarg);
    6800           4 :                     benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6801           4 :                     latency_limit = (int64) (limit_ms * 1000);
    6802             :                 }
    6803           4 :                 break;
    6804         146 :             case 'M':
    6805         146 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6806         420 :                 for (querymode = 0; querymode < NUM_QUERYMODE; querymode++)
    6807         418 :                     if (strcmp(optarg, QUERYMODE[querymode]) == 0)
    6808         144 :                         break;
    6809         146 :                 if (querymode >= NUM_QUERYMODE)
    6810           2 :                     pg_fatal("invalid query mode (-M): \"%s\"", optarg);
    6811         144 :                 break;
    6812         164 :             case 'n':
    6813         164 :                 is_no_vacuum = true;
    6814         164 :                 break;
    6815           2 :             case 'N':
    6816           2 :                 process_builtin(findBuiltin("simple-update"), 1);
    6817           2 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6818           2 :                 internal_script_used = true;
    6819           2 :                 break;
    6820           2 :             case 'p':
    6821           2 :                 pgport = pg_strdup(optarg);
    6822           2 :                 break;
    6823           4 :             case 'P':
    6824           4 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6825           4 :                 if (!option_parse_int(optarg, "-P/--progress", 1, INT_MAX,
    6826             :                                       &progress))
    6827           2 :                     exit(1);
    6828           2 :                 break;
    6829           2 :             case 'q':
    6830           2 :                 initialization_option_set = true;
    6831           2 :                 use_quiet = true;
    6832           2 :                 break;
    6833           4 :             case 'r':
    6834           4 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6835           4 :                 report_per_command = true;
    6836           4 :                 break;
    6837           6 :             case 'R':
    6838             :                 {
    6839             :                     /* get a double from the beginning of option value */
    6840           6 :                     double      throttle_value = atof(optarg);
    6841             : 
    6842           6 :                     benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6843             : 
    6844           6 :                     if (throttle_value <= 0.0)
    6845           2 :                         pg_fatal("invalid rate limit: \"%s\"", optarg);
    6846             :                     /* Invert rate limit into per-transaction delay in usec */
    6847           4 :                     throttle_delay = 1000000.0 / throttle_value;
    6848             :                 }
    6849           4 :                 break;
    6850           6 :             case 's':
    6851           6 :                 scale_given = true;
    6852           6 :                 if (!option_parse_int(optarg, "-s/--scale", 1, INT_MAX,
    6853             :                                       &scale))
    6854           2 :                     exit(1);
    6855           4 :                 break;
    6856         268 :             case 'S':
    6857         268 :                 process_builtin(findBuiltin("select-only"), 1);
    6858         266 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6859         266 :                 internal_script_used = true;
    6860         266 :                 break;
    6861         186 :             case 't':
    6862         186 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6863         186 :                 if (!option_parse_int(optarg, "-t/--transactions", 1, INT_MAX,
    6864             :                                       &nxacts))
    6865           2 :                     exit(1);
    6866         184 :                 break;
    6867          10 :             case 'T':
    6868          10 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6869          10 :                 if (!option_parse_int(optarg, "-T/--time", 1, INT_MAX,
    6870             :                                       &duration))
    6871           2 :                     exit(1);
    6872           8 :                 break;
    6873           2 :             case 'U':
    6874           2 :                 username = pg_strdup(optarg);
    6875           2 :                 break;
    6876           2 :             case 'v':
    6877           2 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6878           2 :                 do_vacuum_accounts = true;
    6879           2 :                 break;
    6880           4 :             case 1:             /* unlogged-tables */
    6881           4 :                 initialization_option_set = true;
    6882           4 :                 unlogged_tables = true;
    6883           4 :                 break;
    6884           2 :             case 2:             /* tablespace */
    6885           2 :                 initialization_option_set = true;
    6886           2 :                 tablespace = pg_strdup(optarg);
    6887           2 :                 break;
    6888           2 :             case 3:             /* index-tablespace */
    6889           2 :                 initialization_option_set = true;
    6890           2 :                 index_tablespace = pg_strdup(optarg);
    6891           2 :                 break;
    6892          10 :             case 4:             /* sampling-rate */
    6893          10 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6894          10 :                 sample_rate = atof(optarg);
    6895          10 :                 if (sample_rate <= 0.0 || sample_rate > 1.0)
    6896           2 :                     pg_fatal("invalid sampling rate: \"%s\"", optarg);
    6897           8 :                 break;
    6898          12 :             case 5:             /* aggregate-interval */
    6899          12 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6900          12 :                 if (!option_parse_int(optarg, "--aggregate-interval", 1, INT_MAX,
    6901             :                                       &agg_interval))
    6902           2 :                     exit(1);
    6903          10 :                 break;
    6904           4 :             case 6:             /* progress-timestamp */
    6905           4 :                 progress_timestamp = true;
    6906           4 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6907           4 :                 break;
    6908           8 :             case 7:             /* log-prefix */
    6909           8 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6910           8 :                 logfile_prefix = pg_strdup(optarg);
    6911           8 :                 break;
    6912           4 :             case 8:             /* foreign-keys */
    6913           4 :                 initialization_option_set = true;
    6914           4 :                 foreign_keys = true;
    6915           4 :                 break;
    6916           8 :             case 9:             /* random-seed */
    6917           8 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6918           8 :                 if (!set_random_seed(optarg))
    6919           2 :                     pg_fatal("error while setting random seed from --random-seed option");
    6920           6 :                 break;
    6921           2 :             case 10:            /* list */
    6922             :                 {
    6923           2 :                     const BuiltinScript *s = findBuiltin(optarg);
    6924             : 
    6925           2 :                     fprintf(stderr, "-- %s: %s\n%s\n", s->name, s->desc, s->script);
    6926           2 :                     exit(0);
    6927             :                 }
    6928             :                 break;
    6929           6 :             case 11:            /* partitions */
    6930           6 :                 initialization_option_set = true;
    6931           6 :                 if (!option_parse_int(optarg, "--partitions", 0, INT_MAX,
    6932             :                                       &partitions))
    6933           2 :                     exit(1);
    6934           4 :                 break;
    6935           6 :             case 12:            /* partition-method */
    6936           6 :                 initialization_option_set = true;
    6937           6 :                 if (pg_strcasecmp(optarg, "range") == 0)
    6938           0 :                     partition_method = PART_RANGE;
    6939           6 :                 else if (pg_strcasecmp(optarg, "hash") == 0)
    6940           4 :                     partition_method = PART_HASH;
    6941             :                 else
    6942           2 :                     pg_fatal("invalid partition method, expecting \"range\" or \"hash\", got: \"%s\"",
    6943             :                              optarg);
    6944           4 :                 break;
    6945           0 :             case 13:            /* failures-detailed */
    6946           0 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6947           0 :                 failures_detailed = true;
    6948           0 :                 break;
    6949           8 :             case 14:            /* max-tries */
    6950             :                 {
    6951           8 :                     int32       max_tries_arg = atoi(optarg);
    6952             : 
    6953           8 :                     if (max_tries_arg < 0)
    6954           2 :                         pg_fatal("invalid number of maximum tries: \"%s\"", optarg);
    6955             : 
    6956           6 :                     benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6957           6 :                     max_tries = (uint32) max_tries_arg;
    6958             :                 }
    6959           6 :                 break;
    6960           4 :             case 15:            /* verbose-errors */
    6961           4 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6962           4 :                 verbose_errors = true;
    6963           4 :                 break;
    6964           2 :             case 16:            /* exit-on-abort */
    6965           2 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6966           2 :                 exit_on_abort = true;
    6967           2 :                 break;
    6968           4 :             default:
    6969             :                 /* getopt_long already emitted a complaint */
    6970           4 :                 pg_log_error_hint("Try \"%s --help\" for more information.", progname);
    6971           4 :                 exit(1);
    6972             :         }
    6973             :     }
    6974             : 
    6975             :     /* set default script if none */
    6976         180 :     if (num_scripts == 0 && !is_init_mode)
    6977             :     {
    6978          22 :         process_builtin(findBuiltin("tpcb-like"), 1);
    6979          22 :         benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6980          22 :         internal_script_used = true;
    6981             :     }
    6982             : 
    6983             :     /* complete SQL command initialization and compute total weight */
    6984         366 :     for (i = 0; i < num_scripts; i++)
    6985             :     {
    6986         188 :         Command   **commands = sql_script[i].commands;
    6987             : 
    6988        1196 :         for (int j = 0; commands[j] != NULL; j++)
    6989        1010 :             if (commands[j]->type == SQL_COMMAND)
    6990         478 :                 postprocess_sql_command(commands[j]);
    6991             : 
    6992             :         /* cannot overflow: weight is 32b, total_weight 64b */
    6993         186 :         total_weight += sql_script[i].weight;
    6994             :     }
    6995             : 
    6996         178 :     if (total_weight == 0 && !is_init_mode)
    6997           2 :         pg_fatal("total script weight must not be zero");
    6998             : 
    6999             :     /* show per script stats if several scripts are used */
    7000         176 :     if (num_scripts > 1)
    7001           6 :         per_script_stats = true;
    7002             : 
    7003             :     /*
    7004             :      * Don't need more threads than there are clients.  (This is not merely an
    7005             :      * optimization; throttle_delay is calculated incorrectly below if some
    7006             :      * threads have no clients assigned to them.)
    7007             :      */
    7008         176 :     if (nthreads > nclients)
    7009           2 :         nthreads = nclients;
    7010             : 
    7011             :     /*
    7012             :      * Convert throttle_delay to a per-thread delay time.  Note that this
    7013             :      * might be a fractional number of usec, but that's OK, since it's just
    7014             :      * the center of a Poisson distribution of delays.
    7015             :      */
    7016         176 :     throttle_delay *= nthreads;
    7017             : 
    7018         176 :     if (argc > optind)
    7019           2 :         dbName = argv[optind++];
    7020             :     else
    7021             :     {
    7022         174 :         if ((env = getenv("PGDATABASE")) != NULL && *env != '\0')
    7023         146 :             dbName = env;
    7024          28 :         else if ((env = getenv("PGUSER")) != NULL && *env != '\0')
    7025           0 :             dbName = env;
    7026             :         else
    7027          28 :             dbName = get_user_name_or_exit(progname);
    7028             :     }
    7029             : 
    7030         176 :     if (optind < argc)
    7031             :     {
    7032           0 :         pg_log_error("too many command-line arguments (first is \"%s\")",
    7033             :                      argv[optind]);
    7034           0 :         pg_log_error_hint("Try \"%s --help\" for more information.", progname);
    7035           0 :         exit(1);
    7036             :     }
    7037             : 
    7038         176 :     if (is_init_mode)
    7039             :     {
    7040          10 :         if (benchmarking_option_set)
    7041           2 :             pg_fatal("some of the specified options cannot be used in initialization (-i) mode");
    7042             : 
    7043           8 :         if (partitions == 0 && partition_method != PART_NONE)
    7044           2 :             pg_fatal("--partition-method requires greater than zero --partitions");
    7045             : 
    7046             :         /* set default method */
    7047           6 :         if (partitions > 0 && partition_method == PART_NONE)
    7048           2 :             partition_method = PART_RANGE;
    7049             : 
    7050           6 :         if (initialize_steps == NULL)
    7051           2 :             initialize_steps = pg_strdup(DEFAULT_INIT_STEPS);
    7052             : 
    7053           6 :         if (is_no_vacuum)
    7054             :         {
    7055             :             /* Remove any vacuum step in initialize_steps */
    7056             :             char       *p;
    7057             : 
    7058           8 :             while ((p = strchr(initialize_steps, 'v')) != NULL)
    7059           6 :                 *p = ' ';
    7060             :         }
    7061             : 
    7062           6 :         if (foreign_keys)
    7063             :         {
    7064             :             /* Add 'f' to end of initialize_steps, if not already there */
    7065           4 :             if (strchr(initialize_steps, 'f') == NULL)
    7066             :             {
    7067             :                 initialize_steps = (char *)
    7068           4 :                     pg_realloc(initialize_steps,
    7069           4 :                                strlen(initialize_steps) + 2);
    7070           4 :                 strcat(initialize_steps, "f");
    7071             :             }
    7072             :         }
    7073             : 
    7074           6 :         runInitSteps(initialize_steps);
    7075           6 :         exit(0);
    7076             :     }
    7077             :     else
    7078             :     {
    7079         166 :         if (initialization_option_set)
    7080           4 :             pg_fatal("some of the specified options cannot be used in benchmarking mode");
    7081             :     }
    7082             : 
    7083         162 :     if (nxacts > 0 && duration > 0)
    7084           4 :         pg_fatal("specify either a number of transactions (-t) or a duration (-T), not both");
    7085             : 
    7086             :     /* Use DEFAULT_NXACTS if neither nxacts nor duration is specified. */
    7087         158 :     if (nxacts <= 0 && duration <= 0)
    7088          16 :         nxacts = DEFAULT_NXACTS;
    7089             : 
    7090             :     /* --sampling-rate may be used only with -l */
    7091         158 :     if (sample_rate > 0.0 && !use_log)
    7092           2 :         pg_fatal("log sampling (--sampling-rate) is allowed only when logging transactions (-l)");
    7093             : 
    7094             :     /* --sampling-rate may not be used with --aggregate-interval */
    7095         156 :     if (sample_rate > 0.0 && agg_interval > 0)
    7096           2 :         pg_fatal("log sampling (--sampling-rate) and aggregation (--aggregate-interval) cannot be used at the same time");
    7097             : 
    7098         154 :     if (agg_interval > 0 && !use_log)
    7099           2 :         pg_fatal("log aggregation is allowed only when actually logging transactions");
    7100             : 
    7101         152 :     if (!use_log && logfile_prefix)
    7102           2 :         pg_fatal("log file prefix (--log-prefix) is allowed only when logging transactions (-l)");
    7103             : 
    7104         150 :     if (duration > 0 && agg_interval > duration)
    7105           2 :         pg_fatal("number of seconds for aggregation (%d) must not be higher than test duration (%d)", agg_interval, duration);
    7106             : 
    7107         148 :     if (duration > 0 && agg_interval > 0 && duration % agg_interval != 0)
    7108           2 :         pg_fatal("duration (%d) must be a multiple of aggregation interval (%d)", duration, agg_interval);
    7109             : 
    7110         146 :     if (progress_timestamp && progress == 0)
    7111           2 :         pg_fatal("--progress-timestamp is allowed only under --progress");
    7112             : 
    7113         144 :     if (!max_tries)
    7114             :     {
    7115           2 :         if (!latency_limit && duration <= 0)
    7116           2 :             pg_fatal("an unlimited number of transaction tries can only be used with --latency-limit or a duration (-T)");
    7117             :     }
    7118             : 
    7119             :     /*
    7120             :      * save main process id in the global variable because process id will be
    7121             :      * changed after fork.
    7122             :      */
    7123         142 :     main_pid = (int) getpid();
    7124             : 
    7125         142 :     if (nclients > 1)
    7126             :     {
    7127          26 :         state = (CState *) pg_realloc(state, sizeof(CState) * nclients);
    7128          26 :         memset(state + 1, 0, sizeof(CState) * (nclients - 1));
    7129             : 
    7130             :         /* copy any -D switch values to all clients */
    7131          90 :         for (i = 1; i < nclients; i++)
    7132             :         {
    7133             :             int         j;
    7134             : 
    7135          64 :             state[i].id = i;
    7136          66 :             for (j = 0; j < state[0].variables.nvars; j++)
    7137             :             {
    7138           2 :                 Variable   *var = &state[0].variables.vars[j];
    7139             : 
    7140           2 :                 if (var->value.type != PGBT_NO_VALUE)
    7141             :                 {
    7142           0 :                     if (!putVariableValue(&state[i].variables, "startup",
    7143           0 :                                           var->name, &var->value))
    7144           0 :                         exit(1);
    7145             :                 }
    7146             :                 else
    7147             :                 {
    7148           2 :                     if (!putVariable(&state[i].variables, "startup",
    7149           2 :                                      var->name, var->svalue))
    7150           0 :                         exit(1);
    7151             :                 }
    7152             :             }
    7153             :         }
    7154             :     }
    7155             : 
    7156             :     /* other CState initializations */
    7157         348 :     for (i = 0; i < nclients; i++)
    7158             :     {
    7159         206 :         state[i].cstack = conditional_stack_create();
    7160         206 :         initRandomState(&state[i].cs_func_rs);
    7161             :     }
    7162             : 
    7163             :     /* opening connection... */
    7164         142 :     con = doConnect();
    7165         142 :     if (con == NULL)
    7166           2 :         pg_fatal("could not create connection for setup");
    7167             : 
    7168             :     /* report pgbench and server versions */
    7169         140 :     printVersion(con);
    7170             : 
    7171         140 :     pg_log_debug("pghost: %s pgport: %s nclients: %d %s: %d dbName: %s",
    7172             :                  PQhost(con), PQport(con), nclients,
    7173             :                  duration <= 0 ? "nxacts" : "duration",
    7174             :                  duration <= 0 ? nxacts : duration, PQdb(con));
    7175             : 
    7176         140 :     if (internal_script_used)
    7177          14 :         GetTableInfo(con, scale_given);
    7178             : 
    7179             :     /*
    7180             :      * :scale variables normally get -s or database scale, but don't override
    7181             :      * an explicit -D switch
    7182             :      */
    7183         138 :     if (lookupVariable(&state[0].variables, "scale") == NULL)
    7184             :     {
    7185         340 :         for (i = 0; i < nclients; i++)
    7186             :         {
    7187         202 :             if (!putVariableInt(&state[i].variables, "startup", "scale", scale))
    7188           0 :                 exit(1);
    7189             :         }
    7190             :     }
    7191             : 
    7192             :     /*
    7193             :      * Define a :client_id variable that is unique per connection. But don't
    7194             :      * override an explicit -D switch.
    7195             :      */
    7196         138 :     if (lookupVariable(&state[0].variables, "client_id") == NULL)
    7197             :     {
    7198         340 :         for (i = 0; i < nclients; i++)
    7199         202 :             if (!putVariableInt(&state[i].variables, "startup", "client_id", i))
    7200           0 :                 exit(1);
    7201             :     }
    7202             : 
    7203             :     /* set default seed for hash functions */
    7204         138 :     if (lookupVariable(&state[0].variables, "default_seed") == NULL)
    7205             :     {
    7206         138 :         uint64      seed = pg_prng_uint64(&base_random_sequence);
    7207             : 
    7208         340 :         for (i = 0; i < nclients; i++)
    7209         202 :             if (!putVariableInt(&state[i].variables, "startup", "default_seed",
    7210             :                                 (int64) seed))
    7211           0 :                 exit(1);
    7212             :     }
    7213             : 
    7214             :     /* set random seed unless overwritten */
    7215         138 :     if (lookupVariable(&state[0].variables, "random_seed") == NULL)
    7216             :     {
    7217         340 :         for (i = 0; i < nclients; i++)
    7218         202 :             if (!putVariableInt(&state[i].variables, "startup", "random_seed",
    7219             :                                 random_seed))
    7220           0 :                 exit(1);
    7221             :     }
    7222             : 
    7223         138 :     if (!is_no_vacuum)
    7224             :     {
    7225          20 :         fprintf(stderr, "starting vacuum...");
    7226          20 :         tryExecuteStatement(con, "vacuum pgbench_branches");
    7227          20 :         tryExecuteStatement(con, "vacuum pgbench_tellers");
    7228          20 :         tryExecuteStatement(con, "truncate pgbench_history");
    7229          20 :         fprintf(stderr, "end.\n");
    7230             : 
    7231          20 :         if (do_vacuum_accounts)
    7232             :         {
    7233           0 :             fprintf(stderr, "starting vacuum pgbench_accounts...");
    7234           0 :             tryExecuteStatement(con, "vacuum analyze pgbench_accounts");
    7235           0 :             fprintf(stderr, "end.\n");
    7236             :         }
    7237             :     }
    7238         138 :     PQfinish(con);
    7239             : 
    7240             :     /* set up thread data structures */
    7241         138 :     threads = (TState *) pg_malloc(sizeof(TState) * nthreads);
    7242         138 :     nclients_dealt = 0;
    7243             : 
    7244         280 :     for (i = 0; i < nthreads; i++)
    7245             :     {
    7246         142 :         TState     *thread = &threads[i];
    7247             : 
    7248         142 :         thread->tid = i;
    7249         142 :         thread->state = &state[nclients_dealt];
    7250         142 :         thread->nstate =
    7251         142 :             (nclients - nclients_dealt + nthreads - i - 1) / (nthreads - i);
    7252         142 :         initRandomState(&thread->ts_choose_rs);
    7253         142 :         initRandomState(&thread->ts_throttle_rs);
    7254         142 :         initRandomState(&thread->ts_sample_rs);
    7255         142 :         thread->logfile = NULL; /* filled in later */
    7256         142 :         thread->latency_late = 0;
    7257         142 :         initStats(&thread->stats, 0);
    7258             : 
    7259         142 :         nclients_dealt += thread->nstate;
    7260             :     }
    7261             : 
    7262             :     /* all clients must be assigned to a thread */
    7263             :     Assert(nclients_dealt == nclients);
    7264             : 
    7265             :     /* get start up time for the whole computation */
    7266         138 :     start_time = pg_time_now();
    7267             : 
    7268             :     /* set alarm if duration is specified. */
    7269         138 :     if (duration > 0)
    7270           0 :         setalarm(duration);
    7271             : 
    7272         138 :     errno = THREAD_BARRIER_INIT(&barrier, nthreads);
    7273         138 :     if (errno != 0)
    7274           0 :         pg_fatal("could not initialize barrier: %m");
    7275             : 
    7276             :     /* start all threads but thread 0 which is executed directly later */
    7277         142 :     for (i = 1; i < nthreads; i++)
    7278             :     {
    7279           4 :         TState     *thread = &threads[i];
    7280             : 
    7281           4 :         thread->create_time = pg_time_now();
    7282           4 :         errno = THREAD_CREATE(&thread->thread, threadRun, thread);
    7283             : 
    7284           4 :         if (errno != 0)
    7285           0 :             pg_fatal("could not create thread: %m");
    7286             :     }
    7287             : 
    7288             :     /* compute when to stop */
    7289         138 :     threads[0].create_time = pg_time_now();
    7290         138 :     if (duration > 0)
    7291           0 :         end_time = threads[0].create_time + (int64) 1000000 * duration;
    7292             : 
    7293             :     /* run thread 0 directly */
    7294         138 :     (void) threadRun(&threads[0]);
    7295             : 
    7296             :     /* wait for other threads and accumulate results */
    7297         136 :     initStats(&stats, 0);
    7298         136 :     conn_total_duration = 0;
    7299             : 
    7300         274 :     for (i = 0; i < nthreads; i++)
    7301             :     {
    7302         138 :         TState     *thread = &threads[i];
    7303             : 
    7304         138 :         if (i > 0)
    7305           2 :             THREAD_JOIN(thread->thread);
    7306             : 
    7307         336 :         for (int j = 0; j < thread->nstate; j++)
    7308         198 :             if (thread->state[j].state != CSTATE_FINISHED)
    7309          88 :                 exit_code = 2;
    7310             : 
    7311             :         /* aggregate thread level stats */
    7312         138 :         mergeSimpleStats(&stats.latency, &thread->stats.latency);
    7313         138 :         mergeSimpleStats(&stats.lag, &thread->stats.lag);
    7314         138 :         stats.cnt += thread->stats.cnt;
    7315         138 :         stats.skipped += thread->stats.skipped;
    7316         138 :         stats.retries += thread->stats.retries;
    7317         138 :         stats.retried += thread->stats.retried;
    7318         138 :         stats.serialization_failures += thread->stats.serialization_failures;
    7319         138 :         stats.deadlock_failures += thread->stats.deadlock_failures;
    7320         138 :         latency_late += thread->latency_late;
    7321         138 :         conn_total_duration += thread->conn_duration;
    7322             : 
    7323             :         /* first recorded benchmarking start time */
    7324         138 :         if (bench_start == 0 || thread->bench_start < bench_start)
    7325         136 :             bench_start = thread->bench_start;
    7326             :     }
    7327             : 
    7328             :     /*
    7329             :      * All connections should be already closed in threadRun(), so this
    7330             :      * disconnect_all() will be a no-op, but clean up the connections just to
    7331             :      * be sure. We don't need to measure the disconnection delays here.
    7332             :      */
    7333         136 :     disconnect_all(state, nclients);
    7334             : 
    7335             :     /*
    7336             :      * Beware that performance of short benchmarks with many threads and
    7337             :      * possibly long transactions can be deceptive because threads do not
    7338             :      * start and finish at the exact same time. The total duration computed
    7339             :      * here encompasses all transactions so that tps shown is somehow slightly
    7340             :      * underestimated.
    7341             :      */
    7342         136 :     printResults(&stats, pg_time_now() - bench_start, conn_total_duration,
    7343             :                  bench_start - start_time, latency_late);
    7344             : 
    7345         136 :     THREAD_BARRIER_DESTROY(&barrier);
    7346             : 
    7347         136 :     if (exit_code != 0)
    7348          88 :         pg_log_error("Run was aborted; the above results are incomplete.");
    7349             : 
    7350         136 :     return exit_code;
    7351             : }
    7352             : 
    7353             : static THREAD_FUNC_RETURN_TYPE THREAD_FUNC_CC
    7354         142 : threadRun(void *arg)
    7355             : {
    7356         142 :     TState     *thread = (TState *) arg;
    7357         142 :     CState     *state = thread->state;
    7358             :     pg_time_usec_t start;
    7359         142 :     int         nstate = thread->nstate;
    7360         142 :     int         remains = nstate;   /* number of remaining clients */
    7361         142 :     socket_set *sockets = alloc_socket_set(nstate);
    7362             :     int64       thread_start,
    7363             :                 last_report,
    7364             :                 next_report;
    7365             :     StatsData   last,
    7366             :                 aggs;
    7367             : 
    7368             :     /* open log file if requested */
    7369         142 :     if (use_log)
    7370             :     {
    7371             :         char        logpath[MAXPGPATH];
    7372           4 :         char       *prefix = logfile_prefix ? logfile_prefix : "pgbench_log";
    7373             : 
    7374           4 :         if (thread->tid == 0)
    7375           4 :             snprintf(logpath, sizeof(logpath), "%s.%d", prefix, main_pid);
    7376             :         else
    7377           0 :             snprintf(logpath, sizeof(logpath), "%s.%d.%d", prefix, main_pid, thread->tid);
    7378             : 
    7379           4 :         thread->logfile = fopen(logpath, "w");
    7380             : 
    7381           4 :         if (thread->logfile == NULL)
    7382           0 :             pg_fatal("could not open logfile \"%s\": %m", logpath);
    7383             :     }
    7384             : 
    7385             :     /* explicitly initialize the state machines */
    7386         344 :     for (int i = 0; i < nstate; i++)
    7387         202 :         state[i].state = CSTATE_CHOOSE_SCRIPT;
    7388             : 
    7389             :     /* READY */
    7390         142 :     THREAD_BARRIER_WAIT(&barrier);
    7391             : 
    7392         142 :     thread_start = pg_time_now();
    7393         142 :     thread->started_time = thread_start;
    7394         142 :     thread->conn_duration = 0;
    7395         142 :     last_report = thread_start;
    7396         142 :     next_report = last_report + (int64) 1000000 * progress;
    7397             : 
    7398             :     /* STEADY */
    7399         142 :     if (!is_connect)
    7400             :     {
    7401             :         /* make connections to the database before starting */
    7402         326 :         for (int i = 0; i < nstate; i++)
    7403             :         {
    7404         188 :             if ((state[i].con = doConnect()) == NULL)
    7405             :             {
    7406             :                 /* coldly abort on initial connection failure */
    7407           0 :                 pg_fatal("could not create connection for client %d",
    7408             :                          state[i].id);
    7409             :             }
    7410             :         }
    7411             :     }
    7412             : 
    7413             :     /* GO */
    7414         142 :     THREAD_BARRIER_WAIT(&barrier);
    7415             : 
    7416         142 :     start = pg_time_now();
    7417         142 :     thread->bench_start = start;
    7418         142 :     thread->throttle_trigger = start;
    7419             : 
    7420             :     /*
    7421             :      * The log format currently has Unix epoch timestamps with whole numbers
    7422             :      * of seconds.  Round the first aggregate's start time down to the nearest
    7423             :      * Unix epoch second (the very first aggregate might really have started a
    7424             :      * fraction of a second later, but later aggregates are measured from the
    7425             :      * whole number time that is actually logged).
    7426             :      */
    7427         142 :     initStats(&aggs, (start + epoch_shift) / 1000000 * 1000000);
    7428         142 :     last = aggs;
    7429             : 
    7430             :     /* loop till all clients have terminated */
    7431       13448 :     while (remains > 0)
    7432             :     {
    7433             :         int         nsocks;     /* number of sockets to be waited for */
    7434             :         pg_time_usec_t min_usec;
    7435       13310 :         pg_time_usec_t now = 0; /* set this only if needed */
    7436             : 
    7437             :         /*
    7438             :          * identify which client sockets should be checked for input, and
    7439             :          * compute the nearest time (if any) at which we need to wake up.
    7440             :          */
    7441       13310 :         clear_socket_set(sockets);
    7442       13310 :         nsocks = 0;
    7443       13310 :         min_usec = PG_INT64_MAX;
    7444       61786 :         for (int i = 0; i < nstate; i++)
    7445             :         {
    7446       52884 :             CState     *st = &state[i];
    7447             : 
    7448       52884 :             if (st->state == CSTATE_SLEEP || st->state == CSTATE_THROTTLE)
    7449           6 :             {
    7450             :                 /* a nap from the script, or under throttling */
    7451             :                 pg_time_usec_t this_usec;
    7452             : 
    7453             :                 /* get current time if needed */
    7454           6 :                 pg_time_now_lazy(&now);
    7455             : 
    7456             :                 /* min_usec should be the minimum delay across all clients */
    7457          12 :                 this_usec = (st->state == CSTATE_SLEEP ?
    7458           6 :                              st->sleep_until : st->txn_scheduled) - now;
    7459           6 :                 if (min_usec > this_usec)
    7460           6 :                     min_usec = this_usec;
    7461             :             }
    7462       52878 :             else if (st->state == CSTATE_WAIT_RESULT ||
    7463        8410 :                      st->state == CSTATE_WAIT_ROLLBACK_RESULT)
    7464       44470 :             {
    7465             :                 /*
    7466             :                  * waiting for result from server - nothing to do unless the
    7467             :                  * socket is readable
    7468             :                  */
    7469       44470 :                 int         sock = PQsocket(st->con);
    7470             : 
    7471       44470 :                 if (sock < 0)
    7472             :                 {
    7473           0 :                     pg_log_error("invalid socket: %s", PQerrorMessage(st->con));
    7474           2 :                     goto done;
    7475             :                 }
    7476             : 
    7477       44470 :                 add_socket_to_set(sockets, sock, nsocks++);
    7478             :             }
    7479        8408 :             else if (st->state != CSTATE_ABORTED &&
    7480        8408 :                      st->state != CSTATE_FINISHED)
    7481             :             {
    7482             :                 /*
    7483             :                  * This client thread is ready to do something, so we don't
    7484             :                  * want to wait.  No need to examine additional clients.
    7485             :                  */
    7486        4408 :                 min_usec = 0;
    7487        4408 :                 break;
    7488             :             }
    7489             :         }
    7490             : 
    7491             :         /* also wake up to print the next progress report on time */
    7492       13310 :         if (progress && min_usec > 0 && thread->tid == 0)
    7493             :         {
    7494           0 :             pg_time_now_lazy(&now);
    7495             : 
    7496           0 :             if (now >= next_report)
    7497           0 :                 min_usec = 0;
    7498           0 :             else if ((next_report - now) < min_usec)
    7499           0 :                 min_usec = next_report - now;
    7500             :         }
    7501             : 
    7502             :         /*
    7503             :          * If no clients are ready to execute actions, sleep until we receive
    7504             :          * data on some client socket or the timeout (if any) elapses.
    7505             :          */
    7506       13310 :         if (min_usec > 0)
    7507             :         {
    7508        8902 :             int         rc = 0;
    7509             : 
    7510        8902 :             if (min_usec != PG_INT64_MAX)
    7511             :             {
    7512           6 :                 if (nsocks > 0)
    7513             :                 {
    7514           0 :                     rc = wait_on_socket_set(sockets, min_usec);
    7515             :                 }
    7516             :                 else            /* nothing active, simple sleep */
    7517             :                 {
    7518           6 :                     pg_usleep(min_usec);
    7519             :                 }
    7520             :             }
    7521             :             else                /* no explicit delay, wait without timeout */
    7522             :             {
    7523        8896 :                 rc = wait_on_socket_set(sockets, 0);
    7524             :             }
    7525             : 
    7526        8900 :             if (rc < 0)
    7527             :             {
    7528           0 :                 if (errno == EINTR)
    7529             :                 {
    7530             :                     /* On EINTR, go back to top of loop */
    7531           0 :                     continue;
    7532             :                 }
    7533             :                 /* must be something wrong */
    7534           0 :                 pg_log_error("%s() failed: %m", SOCKET_WAIT_METHOD);
    7535           0 :                 goto done;
    7536             :             }
    7537             :         }
    7538             :         else
    7539             :         {
    7540             :             /* min_usec <= 0, i.e. something needs to be executed now */
    7541             : 
    7542             :             /* If we didn't wait, don't try to read any data */
    7543        4408 :             clear_socket_set(sockets);
    7544             :         }
    7545             : 
    7546             :         /* ok, advance the state machine of each connection */
    7547       13308 :         nsocks = 0;
    7548       74702 :         for (int i = 0; i < nstate; i++)
    7549             :         {
    7550       61396 :             CState     *st = &state[i];
    7551             : 
    7552       61396 :             if (st->state == CSTATE_WAIT_RESULT ||
    7553        9914 :                 st->state == CSTATE_WAIT_ROLLBACK_RESULT)
    7554       10136 :             {
    7555             :                 /* don't call advanceConnectionState unless data is available */
    7556       51484 :                 int         sock = PQsocket(st->con);
    7557             : 
    7558       51484 :                 if (sock < 0)
    7559             :                 {
    7560           0 :                     pg_log_error("invalid socket: %s", PQerrorMessage(st->con));
    7561           0 :                     goto done;
    7562             :                 }
    7563             : 
    7564       51484 :                 if (!socket_has_input(sockets, sock, nsocks++))
    7565       41348 :                     continue;
    7566             :             }
    7567        9912 :             else if (st->state == CSTATE_FINISHED ||
    7568        4964 :                      st->state == CSTATE_ABORTED)
    7569             :             {
    7570             :                 /* this client is done, no need to consider it anymore */
    7571        4948 :                 continue;
    7572             :             }
    7573             : 
    7574       15100 :             advanceConnectionState(thread, st, &aggs);
    7575             : 
    7576             :             /*
    7577             :              * If --exit-on-abort is used, the program is going to exit when
    7578             :              * any client is aborted.
    7579             :              */
    7580       15100 :             if (exit_on_abort && st->state == CSTATE_ABORTED)
    7581           2 :                 goto done;
    7582             : 
    7583             :             /*
    7584             :              * If advanceConnectionState changed client to finished state,
    7585             :              * that's one fewer client that remains.
    7586             :              */
    7587       15098 :             else if (st->state == CSTATE_FINISHED ||
    7588       14988 :                      st->state == CSTATE_ABORTED)
    7589         198 :                 remains--;
    7590             :         }
    7591             : 
    7592             :         /* progress report is made by thread 0 for all threads */
    7593       13306 :         if (progress && thread->tid == 0)
    7594             :         {
    7595           0 :             pg_time_usec_t now2 = pg_time_now();
    7596             : 
    7597           0 :             if (now2 >= next_report)
    7598             :             {
    7599             :                 /*
    7600             :                  * Horrible hack: this relies on the thread pointer we are
    7601             :                  * passed to be equivalent to threads[0], that is the first
    7602             :                  * entry of the threads array.  That is why this MUST be done
    7603             :                  * by thread 0 and not any other.
    7604             :                  */
    7605           0 :                 printProgressReport(thread, thread_start, now2,
    7606             :                                     &last, &last_report);
    7607             : 
    7608             :                 /*
    7609             :                  * Ensure that the next report is in the future, in case
    7610             :                  * pgbench/postgres got stuck somewhere.
    7611             :                  */
    7612             :                 do
    7613             :                 {
    7614           0 :                     next_report += (int64) 1000000 * progress;
    7615           0 :                 } while (now2 >= next_report);
    7616             :             }
    7617             :         }
    7618             :     }
    7619             : 
    7620         138 : done:
    7621         140 :     if (exit_on_abort)
    7622             :     {
    7623             :         /*
    7624             :          * Abort if any client is not finished, meaning some error occurred.
    7625             :          */
    7626           2 :         for (int i = 0; i < nstate; i++)
    7627             :         {
    7628           2 :             if (state[i].state != CSTATE_FINISHED)
    7629             :             {
    7630           2 :                 pg_log_error("Run was aborted due to an error in thread %d",
    7631             :                              thread->tid);
    7632           2 :                 exit(2);
    7633             :             }
    7634             :         }
    7635             :     }
    7636             : 
    7637         138 :     disconnect_all(state, nstate);
    7638             : 
    7639         138 :     if (thread->logfile)
    7640             :     {
    7641           4 :         if (agg_interval > 0)
    7642             :         {
    7643             :             /* log aggregated but not yet reported transactions */
    7644           0 :             doLog(thread, state, &aggs, false, 0, 0);
    7645             :         }
    7646           4 :         fclose(thread->logfile);
    7647           4 :         thread->logfile = NULL;
    7648             :     }
    7649         138 :     free_socket_set(sockets);
    7650         138 :     THREAD_FUNC_RETURN;
    7651             : }
    7652             : 
    7653             : static void
    7654         816 : finishCon(CState *st)
    7655             : {
    7656         816 :     if (st->con != NULL)
    7657             :     {
    7658         406 :         PQfinish(st->con);
    7659         406 :         st->con = NULL;
    7660             :     }
    7661         816 : }
    7662             : 
    7663             : /*
    7664             :  * Support for duration option: set timer_exceeded after so many seconds.
    7665             :  */
    7666             : 
    7667             : #ifndef WIN32
    7668             : 
    7669             : static void
    7670           0 : handle_sig_alarm(SIGNAL_ARGS)
    7671             : {
    7672           0 :     timer_exceeded = true;
    7673           0 : }
    7674             : 
    7675             : static void
    7676           0 : setalarm(int seconds)
    7677             : {
    7678           0 :     pqsignal(SIGALRM, handle_sig_alarm);
    7679           0 :     alarm(seconds);
    7680           0 : }
    7681             : 
    7682             : #else                           /* WIN32 */
    7683             : 
    7684             : static VOID CALLBACK
    7685             : win32_timer_callback(PVOID lpParameter, BOOLEAN TimerOrWaitFired)
    7686             : {
    7687             :     timer_exceeded = true;
    7688             : }
    7689             : 
    7690             : static void
    7691             : setalarm(int seconds)
    7692             : {
    7693             :     HANDLE      queue;
    7694             :     HANDLE      timer;
    7695             : 
    7696             :     /* This function will be called at most once, so we can cheat a bit. */
    7697             :     queue = CreateTimerQueue();
    7698             :     if (seconds > ((DWORD) -1) / 1000 ||
    7699             :         !CreateTimerQueueTimer(&timer, queue,
    7700             :                                win32_timer_callback, NULL, seconds * 1000, 0,
    7701             :                                WT_EXECUTEINTIMERTHREAD | WT_EXECUTEONLYONCE))
    7702             :         pg_fatal("failed to set timer");
    7703             : }
    7704             : 
    7705             : #endif                          /* WIN32 */
    7706             : 
    7707             : 
    7708             : /*
    7709             :  * These functions provide an abstraction layer that hides the syscall
    7710             :  * we use to wait for input on a set of sockets.
    7711             :  *
    7712             :  * Currently there are two implementations, based on ppoll(2) and select(2).
    7713             :  * ppoll() is preferred where available due to its typically higher ceiling
    7714             :  * on the number of usable sockets.  We do not use the more-widely-available
    7715             :  * poll(2) because it only offers millisecond timeout resolution, which could
    7716             :  * be problematic with high --rate settings.
    7717             :  *
    7718             :  * Function APIs:
    7719             :  *
    7720             :  * alloc_socket_set: allocate an empty socket set with room for up to
    7721             :  *      "count" sockets.
    7722             :  *
    7723             :  * free_socket_set: deallocate a socket set.
    7724             :  *
    7725             :  * clear_socket_set: reset a socket set to empty.
    7726             :  *
    7727             :  * add_socket_to_set: add socket with indicated FD to slot "idx" in the
    7728             :  *      socket set.  Slots must be filled in order, starting with 0.
    7729             :  *
    7730             :  * wait_on_socket_set: wait for input on any socket in set, or for timeout
    7731             :  *      to expire.  timeout is measured in microseconds; 0 means wait forever.
    7732             :  *      Returns result code of underlying syscall (>=0 if OK, else see errno).
    7733             :  *
    7734             :  * socket_has_input: after waiting, call this to see if given socket has
    7735             :  *      input.  fd and idx parameters should match some previous call to
    7736             :  *      add_socket_to_set.
    7737             :  *
    7738             :  * Note that wait_on_socket_set destructively modifies the state of the
    7739             :  * socket set.  After checking for input, caller must apply clear_socket_set
    7740             :  * and add_socket_to_set again before waiting again.
    7741             :  */
    7742             : 
    7743             : #ifdef POLL_USING_PPOLL
    7744             : 
    7745             : static socket_set *
    7746         142 : alloc_socket_set(int count)
    7747             : {
    7748             :     socket_set *sa;
    7749             : 
    7750         142 :     sa = (socket_set *) pg_malloc0(offsetof(socket_set, pollfds) +
    7751             :                                    sizeof(struct pollfd) * count);
    7752         142 :     sa->maxfds = count;
    7753         142 :     sa->curfds = 0;
    7754         142 :     return sa;
    7755             : }
    7756             : 
    7757             : static void
    7758         138 : free_socket_set(socket_set *sa)
    7759             : {
    7760         138 :     pg_free(sa);
    7761         138 : }
    7762             : 
    7763             : static void
    7764       17718 : clear_socket_set(socket_set *sa)
    7765             : {
    7766       17718 :     sa->curfds = 0;
    7767       17718 : }
    7768             : 
    7769             : static void
    7770       44470 : add_socket_to_set(socket_set *sa, int fd, int idx)
    7771             : {
    7772             :     Assert(idx < sa->maxfds && idx == sa->curfds);
    7773       44470 :     sa->pollfds[idx].fd = fd;
    7774       44470 :     sa->pollfds[idx].events = POLLIN;
    7775       44470 :     sa->pollfds[idx].revents = 0;
    7776       44470 :     sa->curfds++;
    7777       44470 : }
    7778             : 
    7779             : static int
    7780        8896 : wait_on_socket_set(socket_set *sa, int64 usecs)
    7781             : {
    7782        8896 :     if (usecs > 0)
    7783             :     {
    7784             :         struct timespec timeout;
    7785             : 
    7786           0 :         timeout.tv_sec = usecs / 1000000;
    7787           0 :         timeout.tv_nsec = (usecs % 1000000) * 1000;
    7788           0 :         return ppoll(sa->pollfds, sa->curfds, &timeout, NULL);
    7789             :     }
    7790             :     else
    7791             :     {
    7792        8896 :         return ppoll(sa->pollfds, sa->curfds, NULL, NULL);
    7793             :     }
    7794             : }
    7795             : 
    7796             : static bool
    7797       51484 : socket_has_input(socket_set *sa, int fd, int idx)
    7798             : {
    7799             :     /*
    7800             :      * In some cases, threadRun will apply clear_socket_set and then try to
    7801             :      * apply socket_has_input anyway with arguments that it used before that,
    7802             :      * or might've used before that except that it exited its setup loop
    7803             :      * early.  Hence, if the socket set is empty, silently return false
    7804             :      * regardless of the parameters.  If it's not empty, we can Assert that
    7805             :      * the parameters match a previous call.
    7806             :      */
    7807       51484 :     if (sa->curfds == 0)
    7808       13772 :         return false;
    7809             : 
    7810             :     Assert(idx < sa->curfds && sa->pollfds[idx].fd == fd);
    7811       37712 :     return (sa->pollfds[idx].revents & POLLIN) != 0;
    7812             : }
    7813             : 
    7814             : #endif                          /* POLL_USING_PPOLL */
    7815             : 
    7816             : #ifdef POLL_USING_SELECT
    7817             : 
    7818             : static socket_set *
    7819             : alloc_socket_set(int count)
    7820             : {
    7821             :     return (socket_set *) pg_malloc0(sizeof(socket_set));
    7822             : }
    7823             : 
    7824             : static void
    7825             : free_socket_set(socket_set *sa)
    7826             : {
    7827             :     pg_free(sa);
    7828             : }
    7829             : 
    7830             : static void
    7831             : clear_socket_set(socket_set *sa)
    7832             : {
    7833             :     FD_ZERO(&sa->fds);
    7834             :     sa->maxfd = -1;
    7835             : }
    7836             : 
    7837             : static void
    7838             : add_socket_to_set(socket_set *sa, int fd, int idx)
    7839             : {
    7840             :     /* See connect_slot() for background on this code. */
    7841             : #ifdef WIN32
    7842             :     if (sa->fds.fd_count + 1 >= FD_SETSIZE)
    7843             :     {
    7844             :         pg_log_error("too many concurrent database clients for this platform: %d",
    7845             :                      sa->fds.fd_count + 1);
    7846             :         exit(1);
    7847             :     }
    7848             : #else
    7849             :     if (fd < 0 || fd >= FD_SETSIZE)
    7850             :     {
    7851             :         pg_log_error("socket file descriptor out of range for select(): %d",
    7852             :                      fd);
    7853             :         pg_log_error_hint("Try fewer concurrent database clients.");
    7854             :         exit(1);
    7855             :     }
    7856             : #endif
    7857             :     FD_SET(fd, &sa->fds);
    7858             :     if (fd > sa->maxfd)
    7859             :         sa->maxfd = fd;
    7860             : }
    7861             : 
    7862             : static int
    7863             : wait_on_socket_set(socket_set *sa, int64 usecs)
    7864             : {
    7865             :     if (usecs > 0)
    7866             :     {
    7867             :         struct timeval timeout;
    7868             : 
    7869             :         timeout.tv_sec = usecs / 1000000;
    7870             :         timeout.tv_usec = usecs % 1000000;
    7871             :         return select(sa->maxfd + 1, &sa->fds, NULL, NULL, &timeout);
    7872             :     }
    7873             :     else
    7874             :     {
    7875             :         return select(sa->maxfd + 1, &sa->fds, NULL, NULL, NULL);
    7876             :     }
    7877             : }
    7878             : 
    7879             : static bool
    7880             : socket_has_input(socket_set *sa, int fd, int idx)
    7881             : {
    7882             :     return (FD_ISSET(fd, &sa->fds) != 0);
    7883             : }
    7884             : 
    7885             : #endif                          /* POLL_USING_SELECT */

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