LCOV - code coverage report
Current view: top level - src/bin/pgbench - pgbench.c (source / functions) Hit Total Coverage
Test: PostgreSQL 18devel Lines: 2455 2864 85.7 %
Date: 2025-04-01 15:15:16 Functions: 121 126 96.0 %
Legend: Lines: hit not hit

          Line data    Source code
       1             : /*
       2             :  * pgbench.c
       3             :  *
       4             :  * A simple benchmark program for PostgreSQL
       5             :  * Originally written by Tatsuo Ishii and enhanced by many contributors.
       6             :  *
       7             :  * src/bin/pgbench/pgbench.c
       8             :  * Copyright (c) 2000-2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
       9             :  * ALL RIGHTS RESERVED;
      10             :  *
      11             :  * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
      12             :  * documentation for any purpose, without fee, and without a written agreement
      13             :  * is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice and this
      14             :  * paragraph and the following two paragraphs appear in all copies.
      15             :  *
      16             :  * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR DISTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY FOR
      17             :  * DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING
      18             :  * LOST PROFITS, ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE AND ITS
      19             :  * DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF THE AUTHOR OR DISTRIBUTORS HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE
      20             :  * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
      21             :  *
      22             :  * THE AUTHOR AND DISTRIBUTORS SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES,
      23             :  * INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
      24             :  * AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  THE SOFTWARE PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS
      25             :  * ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, AND THE AUTHOR AND DISTRIBUTORS HAS NO OBLIGATIONS TO
      26             :  * PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT, UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, OR MODIFICATIONS.
      27             :  *
      28             :  */
      29             : 
      30             : #if defined(WIN32) && FD_SETSIZE < 1024
      31             : #error FD_SETSIZE needs to have been increased
      32             : #endif
      33             : 
      34             : #include "postgres_fe.h"
      35             : 
      36             : #include <ctype.h>
      37             : #include <float.h>
      38             : #include <limits.h>
      39             : #include <math.h>
      40             : #include <signal.h>
      41             : #include <time.h>
      42             : #include <sys/time.h>
      43             : #include <sys/resource.h>     /* for getrlimit */
      44             : 
      45             : /* For testing, PGBENCH_USE_SELECT can be defined to force use of that code */
      46             : #if defined(HAVE_PPOLL) && !defined(PGBENCH_USE_SELECT)
      47             : #define POLL_USING_PPOLL
      48             : #ifdef HAVE_POLL_H
      49             : #include <poll.h>
      50             : #endif
      51             : #else                           /* no ppoll(), so use select() */
      52             : #define POLL_USING_SELECT
      53             : #include <sys/select.h>
      54             : #endif
      55             : 
      56             : #include "catalog/pg_class_d.h"
      57             : #include "common/int.h"
      58             : #include "common/logging.h"
      59             : #include "common/pg_prng.h"
      60             : #include "common/string.h"
      61             : #include "common/username.h"
      62             : #include "fe_utils/cancel.h"
      63             : #include "fe_utils/conditional.h"
      64             : #include "fe_utils/option_utils.h"
      65             : #include "fe_utils/string_utils.h"
      66             : #include "getopt_long.h"
      67             : #include "libpq-fe.h"
      68             : #include "pgbench.h"
      69             : #include "port/pg_bitutils.h"
      70             : #include "portability/instr_time.h"
      71             : 
      72             : /* X/Open (XSI) requires <math.h> to provide M_PI, but core POSIX does not */
      73             : #ifndef M_PI
      74             : #define M_PI 3.14159265358979323846
      75             : #endif
      76             : 
      77             : #define ERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE  "40001"
      78             : #define ERRCODE_T_R_DEADLOCK_DETECTED  "40P01"
      79             : #define ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_TABLE  "42P01"
      80             : 
      81             : /*
      82             :  * Hashing constants
      83             :  */
      84             : #define FNV_PRIME           UINT64CONST(0x100000001b3)
      85             : #define FNV_OFFSET_BASIS    UINT64CONST(0xcbf29ce484222325)
      86             : #define MM2_MUL             UINT64CONST(0xc6a4a7935bd1e995)
      87             : #define MM2_MUL_TIMES_8     UINT64CONST(0x35253c9ade8f4ca8)
      88             : #define MM2_ROT             47
      89             : 
      90             : /*
      91             :  * Multi-platform socket set implementations
      92             :  */
      93             : 
      94             : #ifdef POLL_USING_PPOLL
      95             : #define SOCKET_WAIT_METHOD "ppoll"
      96             : 
      97             : typedef struct socket_set
      98             : {
      99             :     int         maxfds;         /* allocated length of pollfds[] array */
     100             :     int         curfds;         /* number currently in use */
     101             :     struct pollfd pollfds[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
     102             : } socket_set;
     103             : 
     104             : #endif                          /* POLL_USING_PPOLL */
     105             : 
     106             : #ifdef POLL_USING_SELECT
     107             : #define SOCKET_WAIT_METHOD "select"
     108             : 
     109             : typedef struct socket_set
     110             : {
     111             :     int         maxfd;          /* largest FD currently set in fds */
     112             :     fd_set      fds;
     113             : } socket_set;
     114             : 
     115             : #endif                          /* POLL_USING_SELECT */
     116             : 
     117             : /*
     118             :  * Multi-platform thread implementations
     119             :  */
     120             : 
     121             : #ifdef WIN32
     122             : /* Use Windows threads */
     123             : #include <windows.h>
     124             : #define GETERRNO() (_dosmaperr(GetLastError()), errno)
     125             : #define THREAD_T HANDLE
     126             : #define THREAD_FUNC_RETURN_TYPE unsigned
     127             : #define THREAD_FUNC_RETURN return 0
     128             : #define THREAD_FUNC_CC __stdcall
     129             : #define THREAD_CREATE(handle, function, arg) \
     130             :     ((*(handle) = (HANDLE) _beginthreadex(NULL, 0, (function), (arg), 0, NULL)) == 0 ? errno : 0)
     131             : #define THREAD_JOIN(handle) \
     132             :     (WaitForSingleObject(handle, INFINITE) != WAIT_OBJECT_0 ? \
     133             :     GETERRNO() : CloseHandle(handle) ? 0 : GETERRNO())
     134             : #define THREAD_BARRIER_T SYNCHRONIZATION_BARRIER
     135             : #define THREAD_BARRIER_INIT(barrier, n) \
     136             :     (InitializeSynchronizationBarrier((barrier), (n), 0) ? 0 : GETERRNO())
     137             : #define THREAD_BARRIER_WAIT(barrier) \
     138             :     EnterSynchronizationBarrier((barrier), \
     139             :                                 SYNCHRONIZATION_BARRIER_FLAGS_BLOCK_ONLY)
     140             : #define THREAD_BARRIER_DESTROY(barrier)
     141             : #else
     142             : /* Use POSIX threads */
     143             : #include "port/pg_pthread.h"
     144             : #define THREAD_T pthread_t
     145             : #define THREAD_FUNC_RETURN_TYPE void *
     146             : #define THREAD_FUNC_RETURN return NULL
     147             : #define THREAD_FUNC_CC
     148             : #define THREAD_CREATE(handle, function, arg) \
     149             :     pthread_create((handle), NULL, (function), (arg))
     150             : #define THREAD_JOIN(handle) \
     151             :     pthread_join((handle), NULL)
     152             : #define THREAD_BARRIER_T pthread_barrier_t
     153             : #define THREAD_BARRIER_INIT(barrier, n) \
     154             :     pthread_barrier_init((barrier), NULL, (n))
     155             : #define THREAD_BARRIER_WAIT(barrier) pthread_barrier_wait((barrier))
     156             : #define THREAD_BARRIER_DESTROY(barrier) pthread_barrier_destroy((barrier))
     157             : #endif
     158             : 
     159             : 
     160             : /********************************************************************
     161             :  * some configurable parameters */
     162             : 
     163             : #define DEFAULT_INIT_STEPS "dtgvp"    /* default -I setting */
     164             : #define ALL_INIT_STEPS "dtgGvpf"  /* all possible steps */
     165             : 
     166             : #define LOG_STEP_SECONDS    5   /* seconds between log messages */
     167             : #define DEFAULT_NXACTS  10      /* default nxacts */
     168             : 
     169             : #define MIN_GAUSSIAN_PARAM      2.0 /* minimum parameter for gauss */
     170             : 
     171             : #define MIN_ZIPFIAN_PARAM       1.001   /* minimum parameter for zipfian */
     172             : #define MAX_ZIPFIAN_PARAM       1000.0  /* maximum parameter for zipfian */
     173             : 
     174             : static int  nxacts = 0;         /* number of transactions per client */
     175             : static int  duration = 0;       /* duration in seconds */
     176             : static int64 end_time = 0;      /* when to stop in micro seconds, under -T */
     177             : 
     178             : /*
     179             :  * scaling factor. for example, scale = 10 will make 1000000 tuples in
     180             :  * pgbench_accounts table.
     181             :  */
     182             : static int  scale = 1;
     183             : 
     184             : /*
     185             :  * fillfactor. for example, fillfactor = 90 will use only 90 percent
     186             :  * space during inserts and leave 10 percent free.
     187             :  */
     188             : static int  fillfactor = 100;
     189             : 
     190             : /*
     191             :  * use unlogged tables?
     192             :  */
     193             : static bool unlogged_tables = false;
     194             : 
     195             : /*
     196             :  * log sampling rate (1.0 = log everything, 0.0 = option not given)
     197             :  */
     198             : static double sample_rate = 0.0;
     199             : 
     200             : /*
     201             :  * When threads are throttled to a given rate limit, this is the target delay
     202             :  * to reach that rate in usec.  0 is the default and means no throttling.
     203             :  */
     204             : static double throttle_delay = 0;
     205             : 
     206             : /*
     207             :  * Transactions which take longer than this limit (in usec) are counted as
     208             :  * late, and reported as such, although they are completed anyway. When
     209             :  * throttling is enabled, execution time slots that are more than this late
     210             :  * are skipped altogether, and counted separately.
     211             :  */
     212             : static int64 latency_limit = 0;
     213             : 
     214             : /*
     215             :  * tablespace selection
     216             :  */
     217             : static char *tablespace = NULL;
     218             : static char *index_tablespace = NULL;
     219             : 
     220             : /*
     221             :  * Number of "pgbench_accounts" partitions.  0 is the default and means no
     222             :  * partitioning.
     223             :  */
     224             : static int  partitions = 0;
     225             : 
     226             : /* partitioning strategy for "pgbench_accounts" */
     227             : typedef enum
     228             : {
     229             :     PART_NONE,                  /* no partitioning */
     230             :     PART_RANGE,                 /* range partitioning */
     231             :     PART_HASH,                  /* hash partitioning */
     232             : } partition_method_t;
     233             : 
     234             : static partition_method_t partition_method = PART_NONE;
     235             : static const char *const PARTITION_METHOD[] = {"none", "range", "hash"};
     236             : 
     237             : /* random seed used to initialize base_random_sequence */
     238             : static int64 random_seed = -1;
     239             : 
     240             : /*
     241             :  * end of configurable parameters
     242             :  *********************************************************************/
     243             : 
     244             : #define nbranches   1           /* Makes little sense to change this.  Change
     245             :                                  * -s instead */
     246             : #define ntellers    10
     247             : #define naccounts   100000
     248             : 
     249             : /*
     250             :  * The scale factor at/beyond which 32bit integers are incapable of storing
     251             :  * 64bit values.
     252             :  *
     253             :  * Although the actual threshold is 21474, we use 20000 because it is easier to
     254             :  * document and remember, and isn't that far away from the real threshold.
     255             :  */
     256             : #define SCALE_32BIT_THRESHOLD 20000
     257             : 
     258             : static bool use_log;            /* log transaction latencies to a file */
     259             : static bool use_quiet;          /* quiet logging onto stderr */
     260             : static int  agg_interval;       /* log aggregates instead of individual
     261             :                                  * transactions */
     262             : static bool per_script_stats = false;   /* whether to collect stats per script */
     263             : static int  progress = 0;       /* thread progress report every this seconds */
     264             : static bool progress_timestamp = false; /* progress report with Unix time */
     265             : static int  nclients = 1;       /* number of clients */
     266             : static int  nthreads = 1;       /* number of threads */
     267             : static bool is_connect;         /* establish connection for each transaction */
     268             : static bool report_per_command = false; /* report per-command latencies,
     269             :                                          * retries after errors and failures
     270             :                                          * (errors without retrying) */
     271             : static int  main_pid;           /* main process id used in log filename */
     272             : 
     273             : /*
     274             :  * There are different types of restrictions for deciding that the current
     275             :  * transaction with a serialization/deadlock error can no longer be retried and
     276             :  * should be reported as failed:
     277             :  * - max_tries (--max-tries) can be used to limit the number of tries;
     278             :  * - latency_limit (-L) can be used to limit the total time of tries;
     279             :  * - duration (-T) can be used to limit the total benchmark time.
     280             :  *
     281             :  * They can be combined together, and you need to use at least one of them to
     282             :  * retry the transactions with serialization/deadlock errors. If none of them is
     283             :  * used, the default value of max_tries is 1 and such transactions will not be
     284             :  * retried.
     285             :  */
     286             : 
     287             : /*
     288             :  * We cannot retry a transaction after the serialization/deadlock error if its
     289             :  * number of tries reaches this maximum; if its value is zero, it is not used.
     290             :  */
     291             : static uint32 max_tries = 1;
     292             : 
     293             : static bool failures_detailed = false;  /* whether to group failures in
     294             :                                          * reports or logs by basic types */
     295             : 
     296             : static const char *pghost = NULL;
     297             : static const char *pgport = NULL;
     298             : static const char *username = NULL;
     299             : static const char *dbName = NULL;
     300             : static char *logfile_prefix = NULL;
     301             : static const char *progname;
     302             : 
     303             : #define WSEP '@'                /* weight separator */
     304             : 
     305             : static volatile sig_atomic_t timer_exceeded = false;    /* flag from signal
     306             :                                                          * handler */
     307             : 
     308             : /*
     309             :  * We don't want to allocate variables one by one; for efficiency, add a
     310             :  * constant margin each time it overflows.
     311             :  */
     312             : #define VARIABLES_ALLOC_MARGIN  8
     313             : 
     314             : /*
     315             :  * Variable definitions.
     316             :  *
     317             :  * If a variable only has a string value, "svalue" is that value, and value is
     318             :  * "not set".  If the value is known, "value" contains the value (in any
     319             :  * variant).
     320             :  *
     321             :  * In this case "svalue" contains the string equivalent of the value, if we've
     322             :  * had occasion to compute that, or NULL if we haven't.
     323             :  */
     324             : typedef struct
     325             : {
     326             :     char       *name;           /* variable's name */
     327             :     char       *svalue;         /* its value in string form, if known */
     328             :     PgBenchValue value;         /* actual variable's value */
     329             : } Variable;
     330             : 
     331             : /*
     332             :  * Data structure for client variables.
     333             :  */
     334             : typedef struct
     335             : {
     336             :     Variable   *vars;           /* array of variable definitions */
     337             :     int         nvars;          /* number of variables */
     338             : 
     339             :     /*
     340             :      * The maximum number of variables that we can currently store in 'vars'
     341             :      * without having to reallocate more space. We must always have max_vars
     342             :      * >= nvars.
     343             :      */
     344             :     int         max_vars;
     345             : 
     346             :     bool        vars_sorted;    /* are variables sorted by name? */
     347             : } Variables;
     348             : 
     349             : #define MAX_SCRIPTS     128     /* max number of SQL scripts allowed */
     350             : #define SHELL_COMMAND_SIZE  256 /* maximum size allowed for shell command */
     351             : 
     352             : /*
     353             :  * Simple data structure to keep stats about something.
     354             :  *
     355             :  * XXX probably the first value should be kept and used as an offset for
     356             :  * better numerical stability...
     357             :  */
     358             : typedef struct SimpleStats
     359             : {
     360             :     int64       count;          /* how many values were encountered */
     361             :     double      min;            /* the minimum seen */
     362             :     double      max;            /* the maximum seen */
     363             :     double      sum;            /* sum of values */
     364             :     double      sum2;           /* sum of squared values */
     365             : } SimpleStats;
     366             : 
     367             : /*
     368             :  * The instr_time type is expensive when dealing with time arithmetic.  Define
     369             :  * a type to hold microseconds instead.  Type int64 is good enough for about
     370             :  * 584500 years.
     371             :  */
     372             : typedef int64 pg_time_usec_t;
     373             : 
     374             : /*
     375             :  * Data structure to hold various statistics: per-thread and per-script stats
     376             :  * are maintained and merged together.
     377             :  */
     378             : typedef struct StatsData
     379             : {
     380             :     pg_time_usec_t start_time;  /* interval start time, for aggregates */
     381             : 
     382             :     /*----------
     383             :      * Transactions are counted depending on their execution and outcome.
     384             :      * First a transaction may have started or not: skipped transactions occur
     385             :      * under --rate and --latency-limit when the client is too late to execute
     386             :      * them. Secondly, a started transaction may ultimately succeed or fail,
     387             :      * possibly after some retries when --max-tries is not one. Thus
     388             :      *
     389             :      * the number of all transactions =
     390             :      *   'skipped' (it was too late to execute them) +
     391             :      *   'cnt' (the number of successful transactions) +
     392             :      *   'failed' (the number of failed transactions).
     393             :      *
     394             :      * A successful transaction can have several unsuccessful tries before a
     395             :      * successful run. Thus
     396             :      *
     397             :      * 'cnt' (the number of successful transactions) =
     398             :      *   successfully retried transactions (they got a serialization or a
     399             :      *                                      deadlock error(s), but were
     400             :      *                                      successfully retried from the very
     401             :      *                                      beginning) +
     402             :      *   directly successful transactions (they were successfully completed on
     403             :      *                                     the first try).
     404             :      *
     405             :      * A failed transaction is defined as unsuccessfully retried transactions.
     406             :      * It can be one of two types:
     407             :      *
     408             :      * failed (the number of failed transactions) =
     409             :      *   'serialization_failures' (they got a serialization error and were not
     410             :      *                             successfully retried) +
     411             :      *   'deadlock_failures' (they got a deadlock error and were not
     412             :      *                        successfully retried).
     413             :      *
     414             :      * If the transaction was retried after a serialization or a deadlock
     415             :      * error this does not guarantee that this retry was successful. Thus
     416             :      *
     417             :      * 'retries' (number of retries) =
     418             :      *   number of retries in all retried transactions =
     419             :      *   number of retries in (successfully retried transactions +
     420             :      *                         failed transactions);
     421             :      *
     422             :      * 'retried' (number of all retried transactions) =
     423             :      *   successfully retried transactions +
     424             :      *   failed transactions.
     425             :      *----------
     426             :      */
     427             :     int64       cnt;            /* number of successful transactions, not
     428             :                                  * including 'skipped' */
     429             :     int64       skipped;        /* number of transactions skipped under --rate
     430             :                                  * and --latency-limit */
     431             :     int64       retries;        /* number of retries after a serialization or
     432             :                                  * a deadlock error in all the transactions */
     433             :     int64       retried;        /* number of all transactions that were
     434             :                                  * retried after a serialization or a deadlock
     435             :                                  * error (perhaps the last try was
     436             :                                  * unsuccessful) */
     437             :     int64       serialization_failures; /* number of transactions that were
     438             :                                          * not successfully retried after a
     439             :                                          * serialization error */
     440             :     int64       deadlock_failures;  /* number of transactions that were not
     441             :                                      * successfully retried after a deadlock
     442             :                                      * error */
     443             :     SimpleStats latency;
     444             :     SimpleStats lag;
     445             : } StatsData;
     446             : 
     447             : /*
     448             :  * For displaying Unix epoch timestamps, as some time functions may have
     449             :  * another reference.
     450             :  */
     451             : static pg_time_usec_t epoch_shift;
     452             : 
     453             : /*
     454             :  * Error status for errors during script execution.
     455             :  */
     456             : typedef enum EStatus
     457             : {
     458             :     ESTATUS_NO_ERROR = 0,
     459             :     ESTATUS_META_COMMAND_ERROR,
     460             : 
     461             :     /* SQL errors */
     462             :     ESTATUS_SERIALIZATION_ERROR,
     463             :     ESTATUS_DEADLOCK_ERROR,
     464             :     ESTATUS_OTHER_SQL_ERROR,
     465             : } EStatus;
     466             : 
     467             : /*
     468             :  * Transaction status at the end of a command.
     469             :  */
     470             : typedef enum TStatus
     471             : {
     472             :     TSTATUS_IDLE,
     473             :     TSTATUS_IN_BLOCK,
     474             :     TSTATUS_CONN_ERROR,
     475             :     TSTATUS_OTHER_ERROR,
     476             : } TStatus;
     477             : 
     478             : /* Various random sequences are initialized from this one. */
     479             : static pg_prng_state base_random_sequence;
     480             : 
     481             : /* Synchronization barrier for start and connection */
     482             : static THREAD_BARRIER_T barrier;
     483             : 
     484             : /*
     485             :  * Connection state machine states.
     486             :  */
     487             : typedef enum
     488             : {
     489             :     /*
     490             :      * The client must first choose a script to execute.  Once chosen, it can
     491             :      * either be throttled (state CSTATE_PREPARE_THROTTLE under --rate), start
     492             :      * right away (state CSTATE_START_TX) or not start at all if the timer was
     493             :      * exceeded (state CSTATE_FINISHED).
     494             :      */
     495             :     CSTATE_CHOOSE_SCRIPT,
     496             : 
     497             :     /*
     498             :      * CSTATE_START_TX performs start-of-transaction processing.  Establishes
     499             :      * a new connection for the transaction in --connect mode, records the
     500             :      * transaction start time, and proceed to the first command.
     501             :      *
     502             :      * Note: once a script is started, it will either error or run till its
     503             :      * end, where it may be interrupted. It is not interrupted while running,
     504             :      * so pgbench --time is to be understood as tx are allowed to start in
     505             :      * that time, and will finish when their work is completed.
     506             :      */
     507             :     CSTATE_START_TX,
     508             : 
     509             :     /*
     510             :      * In CSTATE_PREPARE_THROTTLE state, we calculate when to begin the next
     511             :      * transaction, and advance to CSTATE_THROTTLE.  CSTATE_THROTTLE state
     512             :      * sleeps until that moment, then advances to CSTATE_START_TX, or
     513             :      * CSTATE_FINISHED if the next transaction would start beyond the end of
     514             :      * the run.
     515             :      */
     516             :     CSTATE_PREPARE_THROTTLE,
     517             :     CSTATE_THROTTLE,
     518             : 
     519             :     /*
     520             :      * We loop through these states, to process each command in the script:
     521             :      *
     522             :      * CSTATE_START_COMMAND starts the execution of a command.  On a SQL
     523             :      * command, the command is sent to the server, and we move to
     524             :      * CSTATE_WAIT_RESULT state unless in pipeline mode. On a \sleep
     525             :      * meta-command, the timer is set, and we enter the CSTATE_SLEEP state to
     526             :      * wait for it to expire. Other meta-commands are executed immediately. If
     527             :      * the command about to start is actually beyond the end of the script,
     528             :      * advance to CSTATE_END_TX.
     529             :      *
     530             :      * CSTATE_WAIT_RESULT waits until we get a result set back from the server
     531             :      * for the current command.
     532             :      *
     533             :      * CSTATE_SLEEP waits until the end of \sleep.
     534             :      *
     535             :      * CSTATE_END_COMMAND records the end-of-command timestamp, increments the
     536             :      * command counter, and loops back to CSTATE_START_COMMAND state.
     537             :      *
     538             :      * CSTATE_SKIP_COMMAND is used by conditional branches which are not
     539             :      * executed. It quickly skip commands that do not need any evaluation.
     540             :      * This state can move forward several commands, till there is something
     541             :      * to do or the end of the script.
     542             :      */
     543             :     CSTATE_START_COMMAND,
     544             :     CSTATE_WAIT_RESULT,
     545             :     CSTATE_SLEEP,
     546             :     CSTATE_END_COMMAND,
     547             :     CSTATE_SKIP_COMMAND,
     548             : 
     549             :     /*
     550             :      * States for failed commands.
     551             :      *
     552             :      * If the SQL/meta command fails, in CSTATE_ERROR clean up after an error:
     553             :      * (1) clear the conditional stack; (2) if we have an unterminated
     554             :      * (possibly failed) transaction block, send the rollback command to the
     555             :      * server and wait for the result in CSTATE_WAIT_ROLLBACK_RESULT.  If
     556             :      * something goes wrong with rolling back, go to CSTATE_ABORTED.
     557             :      *
     558             :      * But if everything is ok we are ready for future transactions: if this
     559             :      * is a serialization or deadlock error and we can re-execute the
     560             :      * transaction from the very beginning, go to CSTATE_RETRY; otherwise go
     561             :      * to CSTATE_FAILURE.
     562             :      *
     563             :      * In CSTATE_RETRY report an error, set the same parameters for the
     564             :      * transaction execution as in the previous tries and process the first
     565             :      * transaction command in CSTATE_START_COMMAND.
     566             :      *
     567             :      * In CSTATE_FAILURE report a failure, set the parameters for the
     568             :      * transaction execution as they were before the first run of this
     569             :      * transaction (except for a random state) and go to CSTATE_END_TX to
     570             :      * complete this transaction.
     571             :      */
     572             :     CSTATE_ERROR,
     573             :     CSTATE_WAIT_ROLLBACK_RESULT,
     574             :     CSTATE_RETRY,
     575             :     CSTATE_FAILURE,
     576             : 
     577             :     /*
     578             :      * CSTATE_END_TX performs end-of-transaction processing.  It calculates
     579             :      * latency, and logs the transaction.  In --connect mode, it closes the
     580             :      * current connection.
     581             :      *
     582             :      * Then either starts over in CSTATE_CHOOSE_SCRIPT, or enters
     583             :      * CSTATE_FINISHED if we have no more work to do.
     584             :      */
     585             :     CSTATE_END_TX,
     586             : 
     587             :     /*
     588             :      * Final states.  CSTATE_ABORTED means that the script execution was
     589             :      * aborted because a command failed, CSTATE_FINISHED means success.
     590             :      */
     591             :     CSTATE_ABORTED,
     592             :     CSTATE_FINISHED,
     593             : } ConnectionStateEnum;
     594             : 
     595             : /*
     596             :  * Connection state.
     597             :  */
     598             : typedef struct
     599             : {
     600             :     PGconn     *con;            /* connection handle to DB */
     601             :     int         id;             /* client No. */
     602             :     ConnectionStateEnum state;  /* state machine's current state. */
     603             :     ConditionalStack cstack;    /* enclosing conditionals state */
     604             : 
     605             :     /*
     606             :      * Separate randomness for each client. This is used for random functions
     607             :      * PGBENCH_RANDOM_* during the execution of the script.
     608             :      */
     609             :     pg_prng_state cs_func_rs;
     610             : 
     611             :     int         use_file;       /* index in sql_script for this client */
     612             :     int         command;        /* command number in script */
     613             :     int         num_syncs;      /* number of ongoing sync commands */
     614             : 
     615             :     /* client variables */
     616             :     Variables   variables;
     617             : 
     618             :     /* various times about current transaction in microseconds */
     619             :     pg_time_usec_t txn_scheduled;   /* scheduled start time of transaction */
     620             :     pg_time_usec_t sleep_until; /* scheduled start time of next cmd */
     621             :     pg_time_usec_t txn_begin;   /* used for measuring schedule lag times */
     622             :     pg_time_usec_t stmt_begin;  /* used for measuring statement latencies */
     623             : 
     624             :     /* whether client prepared each command of each script */
     625             :     bool      **prepared;
     626             : 
     627             :     /*
     628             :      * For processing failures and repeating transactions with serialization
     629             :      * or deadlock errors:
     630             :      */
     631             :     EStatus     estatus;        /* the error status of the current transaction
     632             :                                  * execution; this is ESTATUS_NO_ERROR if
     633             :                                  * there were no errors */
     634             :     pg_prng_state random_state; /* random state */
     635             :     uint32      tries;          /* how many times have we already tried the
     636             :                                  * current transaction? */
     637             : 
     638             :     /* per client collected stats */
     639             :     int64       cnt;            /* client transaction count, for -t; skipped
     640             :                                  * and failed transactions are also counted
     641             :                                  * here */
     642             : } CState;
     643             : 
     644             : /*
     645             :  * Thread state
     646             :  */
     647             : typedef struct
     648             : {
     649             :     int         tid;            /* thread id */
     650             :     THREAD_T    thread;         /* thread handle */
     651             :     CState     *state;          /* array of CState */
     652             :     int         nstate;         /* length of state[] */
     653             : 
     654             :     /*
     655             :      * Separate randomness for each thread. Each thread option uses its own
     656             :      * random state to make all of them independent of each other and
     657             :      * therefore deterministic at the thread level.
     658             :      */
     659             :     pg_prng_state ts_choose_rs; /* random state for selecting a script */
     660             :     pg_prng_state ts_throttle_rs;   /* random state for transaction throttling */
     661             :     pg_prng_state ts_sample_rs; /* random state for log sampling */
     662             : 
     663             :     int64       throttle_trigger;   /* previous/next throttling (us) */
     664             :     FILE       *logfile;        /* where to log, or NULL */
     665             : 
     666             :     /* per thread collected stats in microseconds */
     667             :     pg_time_usec_t create_time; /* thread creation time */
     668             :     pg_time_usec_t started_time;    /* thread is running */
     669             :     pg_time_usec_t bench_start; /* thread is benchmarking */
     670             :     pg_time_usec_t conn_duration;   /* cumulated connection and disconnection
     671             :                                      * delays */
     672             : 
     673             :     StatsData   stats;
     674             :     int64       latency_late;   /* count executed but late transactions */
     675             : } TState;
     676             : 
     677             : /*
     678             :  * queries read from files
     679             :  */
     680             : #define SQL_COMMAND     1
     681             : #define META_COMMAND    2
     682             : 
     683             : /*
     684             :  * max number of backslash command arguments or SQL variables,
     685             :  * including the command or SQL statement itself
     686             :  */
     687             : #define MAX_ARGS        256
     688             : 
     689             : typedef enum MetaCommand
     690             : {
     691             :     META_NONE,                  /* not a known meta-command */
     692             :     META_SET,                   /* \set */
     693             :     META_SETSHELL,              /* \setshell */
     694             :     META_SHELL,                 /* \shell */
     695             :     META_SLEEP,                 /* \sleep */
     696             :     META_GSET,                  /* \gset */
     697             :     META_ASET,                  /* \aset */
     698             :     META_IF,                    /* \if */
     699             :     META_ELIF,                  /* \elif */
     700             :     META_ELSE,                  /* \else */
     701             :     META_ENDIF,                 /* \endif */
     702             :     META_STARTPIPELINE,         /* \startpipeline */
     703             :     META_SYNCPIPELINE,          /* \syncpipeline */
     704             :     META_ENDPIPELINE,           /* \endpipeline */
     705             : } MetaCommand;
     706             : 
     707             : typedef enum QueryMode
     708             : {
     709             :     QUERY_SIMPLE,               /* simple query */
     710             :     QUERY_EXTENDED,             /* extended query */
     711             :     QUERY_PREPARED,             /* extended query with prepared statements */
     712             :     NUM_QUERYMODE
     713             : } QueryMode;
     714             : 
     715             : static QueryMode querymode = QUERY_SIMPLE;
     716             : static const char *const QUERYMODE[] = {"simple", "extended", "prepared"};
     717             : 
     718             : /*
     719             :  * struct Command represents one command in a script.
     720             :  *
     721             :  * lines        The raw, possibly multi-line command text.  Variable substitution
     722             :  *              not applied.
     723             :  * first_line   A short, single-line extract of 'lines', for error reporting.
     724             :  * type         SQL_COMMAND or META_COMMAND
     725             :  * meta         The type of meta-command, with META_NONE/GSET/ASET if command
     726             :  *              is SQL.
     727             :  * argc         Number of arguments of the command, 0 if not yet processed.
     728             :  * argv         Command arguments, the first of which is the command or SQL
     729             :  *              string itself.  For SQL commands, after post-processing
     730             :  *              argv[0] is the same as 'lines' with variables substituted.
     731             :  * prepname     The name that this command is prepared under, in prepare mode
     732             :  * varprefix    SQL commands terminated with \gset or \aset have this set
     733             :  *              to a non NULL value.  If nonempty, it's used to prefix the
     734             :  *              variable name that receives the value.
     735             :  * aset         do gset on all possible queries of a combined query (\;).
     736             :  * expr         Parsed expression, if needed.
     737             :  * stats        Time spent in this command.
     738             :  * retries      Number of retries after a serialization or deadlock error in the
     739             :  *              current command.
     740             :  * failures     Number of errors in the current command that were not retried.
     741             :  */
     742             : typedef struct Command
     743             : {
     744             :     PQExpBufferData lines;
     745             :     char       *first_line;
     746             :     int         type;
     747             :     MetaCommand meta;
     748             :     int         argc;
     749             :     char       *argv[MAX_ARGS];
     750             :     char       *prepname;
     751             :     char       *varprefix;
     752             :     PgBenchExpr *expr;
     753             :     SimpleStats stats;
     754             :     int64       retries;
     755             :     int64       failures;
     756             : } Command;
     757             : 
     758             : typedef struct ParsedScript
     759             : {
     760             :     const char *desc;           /* script descriptor (eg, file name) */
     761             :     int         weight;         /* selection weight */
     762             :     Command   **commands;       /* NULL-terminated array of Commands */
     763             :     StatsData   stats;          /* total time spent in script */
     764             : } ParsedScript;
     765             : 
     766             : static ParsedScript sql_script[MAX_SCRIPTS];    /* SQL script files */
     767             : static int  num_scripts;        /* number of scripts in sql_script[] */
     768             : static int64 total_weight = 0;
     769             : 
     770             : static bool verbose_errors = false; /* print verbose messages of all errors */
     771             : 
     772             : static bool exit_on_abort = false;  /* exit when any client is aborted */
     773             : 
     774             : /* Builtin test scripts */
     775             : typedef struct BuiltinScript
     776             : {
     777             :     const char *name;           /* very short name for -b ... */
     778             :     const char *desc;           /* short description */
     779             :     const char *script;         /* actual pgbench script */
     780             : } BuiltinScript;
     781             : 
     782             : static const BuiltinScript builtin_script[] =
     783             : {
     784             :     {
     785             :         "tpcb-like",
     786             :         "<builtin: TPC-B (sort of)>",
     787             :         "\\set aid random(1, " CppAsString2(naccounts) " * :scale)\n"
     788             :         "\\set bid random(1, " CppAsString2(nbranches) " * :scale)\n"
     789             :         "\\set tid random(1, " CppAsString2(ntellers) " * :scale)\n"
     790             :         "\\set delta random(-5000, 5000)\n"
     791             :         "BEGIN;\n"
     792             :         "UPDATE pgbench_accounts SET abalance = abalance + :delta WHERE aid = :aid;\n"
     793             :         "SELECT abalance FROM pgbench_accounts WHERE aid = :aid;\n"
     794             :         "UPDATE pgbench_tellers SET tbalance = tbalance + :delta WHERE tid = :tid;\n"
     795             :         "UPDATE pgbench_branches SET bbalance = bbalance + :delta WHERE bid = :bid;\n"
     796             :         "INSERT INTO pgbench_history (tid, bid, aid, delta, mtime) VALUES (:tid, :bid, :aid, :delta, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);\n"
     797             :         "END;\n"
     798             :     },
     799             :     {
     800             :         "simple-update",
     801             :         "<builtin: simple update>",
     802             :         "\\set aid random(1, " CppAsString2(naccounts) " * :scale)\n"
     803             :         "\\set bid random(1, " CppAsString2(nbranches) " * :scale)\n"
     804             :         "\\set tid random(1, " CppAsString2(ntellers) " * :scale)\n"
     805             :         "\\set delta random(-5000, 5000)\n"
     806             :         "BEGIN;\n"
     807             :         "UPDATE pgbench_accounts SET abalance = abalance + :delta WHERE aid = :aid;\n"
     808             :         "SELECT abalance FROM pgbench_accounts WHERE aid = :aid;\n"
     809             :         "INSERT INTO pgbench_history (tid, bid, aid, delta, mtime) VALUES (:tid, :bid, :aid, :delta, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);\n"
     810             :         "END;\n"
     811             :     },
     812             :     {
     813             :         "select-only",
     814             :         "<builtin: select only>",
     815             :         "\\set aid random(1, " CppAsString2(naccounts) " * :scale)\n"
     816             :         "SELECT abalance FROM pgbench_accounts WHERE aid = :aid;\n"
     817             :     }
     818             : };
     819             : 
     820             : 
     821             : /* Function prototypes */
     822             : static void setNullValue(PgBenchValue *pv);
     823             : static void setBoolValue(PgBenchValue *pv, bool bval);
     824             : static void setIntValue(PgBenchValue *pv, int64 ival);
     825             : static void setDoubleValue(PgBenchValue *pv, double dval);
     826             : static bool evaluateExpr(CState *st, PgBenchExpr *expr,
     827             :                          PgBenchValue *retval);
     828             : static ConnectionStateEnum executeMetaCommand(CState *st, pg_time_usec_t *now);
     829             : static void doLog(TState *thread, CState *st,
     830             :                   StatsData *agg, bool skipped, double latency, double lag);
     831             : static void processXactStats(TState *thread, CState *st, pg_time_usec_t *now,
     832             :                              bool skipped, StatsData *agg);
     833             : static void addScript(const ParsedScript *script);
     834             : static THREAD_FUNC_RETURN_TYPE THREAD_FUNC_CC threadRun(void *arg);
     835             : static void finishCon(CState *st);
     836             : static void setalarm(int seconds);
     837             : static socket_set *alloc_socket_set(int count);
     838             : static void free_socket_set(socket_set *sa);
     839             : static void clear_socket_set(socket_set *sa);
     840             : static void add_socket_to_set(socket_set *sa, int fd, int idx);
     841             : static int  wait_on_socket_set(socket_set *sa, int64 usecs);
     842             : static bool socket_has_input(socket_set *sa, int fd, int idx);
     843             : 
     844             : /* callback used to build rows for COPY during data loading */
     845             : typedef void (*initRowMethod) (PQExpBufferData *sql, int64 curr);
     846             : 
     847             : /* callback functions for our flex lexer */
     848             : static const PsqlScanCallbacks pgbench_callbacks = {
     849             :     NULL,                       /* don't need get_variable functionality */
     850             : };
     851             : 
     852             : static char
     853          12 : get_table_relkind(PGconn *con, const char *table)
     854             : {
     855             :     PGresult   *res;
     856             :     char       *val;
     857             :     char        relkind;
     858          12 :     const char *params[1] = {table};
     859          12 :     const char *sql =
     860             :         "SELECT relkind FROM pg_catalog.pg_class WHERE oid=$1::pg_catalog.regclass";
     861             : 
     862          12 :     res = PQexecParams(con, sql, 1, NULL, params, NULL, NULL, 0);
     863          12 :     if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK)
     864             :     {
     865           0 :         pg_log_error("query failed: %s", PQerrorMessage(con));
     866           0 :         pg_log_error_detail("Query was: %s", sql);
     867           0 :         exit(1);
     868             :     }
     869          12 :     val = PQgetvalue(res, 0, 0);
     870             :     Assert(strlen(val) == 1);
     871          12 :     relkind = val[0];
     872          12 :     PQclear(res);
     873             : 
     874          12 :     return relkind;
     875             : }
     876             : 
     877             : static inline pg_time_usec_t
     878       23756 : pg_time_now(void)
     879             : {
     880             :     instr_time  now;
     881             : 
     882       23756 :     INSTR_TIME_SET_CURRENT(now);
     883             : 
     884       23756 :     return (pg_time_usec_t) INSTR_TIME_GET_MICROSEC(now);
     885             : }
     886             : 
     887             : static inline void
     888       21488 : pg_time_now_lazy(pg_time_usec_t *now)
     889             : {
     890       21488 :     if ((*now) == 0)
     891       19444 :         (*now) = pg_time_now();
     892       21488 : }
     893             : 
     894             : #define PG_TIME_GET_DOUBLE(t) (0.000001 * (t))
     895             : 
     896             : static void
     897           2 : usage(void)
     898             : {
     899           2 :     printf("%s is a benchmarking tool for PostgreSQL.\n\n"
     900             :            "Usage:\n"
     901             :            "  %s [OPTION]... [DBNAME]\n"
     902             :            "\nInitialization options:\n"
     903             :            "  -i, --initialize         invokes initialization mode\n"
     904             :            "  -I, --init-steps=[" ALL_INIT_STEPS "]+ (default \"" DEFAULT_INIT_STEPS "\")\n"
     905             :            "                           run selected initialization steps, in the specified order\n"
     906             :            "                           d: drop any existing pgbench tables\n"
     907             :            "                           t: create the tables used by the standard pgbench scenario\n"
     908             :            "                           g: generate data, client-side\n"
     909             :            "                           G: generate data, server-side\n"
     910             :            "                           v: invoke VACUUM on the standard tables\n"
     911             :            "                           p: create primary key indexes on the standard tables\n"
     912             :            "                           f: create foreign keys between the standard tables\n"
     913             :            "  -F, --fillfactor=NUM     set fill factor\n"
     914             :            "  -n, --no-vacuum          do not run VACUUM during initialization\n"
     915             :            "  -q, --quiet              quiet logging (one message each 5 seconds)\n"
     916             :            "  -s, --scale=NUM          scaling factor\n"
     917             :            "  --foreign-keys           create foreign key constraints between tables\n"
     918             :            "  --index-tablespace=TABLESPACE\n"
     919             :            "                           create indexes in the specified tablespace\n"
     920             :            "  --partition-method=(range|hash)\n"
     921             :            "                           partition pgbench_accounts with this method (default: range)\n"
     922             :            "  --partitions=NUM         partition pgbench_accounts into NUM parts (default: 0)\n"
     923             :            "  --tablespace=TABLESPACE  create tables in the specified tablespace\n"
     924             :            "  --unlogged-tables        create tables as unlogged tables\n"
     925             :            "\nOptions to select what to run:\n"
     926             :            "  -b, --builtin=NAME[@W]   add builtin script NAME weighted at W (default: 1)\n"
     927             :            "                           (use \"-b list\" to list available scripts)\n"
     928             :            "  -f, --file=FILENAME[@W]  add script FILENAME weighted at W (default: 1)\n"
     929             :            "  -N, --skip-some-updates  skip updates of pgbench_tellers and pgbench_branches\n"
     930             :            "                           (same as \"-b simple-update\")\n"
     931             :            "  -S, --select-only        perform SELECT-only transactions\n"
     932             :            "                           (same as \"-b select-only\")\n"
     933             :            "\nBenchmarking options:\n"
     934             :            "  -c, --client=NUM         number of concurrent database clients (default: 1)\n"
     935             :            "  -C, --connect            establish new connection for each transaction\n"
     936             :            "  -D, --define=VARNAME=VALUE\n"
     937             :            "                           define variable for use by custom script\n"
     938             :            "  -j, --jobs=NUM           number of threads (default: 1)\n"
     939             :            "  -l, --log                write transaction times to log file\n"
     940             :            "  -L, --latency-limit=NUM  count transactions lasting more than NUM ms as late\n"
     941             :            "  -M, --protocol=simple|extended|prepared\n"
     942             :            "                           protocol for submitting queries (default: simple)\n"
     943             :            "  -n, --no-vacuum          do not run VACUUM before tests\n"
     944             :            "  -P, --progress=NUM       show thread progress report every NUM seconds\n"
     945             :            "  -r, --report-per-command report latencies, failures, and retries per command\n"
     946             :            "  -R, --rate=NUM           target rate in transactions per second\n"
     947             :            "  -s, --scale=NUM          report this scale factor in output\n"
     948             :            "  -t, --transactions=NUM   number of transactions each client runs (default: 10)\n"
     949             :            "  -T, --time=NUM           duration of benchmark test in seconds\n"
     950             :            "  -v, --vacuum-all         vacuum all four standard tables before tests\n"
     951             :            "  --aggregate-interval=NUM aggregate data over NUM seconds\n"
     952             :            "  --exit-on-abort          exit when any client is aborted\n"
     953             :            "  --failures-detailed      report the failures grouped by basic types\n"
     954             :            "  --log-prefix=PREFIX      prefix for transaction time log file\n"
     955             :            "                           (default: \"pgbench_log\")\n"
     956             :            "  --max-tries=NUM          max number of tries to run transaction (default: 1)\n"
     957             :            "  --progress-timestamp     use Unix epoch timestamps for progress\n"
     958             :            "  --random-seed=SEED       set random seed (\"time\", \"rand\", integer)\n"
     959             :            "  --sampling-rate=NUM      fraction of transactions to log (e.g., 0.01 for 1%%)\n"
     960             :            "  --show-script=NAME       show builtin script code, then exit\n"
     961             :            "  --verbose-errors         print messages of all errors\n"
     962             :            "\nCommon options:\n"
     963             :            "  --debug                  print debugging output\n"
     964             :            "  -d, --dbname=DBNAME      database name to connect to\n"
     965             :            "  -h, --host=HOSTNAME      database server host or socket directory\n"
     966             :            "  -p, --port=PORT          database server port number\n"
     967             :            "  -U, --username=USERNAME  connect as specified database user\n"
     968             :            "  -V, --version            output version information, then exit\n"
     969             :            "  -?, --help               show this help, then exit\n"
     970             :            "\n"
     971             :            "Report bugs to <%s>.\n"
     972             :            "%s home page: <%s>\n",
     973             :            progname, progname, PACKAGE_BUGREPORT, PACKAGE_NAME, PACKAGE_URL);
     974           2 : }
     975             : 
     976             : /* return whether str matches "^\s*[-+]?[0-9]+$" */
     977             : static bool
     978        1086 : is_an_int(const char *str)
     979             : {
     980        1086 :     const char *ptr = str;
     981             : 
     982             :     /* skip leading spaces; cast is consistent with strtoint64 */
     983        1086 :     while (*ptr && isspace((unsigned char) *ptr))
     984           0 :         ptr++;
     985             : 
     986             :     /* skip sign */
     987        1086 :     if (*ptr == '+' || *ptr == '-')
     988           6 :         ptr++;
     989             : 
     990             :     /* at least one digit */
     991        1086 :     if (*ptr && !isdigit((unsigned char) *ptr))
     992           4 :         return false;
     993             : 
     994             :     /* eat all digits */
     995        2274 :     while (*ptr && isdigit((unsigned char) *ptr))
     996        1192 :         ptr++;
     997             : 
     998             :     /* must have reached end of string */
     999        1082 :     return *ptr == '\0';
    1000             : }
    1001             : 
    1002             : 
    1003             : /*
    1004             :  * strtoint64 -- convert a string to 64-bit integer
    1005             :  *
    1006             :  * This function is a slightly modified version of pg_strtoint64() from
    1007             :  * src/backend/utils/adt/numutils.c.
    1008             :  *
    1009             :  * The function returns whether the conversion worked, and if so
    1010             :  * "*result" is set to the result.
    1011             :  *
    1012             :  * If not errorOK, an error message is also printed out on errors.
    1013             :  */
    1014             : bool
    1015        2674 : strtoint64(const char *str, bool errorOK, int64 *result)
    1016             : {
    1017        2674 :     const char *ptr = str;
    1018        2674 :     int64       tmp = 0;
    1019        2674 :     bool        neg = false;
    1020             : 
    1021             :     /*
    1022             :      * Do our own scan, rather than relying on sscanf which might be broken
    1023             :      * for long long.
    1024             :      *
    1025             :      * As INT64_MIN can't be stored as a positive 64 bit integer, accumulate
    1026             :      * value as a negative number.
    1027             :      */
    1028             : 
    1029             :     /* skip leading spaces */
    1030        2674 :     while (*ptr && isspace((unsigned char) *ptr))
    1031           0 :         ptr++;
    1032             : 
    1033             :     /* handle sign */
    1034        2674 :     if (*ptr == '-')
    1035             :     {
    1036           4 :         ptr++;
    1037           4 :         neg = true;
    1038             :     }
    1039        2670 :     else if (*ptr == '+')
    1040           0 :         ptr++;
    1041             : 
    1042             :     /* require at least one digit */
    1043        2674 :     if (unlikely(!isdigit((unsigned char) *ptr)))
    1044           0 :         goto invalid_syntax;
    1045             : 
    1046             :     /* process digits */
    1047        7954 :     while (*ptr && isdigit((unsigned char) *ptr))
    1048             :     {
    1049        5282 :         int8        digit = (*ptr++ - '0');
    1050             : 
    1051        5282 :         if (unlikely(pg_mul_s64_overflow(tmp, 10, &tmp)) ||
    1052        5280 :             unlikely(pg_sub_s64_overflow(tmp, digit, &tmp)))
    1053           2 :             goto out_of_range;
    1054             :     }
    1055             : 
    1056             :     /* allow trailing whitespace, but not other trailing chars */
    1057        2672 :     while (*ptr != '\0' && isspace((unsigned char) *ptr))
    1058           0 :         ptr++;
    1059             : 
    1060        2672 :     if (unlikely(*ptr != '\0'))
    1061           0 :         goto invalid_syntax;
    1062             : 
    1063        2672 :     if (!neg)
    1064             :     {
    1065        2668 :         if (unlikely(tmp == PG_INT64_MIN))
    1066           0 :             goto out_of_range;
    1067        2668 :         tmp = -tmp;
    1068             :     }
    1069             : 
    1070        2672 :     *result = tmp;
    1071        2672 :     return true;
    1072             : 
    1073           2 : out_of_range:
    1074           2 :     if (!errorOK)
    1075           0 :         pg_log_error("value \"%s\" is out of range for type bigint", str);
    1076           2 :     return false;
    1077             : 
    1078           0 : invalid_syntax:
    1079           0 :     if (!errorOK)
    1080           0 :         pg_log_error("invalid input syntax for type bigint: \"%s\"", str);
    1081           0 :     return false;
    1082             : }
    1083             : 
    1084             : /* convert string to double, detecting overflows/underflows */
    1085             : bool
    1086         132 : strtodouble(const char *str, bool errorOK, double *dv)
    1087             : {
    1088             :     char       *end;
    1089             : 
    1090         132 :     errno = 0;
    1091         132 :     *dv = strtod(str, &end);
    1092             : 
    1093         132 :     if (unlikely(errno != 0))
    1094             :     {
    1095           4 :         if (!errorOK)
    1096           0 :             pg_log_error("value \"%s\" is out of range for type double", str);
    1097           4 :         return false;
    1098             :     }
    1099             : 
    1100         128 :     if (unlikely(end == str || *end != '\0'))
    1101             :     {
    1102           4 :         if (!errorOK)
    1103           0 :             pg_log_error("invalid input syntax for type double: \"%s\"", str);
    1104           4 :         return false;
    1105             :     }
    1106         124 :     return true;
    1107             : }
    1108             : 
    1109             : /*
    1110             :  * Initialize a prng state struct.
    1111             :  *
    1112             :  * We derive the seed from base_random_sequence, which must be set up already.
    1113             :  */
    1114             : static void
    1115         778 : initRandomState(pg_prng_state *state)
    1116             : {
    1117         778 :     pg_prng_seed(state, pg_prng_uint64(&base_random_sequence));
    1118         778 : }
    1119             : 
    1120             : 
    1121             : /*
    1122             :  * random number generator: uniform distribution from min to max inclusive.
    1123             :  *
    1124             :  * Although the limits are expressed as int64, you can't generate the full
    1125             :  * int64 range in one call, because the difference of the limits mustn't
    1126             :  * overflow int64.  This is not checked.
    1127             :  */
    1128             : static int64
    1129        5740 : getrand(pg_prng_state *state, int64 min, int64 max)
    1130             : {
    1131        5740 :     return min + (int64) pg_prng_uint64_range(state, 0, max - min);
    1132             : }
    1133             : 
    1134             : /*
    1135             :  * random number generator: exponential distribution from min to max inclusive.
    1136             :  * the parameter is so that the density of probability for the last cut-off max
    1137             :  * value is exp(-parameter).
    1138             :  */
    1139             : static int64
    1140           6 : getExponentialRand(pg_prng_state *state, int64 min, int64 max,
    1141             :                    double parameter)
    1142             : {
    1143             :     double      cut,
    1144             :                 uniform,
    1145             :                 rand;
    1146             : 
    1147             :     /* abort if wrong parameter, but must really be checked beforehand */
    1148             :     Assert(parameter > 0.0);
    1149           6 :     cut = exp(-parameter);
    1150             :     /* pg_prng_double value in [0, 1), uniform in (0, 1] */
    1151           6 :     uniform = 1.0 - pg_prng_double(state);
    1152             : 
    1153             :     /*
    1154             :      * inner expression in (cut, 1] (if parameter > 0), rand in [0, 1)
    1155             :      */
    1156             :     Assert((1.0 - cut) != 0.0);
    1157           6 :     rand = -log(cut + (1.0 - cut) * uniform) / parameter;
    1158             :     /* return int64 random number within between min and max */
    1159           6 :     return min + (int64) ((max - min + 1) * rand);
    1160             : }
    1161             : 
    1162             : /* random number generator: gaussian distribution from min to max inclusive */
    1163             : static int64
    1164           6 : getGaussianRand(pg_prng_state *state, int64 min, int64 max,
    1165             :                 double parameter)
    1166             : {
    1167             :     double      stdev;
    1168             :     double      rand;
    1169             : 
    1170             :     /* abort if parameter is too low, but must really be checked beforehand */
    1171             :     Assert(parameter >= MIN_GAUSSIAN_PARAM);
    1172             : 
    1173             :     /*
    1174             :      * Get normally-distributed random number in the range -parameter <= stdev
    1175             :      * < parameter.
    1176             :      *
    1177             :      * This loop is executed until the number is in the expected range.
    1178             :      *
    1179             :      * As the minimum parameter is 2.0, the probability of looping is low:
    1180             :      * sqrt(-2 ln(r)) <= 2 => r >= e^{-2} ~ 0.135, then when taking the
    1181             :      * average sinus multiplier as 2/pi, we have a 8.6% looping probability in
    1182             :      * the worst case. For a parameter value of 5.0, the looping probability
    1183             :      * is about e^{-5} * 2 / pi ~ 0.43%.
    1184             :      */
    1185             :     do
    1186             :     {
    1187           6 :         stdev = pg_prng_double_normal(state);
    1188             :     }
    1189           6 :     while (stdev < -parameter || stdev >= parameter);
    1190             : 
    1191             :     /* stdev is in [-parameter, parameter), normalization to [0,1) */
    1192           6 :     rand = (stdev + parameter) / (parameter * 2.0);
    1193             : 
    1194             :     /* return int64 random number within between min and max */
    1195           6 :     return min + (int64) ((max - min + 1) * rand);
    1196             : }
    1197             : 
    1198             : /*
    1199             :  * random number generator: generate a value, such that the series of values
    1200             :  * will approximate a Poisson distribution centered on the given value.
    1201             :  *
    1202             :  * Individual results are rounded to integers, though the center value need
    1203             :  * not be one.
    1204             :  */
    1205             : static int64
    1206         420 : getPoissonRand(pg_prng_state *state, double center)
    1207             : {
    1208             :     /*
    1209             :      * Use inverse transform sampling to generate a value > 0, such that the
    1210             :      * expected (i.e. average) value is the given argument.
    1211             :      */
    1212             :     double      uniform;
    1213             : 
    1214             :     /* pg_prng_double value in [0, 1), uniform in (0, 1] */
    1215         420 :     uniform = 1.0 - pg_prng_double(state);
    1216             : 
    1217         420 :     return (int64) (-log(uniform) * center + 0.5);
    1218             : }
    1219             : 
    1220             : /*
    1221             :  * Computing zipfian using rejection method, based on
    1222             :  * "Non-Uniform Random Variate Generation",
    1223             :  * Luc Devroye, p. 550-551, Springer 1986.
    1224             :  *
    1225             :  * This works for s > 1.0, but may perform badly for s very close to 1.0.
    1226             :  */
    1227             : static int64
    1228           6 : computeIterativeZipfian(pg_prng_state *state, int64 n, double s)
    1229             : {
    1230           6 :     double      b = pow(2.0, s - 1.0);
    1231             :     double      x,
    1232             :                 t,
    1233             :                 u,
    1234             :                 v;
    1235             : 
    1236             :     /* Ensure n is sane */
    1237           6 :     if (n <= 1)
    1238           0 :         return 1;
    1239             : 
    1240             :     while (true)
    1241             :     {
    1242             :         /* random variates */
    1243          10 :         u = pg_prng_double(state);
    1244          10 :         v = pg_prng_double(state);
    1245             : 
    1246          10 :         x = floor(pow(u, -1.0 / (s - 1.0)));
    1247             : 
    1248          10 :         t = pow(1.0 + 1.0 / x, s - 1.0);
    1249             :         /* reject if too large or out of bound */
    1250          10 :         if (v * x * (t - 1.0) / (b - 1.0) <= t / b && x <= n)
    1251           6 :             break;
    1252             :     }
    1253           6 :     return (int64) x;
    1254             : }
    1255             : 
    1256             : /* random number generator: zipfian distribution from min to max inclusive */
    1257             : static int64
    1258           6 : getZipfianRand(pg_prng_state *state, int64 min, int64 max, double s)
    1259             : {
    1260           6 :     int64       n = max - min + 1;
    1261             : 
    1262             :     /* abort if parameter is invalid */
    1263             :     Assert(MIN_ZIPFIAN_PARAM <= s && s <= MAX_ZIPFIAN_PARAM);
    1264             : 
    1265           6 :     return min - 1 + computeIterativeZipfian(state, n, s);
    1266             : }
    1267             : 
    1268             : /*
    1269             :  * FNV-1a hash function
    1270             :  */
    1271             : static int64
    1272           2 : getHashFnv1a(int64 val, uint64 seed)
    1273             : {
    1274             :     int64       result;
    1275             :     int         i;
    1276             : 
    1277           2 :     result = FNV_OFFSET_BASIS ^ seed;
    1278          18 :     for (i = 0; i < 8; ++i)
    1279             :     {
    1280          16 :         int32       octet = val & 0xff;
    1281             : 
    1282          16 :         val = val >> 8;
    1283          16 :         result = result ^ octet;
    1284          16 :         result = result * FNV_PRIME;
    1285             :     }
    1286             : 
    1287           2 :     return result;
    1288             : }
    1289             : 
    1290             : /*
    1291             :  * Murmur2 hash function
    1292             :  *
    1293             :  * Based on original work of Austin Appleby
    1294             :  * https://github.com/aappleby/smhasher/blob/master/src/MurmurHash2.cpp
    1295             :  */
    1296             : static int64
    1297          10 : getHashMurmur2(int64 val, uint64 seed)
    1298             : {
    1299          10 :     uint64      result = seed ^ MM2_MUL_TIMES_8;    /* sizeof(int64) */
    1300          10 :     uint64      k = (uint64) val;
    1301             : 
    1302          10 :     k *= MM2_MUL;
    1303          10 :     k ^= k >> MM2_ROT;
    1304          10 :     k *= MM2_MUL;
    1305             : 
    1306          10 :     result ^= k;
    1307          10 :     result *= MM2_MUL;
    1308             : 
    1309          10 :     result ^= result >> MM2_ROT;
    1310          10 :     result *= MM2_MUL;
    1311          10 :     result ^= result >> MM2_ROT;
    1312             : 
    1313          10 :     return (int64) result;
    1314             : }
    1315             : 
    1316             : /*
    1317             :  * Pseudorandom permutation function
    1318             :  *
    1319             :  * For small sizes, this generates each of the (size!) possible permutations
    1320             :  * of integers in the range [0, size) with roughly equal probability.  Once
    1321             :  * the size is larger than 20, the number of possible permutations exceeds the
    1322             :  * number of distinct states of the internal pseudorandom number generator,
    1323             :  * and so not all possible permutations can be generated, but the permutations
    1324             :  * chosen should continue to give the appearance of being random.
    1325             :  *
    1326             :  * THIS FUNCTION IS NOT CRYPTOGRAPHICALLY SECURE.
    1327             :  * DO NOT USE FOR SUCH PURPOSE.
    1328             :  */
    1329             : static int64
    1330          90 : permute(const int64 val, const int64 isize, const int64 seed)
    1331             : {
    1332             :     /* using a high-end PRNG is probably overkill */
    1333             :     pg_prng_state state;
    1334             :     uint64      size;
    1335             :     uint64      v;
    1336             :     int         masklen;
    1337             :     uint64      mask;
    1338             :     int         i;
    1339             : 
    1340          90 :     if (isize < 2)
    1341           2 :         return 0;               /* nothing to permute */
    1342             : 
    1343             :     /* Initialize prng state using the seed */
    1344          88 :     pg_prng_seed(&state, (uint64) seed);
    1345             : 
    1346             :     /* Computations are performed on unsigned values */
    1347          88 :     size = (uint64) isize;
    1348          88 :     v = (uint64) val % size;
    1349             : 
    1350             :     /* Mask to work modulo largest power of 2 less than or equal to size */
    1351          88 :     masklen = pg_leftmost_one_pos64(size);
    1352          88 :     mask = (((uint64) 1) << masklen) - 1;
    1353             : 
    1354             :     /*
    1355             :      * Permute the input value by applying several rounds of pseudorandom
    1356             :      * bijective transformations.  The intention here is to distribute each
    1357             :      * input uniformly randomly across the range, and separate adjacent inputs
    1358             :      * approximately uniformly randomly from each other, leading to a fairly
    1359             :      * random overall choice of permutation.
    1360             :      *
    1361             :      * To separate adjacent inputs, we multiply by a random number modulo
    1362             :      * (mask + 1), which is a power of 2.  For this to be a bijection, the
    1363             :      * multiplier must be odd.  Since this is known to lead to less randomness
    1364             :      * in the lower bits, we also apply a rotation that shifts the topmost bit
    1365             :      * into the least significant bit.  In the special cases where size <= 3,
    1366             :      * mask = 1 and each of these operations is actually a no-op, so we also
    1367             :      * XOR the value with a different random number to inject additional
    1368             :      * randomness.  Since the size is generally not a power of 2, we apply
    1369             :      * this bijection on overlapping upper and lower halves of the input.
    1370             :      *
    1371             :      * To distribute the inputs uniformly across the range, we then also apply
    1372             :      * a random offset modulo the full range.
    1373             :      *
    1374             :      * Taken together, these operations resemble a modified linear
    1375             :      * congruential generator, as is commonly used in pseudorandom number
    1376             :      * generators.  The number of rounds is fairly arbitrary, but six has been
    1377             :      * found empirically to give a fairly good tradeoff between performance
    1378             :      * and uniform randomness.  For small sizes it selects each of the (size!)
    1379             :      * possible permutations with roughly equal probability.  For larger
    1380             :      * sizes, not all permutations can be generated, but the intended random
    1381             :      * spread is still produced.
    1382             :      */
    1383         616 :     for (i = 0; i < 6; i++)
    1384             :     {
    1385             :         uint64      m,
    1386             :                     r,
    1387             :                     t;
    1388             : 
    1389             :         /* Random multiply (by an odd number), XOR and rotate of lower half */
    1390         528 :         m = (pg_prng_uint64(&state) & mask) | 1;
    1391         528 :         r = pg_prng_uint64(&state) & mask;
    1392         528 :         if (v <= mask)
    1393             :         {
    1394         438 :             v = ((v * m) ^ r) & mask;
    1395         438 :             v = ((v << 1) & mask) | (v >> (masklen - 1));
    1396             :         }
    1397             : 
    1398             :         /* Random multiply (by an odd number), XOR and rotate of upper half */
    1399         528 :         m = (pg_prng_uint64(&state) & mask) | 1;
    1400         528 :         r = pg_prng_uint64(&state) & mask;
    1401         528 :         t = size - 1 - v;
    1402         528 :         if (t <= mask)
    1403             :         {
    1404         470 :             t = ((t * m) ^ r) & mask;
    1405         470 :             t = ((t << 1) & mask) | (t >> (masklen - 1));
    1406         470 :             v = size - 1 - t;
    1407             :         }
    1408             : 
    1409             :         /* Random offset */
    1410         528 :         r = pg_prng_uint64_range(&state, 0, size - 1);
    1411         528 :         v = (v + r) % size;
    1412             :     }
    1413             : 
    1414          88 :     return (int64) v;
    1415             : }
    1416             : 
    1417             : /*
    1418             :  * Initialize the given SimpleStats struct to all zeroes
    1419             :  */
    1420             : static void
    1421        4078 : initSimpleStats(SimpleStats *ss)
    1422             : {
    1423        4078 :     memset(ss, 0, sizeof(SimpleStats));
    1424        4078 : }
    1425             : 
    1426             : /*
    1427             :  * Accumulate one value into a SimpleStats struct.
    1428             :  */
    1429             : static void
    1430       19288 : addToSimpleStats(SimpleStats *ss, double val)
    1431             : {
    1432       19288 :     if (ss->count == 0 || val < ss->min)
    1433         346 :         ss->min = val;
    1434       19288 :     if (ss->count == 0 || val > ss->max)
    1435        1028 :         ss->max = val;
    1436       19288 :     ss->count++;
    1437       19288 :     ss->sum += val;
    1438       19288 :     ss->sum2 += val * val;
    1439       19288 : }
    1440             : 
    1441             : /*
    1442             :  * Merge two SimpleStats objects
    1443             :  */
    1444             : static void
    1445         340 : mergeSimpleStats(SimpleStats *acc, SimpleStats *ss)
    1446             : {
    1447         340 :     if (acc->count == 0 || ss->min < acc->min)
    1448         340 :         acc->min = ss->min;
    1449         340 :     if (acc->count == 0 || ss->max > acc->max)
    1450         340 :         acc->max = ss->max;
    1451         340 :     acc->count += ss->count;
    1452         340 :     acc->sum += ss->sum;
    1453         340 :     acc->sum2 += ss->sum2;
    1454         340 : }
    1455             : 
    1456             : /*
    1457             :  * Initialize a StatsData struct to mostly zeroes, with its start time set to
    1458             :  * the given value.
    1459             :  */
    1460             : static void
    1461        1084 : initStats(StatsData *sd, pg_time_usec_t start)
    1462             : {
    1463        1084 :     sd->start_time = start;
    1464        1084 :     sd->cnt = 0;
    1465        1084 :     sd->skipped = 0;
    1466        1084 :     sd->retries = 0;
    1467        1084 :     sd->retried = 0;
    1468        1084 :     sd->serialization_failures = 0;
    1469        1084 :     sd->deadlock_failures = 0;
    1470        1084 :     initSimpleStats(&sd->latency);
    1471        1084 :     initSimpleStats(&sd->lag);
    1472        1084 : }
    1473             : 
    1474             : /*
    1475             :  * Accumulate one additional item into the given stats object.
    1476             :  */
    1477             : static void
    1478       18102 : accumStats(StatsData *stats, bool skipped, double lat, double lag,
    1479             :            EStatus estatus, int64 tries)
    1480             : {
    1481             :     /* Record the skipped transaction */
    1482       18102 :     if (skipped)
    1483             :     {
    1484             :         /* no latency to record on skipped transactions */
    1485          18 :         stats->skipped++;
    1486          18 :         return;
    1487             :     }
    1488             : 
    1489             :     /*
    1490             :      * Record the number of retries regardless of whether the transaction was
    1491             :      * successful or failed.
    1492             :      */
    1493       18084 :     if (tries > 1)
    1494             :     {
    1495           4 :         stats->retries += (tries - 1);
    1496           4 :         stats->retried++;
    1497             :     }
    1498             : 
    1499       18084 :     switch (estatus)
    1500             :     {
    1501             :             /* Record the successful transaction */
    1502       18084 :         case ESTATUS_NO_ERROR:
    1503       18084 :             stats->cnt++;
    1504             : 
    1505       18084 :             addToSimpleStats(&stats->latency, lat);
    1506             : 
    1507             :             /* and possibly the same for schedule lag */
    1508       18084 :             if (throttle_delay)
    1509         402 :                 addToSimpleStats(&stats->lag, lag);
    1510       18084 :             break;
    1511             : 
    1512             :             /* Record the failed transaction */
    1513           0 :         case ESTATUS_SERIALIZATION_ERROR:
    1514           0 :             stats->serialization_failures++;
    1515           0 :             break;
    1516           0 :         case ESTATUS_DEADLOCK_ERROR:
    1517           0 :             stats->deadlock_failures++;
    1518           0 :             break;
    1519           0 :         default:
    1520             :             /* internal error which should never occur */
    1521           0 :             pg_fatal("unexpected error status: %d", estatus);
    1522             :     }
    1523             : }
    1524             : 
    1525             : /* call PQexec() and exit() on failure */
    1526             : static void
    1527         118 : executeStatement(PGconn *con, const char *sql)
    1528             : {
    1529             :     PGresult   *res;
    1530             : 
    1531         118 :     res = PQexec(con, sql);
    1532         118 :     if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
    1533             :     {
    1534           0 :         pg_log_error("query failed: %s", PQerrorMessage(con));
    1535           0 :         pg_log_error_detail("Query was: %s", sql);
    1536           0 :         exit(1);
    1537             :     }
    1538         118 :     PQclear(res);
    1539         118 : }
    1540             : 
    1541             : /* call PQexec() and complain, but without exiting, on failure */
    1542             : static void
    1543          60 : tryExecuteStatement(PGconn *con, const char *sql)
    1544             : {
    1545             :     PGresult   *res;
    1546             : 
    1547          60 :     res = PQexec(con, sql);
    1548          60 :     if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
    1549             :     {
    1550           0 :         pg_log_error("%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
    1551           0 :         pg_log_error_detail("(ignoring this error and continuing anyway)");
    1552             :     }
    1553          60 :     PQclear(res);
    1554          60 : }
    1555             : 
    1556             : /* set up a connection to the backend */
    1557             : static PGconn *
    1558         640 : doConnect(void)
    1559             : {
    1560             :     PGconn     *conn;
    1561             :     bool        new_pass;
    1562             :     static char *password = NULL;
    1563             : 
    1564             :     /*
    1565             :      * Start the connection.  Loop until we have a password if requested by
    1566             :      * backend.
    1567             :      */
    1568             :     do
    1569             :     {
    1570             : #define PARAMS_ARRAY_SIZE   7
    1571             : 
    1572             :         const char *keywords[PARAMS_ARRAY_SIZE];
    1573             :         const char *values[PARAMS_ARRAY_SIZE];
    1574             : 
    1575         640 :         keywords[0] = "host";
    1576         640 :         values[0] = pghost;
    1577         640 :         keywords[1] = "port";
    1578         640 :         values[1] = pgport;
    1579         640 :         keywords[2] = "user";
    1580         640 :         values[2] = username;
    1581         640 :         keywords[3] = "password";
    1582         640 :         values[3] = password;
    1583         640 :         keywords[4] = "dbname";
    1584         640 :         values[4] = dbName;
    1585         640 :         keywords[5] = "fallback_application_name";
    1586         640 :         values[5] = progname;
    1587         640 :         keywords[6] = NULL;
    1588         640 :         values[6] = NULL;
    1589             : 
    1590         640 :         new_pass = false;
    1591             : 
    1592         640 :         conn = PQconnectdbParams(keywords, values, true);
    1593             : 
    1594         640 :         if (!conn)
    1595             :         {
    1596           0 :             pg_log_error("connection to database \"%s\" failed", dbName);
    1597           0 :             return NULL;
    1598             :         }
    1599             : 
    1600         642 :         if (PQstatus(conn) == CONNECTION_BAD &&
    1601           2 :             PQconnectionNeedsPassword(conn) &&
    1602           0 :             !password)
    1603             :         {
    1604           0 :             PQfinish(conn);
    1605           0 :             password = simple_prompt("Password: ", false);
    1606           0 :             new_pass = true;
    1607             :         }
    1608         640 :     } while (new_pass);
    1609             : 
    1610             :     /* check to see that the backend connection was successfully made */
    1611         640 :     if (PQstatus(conn) == CONNECTION_BAD)
    1612             :     {
    1613           2 :         pg_log_error("%s", PQerrorMessage(conn));
    1614           2 :         PQfinish(conn);
    1615           2 :         return NULL;
    1616             :     }
    1617             : 
    1618         638 :     return conn;
    1619             : }
    1620             : 
    1621             : /* qsort comparator for Variable array */
    1622             : static int
    1623      107788 : compareVariableNames(const void *v1, const void *v2)
    1624             : {
    1625      215576 :     return strcmp(((const Variable *) v1)->name,
    1626      107788 :                   ((const Variable *) v2)->name);
    1627             : }
    1628             : 
    1629             : /* Locate a variable by name; returns NULL if unknown */
    1630             : static Variable *
    1631       16014 : lookupVariable(Variables *variables, char *name)
    1632             : {
    1633             :     Variable    key;
    1634             : 
    1635             :     /* On some versions of Solaris, bsearch of zero items dumps core */
    1636       16014 :     if (variables->nvars <= 0)
    1637         398 :         return NULL;
    1638             : 
    1639             :     /* Sort if we have to */
    1640       15616 :     if (!variables->vars_sorted)
    1641             :     {
    1642        2032 :         qsort(variables->vars, variables->nvars, sizeof(Variable),
    1643             :               compareVariableNames);
    1644        2032 :         variables->vars_sorted = true;
    1645             :     }
    1646             : 
    1647             :     /* Now we can search */
    1648       15616 :     key.name = name;
    1649       15616 :     return (Variable *) bsearch(&key,
    1650       15616 :                                 variables->vars,
    1651       15616 :                                 variables->nvars,
    1652             :                                 sizeof(Variable),
    1653             :                                 compareVariableNames);
    1654             : }
    1655             : 
    1656             : /* Get the value of a variable, in string form; returns NULL if unknown */
    1657             : static char *
    1658        4888 : getVariable(Variables *variables, char *name)
    1659             : {
    1660             :     Variable   *var;
    1661             :     char        stringform[64];
    1662             : 
    1663        4888 :     var = lookupVariable(variables, name);
    1664        4888 :     if (var == NULL)
    1665           8 :         return NULL;            /* not found */
    1666             : 
    1667        4880 :     if (var->svalue)
    1668        1668 :         return var->svalue;      /* we have it in string form */
    1669             : 
    1670             :     /* We need to produce a string equivalent of the value */
    1671             :     Assert(var->value.type != PGBT_NO_VALUE);
    1672        3212 :     if (var->value.type == PGBT_NULL)
    1673           2 :         snprintf(stringform, sizeof(stringform), "NULL");
    1674        3210 :     else if (var->value.type == PGBT_BOOLEAN)
    1675           2 :         snprintf(stringform, sizeof(stringform),
    1676           2 :                  "%s", var->value.u.bval ? "true" : "false");
    1677        3208 :     else if (var->value.type == PGBT_INT)
    1678        3204 :         snprintf(stringform, sizeof(stringform),
    1679             :                  INT64_FORMAT, var->value.u.ival);
    1680           4 :     else if (var->value.type == PGBT_DOUBLE)
    1681           4 :         snprintf(stringform, sizeof(stringform),
    1682             :                  "%.*g", DBL_DIG, var->value.u.dval);
    1683             :     else                        /* internal error, unexpected type */
    1684             :         Assert(0);
    1685        3212 :     var->svalue = pg_strdup(stringform);
    1686        3212 :     return var->svalue;
    1687             : }
    1688             : 
    1689             : /* Try to convert variable to a value; return false on failure */
    1690             : static bool
    1691        4078 : makeVariableValue(Variable *var)
    1692             : {
    1693             :     size_t      slen;
    1694             : 
    1695        4078 :     if (var->value.type != PGBT_NO_VALUE)
    1696        2986 :         return true;            /* no work */
    1697             : 
    1698        1092 :     slen = strlen(var->svalue);
    1699             : 
    1700        1092 :     if (slen == 0)
    1701             :         /* what should it do on ""? */
    1702           0 :         return false;
    1703             : 
    1704        1092 :     if (pg_strcasecmp(var->svalue, "null") == 0)
    1705             :     {
    1706           2 :         setNullValue(&var->value);
    1707             :     }
    1708             : 
    1709             :     /*
    1710             :      * accept prefixes such as y, ye, n, no... but not for "o". 0/1 are
    1711             :      * recognized later as an int, which is converted to bool if needed.
    1712             :      */
    1713        2178 :     else if (pg_strncasecmp(var->svalue, "true", slen) == 0 ||
    1714        2176 :              pg_strncasecmp(var->svalue, "yes", slen) == 0 ||
    1715        1088 :              pg_strcasecmp(var->svalue, "on") == 0)
    1716             :     {
    1717           2 :         setBoolValue(&var->value, true);
    1718             :     }
    1719        2176 :     else if (pg_strncasecmp(var->svalue, "false", slen) == 0 ||
    1720        2176 :              pg_strncasecmp(var->svalue, "no", slen) == 0 ||
    1721        2176 :              pg_strcasecmp(var->svalue, "off") == 0 ||
    1722        1088 :              pg_strcasecmp(var->svalue, "of") == 0)
    1723             :     {
    1724           2 :         setBoolValue(&var->value, false);
    1725             :     }
    1726        1086 :     else if (is_an_int(var->svalue))
    1727             :     {
    1728             :         /* if it looks like an int, it must be an int without overflow */
    1729             :         int64       iv;
    1730             : 
    1731        1080 :         if (!strtoint64(var->svalue, false, &iv))
    1732           0 :             return false;
    1733             : 
    1734        1080 :         setIntValue(&var->value, iv);
    1735             :     }
    1736             :     else                        /* type should be double */
    1737             :     {
    1738             :         double      dv;
    1739             : 
    1740           6 :         if (!strtodouble(var->svalue, true, &dv))
    1741             :         {
    1742           4 :             pg_log_error("malformed variable \"%s\" value: \"%s\"",
    1743             :                          var->name, var->svalue);
    1744           4 :             return false;
    1745             :         }
    1746           2 :         setDoubleValue(&var->value, dv);
    1747             :     }
    1748        1088 :     return true;
    1749             : }
    1750             : 
    1751             : /*
    1752             :  * Check whether a variable's name is allowed.
    1753             :  *
    1754             :  * We allow any non-ASCII character, as well as ASCII letters, digits, and
    1755             :  * underscore.
    1756             :  *
    1757             :  * Keep this in sync with the definitions of variable name characters in
    1758             :  * "src/fe_utils/psqlscan.l", "src/bin/psql/psqlscanslash.l" and
    1759             :  * "src/bin/pgbench/exprscan.l".  Also see parseVariable(), below.
    1760             :  *
    1761             :  * Note: this static function is copied from "src/bin/psql/variables.c"
    1762             :  * but changed to disallow variable names starting with a digit.
    1763             :  */
    1764             : static bool
    1765        2212 : valid_variable_name(const char *name)
    1766             : {
    1767        2212 :     const unsigned char *ptr = (const unsigned char *) name;
    1768             : 
    1769             :     /* Mustn't be zero-length */
    1770        2212 :     if (*ptr == '\0')
    1771           0 :         return false;
    1772             : 
    1773             :     /* must not start with [0-9] */
    1774        2212 :     if (IS_HIGHBIT_SET(*ptr) ||
    1775        2212 :         strchr("ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ" "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
    1776        2212 :                "_", *ptr) != NULL)
    1777        2208 :         ptr++;
    1778             :     else
    1779           4 :         return false;
    1780             : 
    1781             :     /* remaining characters can include [0-9] */
    1782       14438 :     while (*ptr)
    1783             :     {
    1784       12232 :         if (IS_HIGHBIT_SET(*ptr) ||
    1785       12232 :             strchr("ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ" "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
    1786       12232 :                    "_0123456789", *ptr) != NULL)
    1787       12230 :             ptr++;
    1788             :         else
    1789           2 :             return false;
    1790             :     }
    1791             : 
    1792        2206 :     return true;
    1793             : }
    1794             : 
    1795             : /*
    1796             :  * Make sure there is enough space for 'needed' more variable in the variables
    1797             :  * array.
    1798             :  */
    1799             : static void
    1800        2206 : enlargeVariables(Variables *variables, int needed)
    1801             : {
    1802             :     /* total number of variables required now */
    1803        2206 :     needed += variables->nvars;
    1804             : 
    1805        2206 :     if (variables->max_vars < needed)
    1806             :     {
    1807         376 :         variables->max_vars = needed + VARIABLES_ALLOC_MARGIN;
    1808         376 :         variables->vars = (Variable *)
    1809         376 :             pg_realloc(variables->vars, variables->max_vars * sizeof(Variable));
    1810             :     }
    1811        2206 : }
    1812             : 
    1813             : /*
    1814             :  * Lookup a variable by name, creating it if need be.
    1815             :  * Caller is expected to assign a value to the variable.
    1816             :  * Returns NULL on failure (bad name).
    1817             :  */
    1818             : static Variable *
    1819        6356 : lookupCreateVariable(Variables *variables, const char *context, char *name)
    1820             : {
    1821             :     Variable   *var;
    1822             : 
    1823        6356 :     var = lookupVariable(variables, name);
    1824        6356 :     if (var == NULL)
    1825             :     {
    1826             :         /*
    1827             :          * Check for the name only when declaring a new variable to avoid
    1828             :          * overhead.
    1829             :          */
    1830        2212 :         if (!valid_variable_name(name))
    1831             :         {
    1832           6 :             pg_log_error("%s: invalid variable name: \"%s\"", context, name);
    1833           6 :             return NULL;
    1834             :         }
    1835             : 
    1836             :         /* Create variable at the end of the array */
    1837        2206 :         enlargeVariables(variables, 1);
    1838             : 
    1839        2206 :         var = &(variables->vars[variables->nvars]);
    1840             : 
    1841        2206 :         var->name = pg_strdup(name);
    1842        2206 :         var->svalue = NULL;
    1843             :         /* caller is expected to initialize remaining fields */
    1844             : 
    1845        2206 :         variables->nvars++;
    1846             :         /* we don't re-sort the array till we have to */
    1847        2206 :         variables->vars_sorted = false;
    1848             :     }
    1849             : 
    1850        6350 :     return var;
    1851             : }
    1852             : 
    1853             : /* Assign a string value to a variable, creating it if need be */
    1854             : /* Returns false on failure (bad name) */
    1855             : static bool
    1856        1968 : putVariable(Variables *variables, const char *context, char *name,
    1857             :             const char *value)
    1858             : {
    1859             :     Variable   *var;
    1860             :     char       *val;
    1861             : 
    1862        1968 :     var = lookupCreateVariable(variables, context, name);
    1863        1968 :     if (!var)
    1864           4 :         return false;
    1865             : 
    1866             :     /* dup then free, in case value is pointing at this variable */
    1867        1964 :     val = pg_strdup(value);
    1868             : 
    1869        1964 :     free(var->svalue);
    1870        1964 :     var->svalue = val;
    1871        1964 :     var->value.type = PGBT_NO_VALUE;
    1872             : 
    1873        1964 :     return true;
    1874             : }
    1875             : 
    1876             : /* Assign a value to a variable, creating it if need be */
    1877             : /* Returns false on failure (bad name) */
    1878             : static bool
    1879        4388 : putVariableValue(Variables *variables, const char *context, char *name,
    1880             :                  const PgBenchValue *value)
    1881             : {
    1882             :     Variable   *var;
    1883             : 
    1884        4388 :     var = lookupCreateVariable(variables, context, name);
    1885        4388 :     if (!var)
    1886           2 :         return false;
    1887             : 
    1888        4386 :     free(var->svalue);
    1889        4386 :     var->svalue = NULL;
    1890        4386 :     var->value = *value;
    1891             : 
    1892        4386 :     return true;
    1893             : }
    1894             : 
    1895             : /* Assign an integer value to a variable, creating it if need be */
    1896             : /* Returns false on failure (bad name) */
    1897             : static bool
    1898        1010 : putVariableInt(Variables *variables, const char *context, char *name,
    1899             :                int64 value)
    1900             : {
    1901             :     PgBenchValue val;
    1902             : 
    1903        1010 :     setIntValue(&val, value);
    1904        1010 :     return putVariableValue(variables, context, name, &val);
    1905             : }
    1906             : 
    1907             : /*
    1908             :  * Parse a possible variable reference (:varname).
    1909             :  *
    1910             :  * "sql" points at a colon.  If what follows it looks like a valid
    1911             :  * variable name, return a malloc'd string containing the variable name,
    1912             :  * and set *eaten to the number of characters consumed (including the colon).
    1913             :  * Otherwise, return NULL.
    1914             :  */
    1915             : static char *
    1916        4658 : parseVariable(const char *sql, int *eaten)
    1917             : {
    1918        4658 :     int         i = 1;          /* starting at 1 skips the colon */
    1919             :     char       *name;
    1920             : 
    1921             :     /* keep this logic in sync with valid_variable_name() */
    1922        4658 :     if (IS_HIGHBIT_SET(sql[i]) ||
    1923        4658 :         strchr("ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ" "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
    1924        4658 :                "_", sql[i]) != NULL)
    1925        2104 :         i++;
    1926             :     else
    1927        2554 :         return NULL;
    1928             : 
    1929        9434 :     while (IS_HIGHBIT_SET(sql[i]) ||
    1930        9434 :            strchr("ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ" "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
    1931        9434 :                   "_0123456789", sql[i]) != NULL)
    1932        7330 :         i++;
    1933             : 
    1934        2104 :     name = pg_malloc(i);
    1935        2104 :     memcpy(name, &sql[1], i - 1);
    1936        2104 :     name[i - 1] = '\0';
    1937             : 
    1938        2104 :     *eaten = i;
    1939        2104 :     return name;
    1940             : }
    1941             : 
    1942             : static char *
    1943        2102 : replaceVariable(char **sql, char *param, int len, char *value)
    1944             : {
    1945        2102 :     int         valueln = strlen(value);
    1946             : 
    1947        2102 :     if (valueln > len)
    1948             :     {
    1949        1138 :         size_t      offset = param - *sql;
    1950             : 
    1951        1138 :         *sql = pg_realloc(*sql, strlen(*sql) - len + valueln + 1);
    1952        1138 :         param = *sql + offset;
    1953             :     }
    1954             : 
    1955        2102 :     if (valueln != len)
    1956        2010 :         memmove(param + valueln, param + len, strlen(param + len) + 1);
    1957        2102 :     memcpy(param, value, valueln);
    1958             : 
    1959        2102 :     return param + valueln;
    1960             : }
    1961             : 
    1962             : static char *
    1963       16122 : assignVariables(Variables *variables, char *sql)
    1964             : {
    1965             :     char       *p,
    1966             :                *name,
    1967             :                *val;
    1968             : 
    1969       16122 :     p = sql;
    1970       20186 :     while ((p = strchr(p, ':')) != NULL)
    1971             :     {
    1972             :         int         eaten;
    1973             : 
    1974        4064 :         name = parseVariable(p, &eaten);
    1975        4064 :         if (name == NULL)
    1976             :         {
    1977        6134 :             while (*p == ':')
    1978             :             {
    1979        3612 :                 p++;
    1980             :             }
    1981        2522 :             continue;
    1982             :         }
    1983             : 
    1984        1542 :         val = getVariable(variables, name);
    1985        1542 :         free(name);
    1986        1542 :         if (val == NULL)
    1987             :         {
    1988           0 :             p++;
    1989           0 :             continue;
    1990             :         }
    1991             : 
    1992        1542 :         p = replaceVariable(&sql, p, eaten, val);
    1993             :     }
    1994             : 
    1995       16122 :     return sql;
    1996             : }
    1997             : 
    1998             : static void
    1999        5078 : getQueryParams(Variables *variables, const Command *command,
    2000             :                const char **params)
    2001             : {
    2002             :     int         i;
    2003             : 
    2004        8414 :     for (i = 0; i < command->argc - 1; i++)
    2005        3336 :         params[i] = getVariable(variables, command->argv[i + 1]);
    2006        5078 : }
    2007             : 
    2008             : static char *
    2009           8 : valueTypeName(PgBenchValue *pval)
    2010             : {
    2011           8 :     if (pval->type == PGBT_NO_VALUE)
    2012           0 :         return "none";
    2013           8 :     else if (pval->type == PGBT_NULL)
    2014           0 :         return "null";
    2015           8 :     else if (pval->type == PGBT_INT)
    2016           0 :         return "int";
    2017           8 :     else if (pval->type == PGBT_DOUBLE)
    2018           2 :         return "double";
    2019           6 :     else if (pval->type == PGBT_BOOLEAN)
    2020           6 :         return "boolean";
    2021             :     else
    2022             :     {
    2023             :         /* internal error, should never get there */
    2024             :         Assert(false);
    2025           0 :         return NULL;
    2026             :     }
    2027             : }
    2028             : 
    2029             : /* get a value as a boolean, or tell if there is a problem */
    2030             : static bool
    2031         216 : coerceToBool(PgBenchValue *pval, bool *bval)
    2032             : {
    2033         216 :     if (pval->type == PGBT_BOOLEAN)
    2034             :     {
    2035         214 :         *bval = pval->u.bval;
    2036         214 :         return true;
    2037             :     }
    2038             :     else                        /* NULL, INT or DOUBLE */
    2039             :     {
    2040           2 :         pg_log_error("cannot coerce %s to boolean", valueTypeName(pval));
    2041           2 :         *bval = false;          /* suppress uninitialized-variable warnings */
    2042           2 :         return false;
    2043             :     }
    2044             : }
    2045             : 
    2046             : /*
    2047             :  * Return true or false from an expression for conditional purposes.
    2048             :  * Non zero numerical values are true, zero and NULL are false.
    2049             :  */
    2050             : static bool
    2051        1116 : valueTruth(PgBenchValue *pval)
    2052             : {
    2053        1116 :     switch (pval->type)
    2054             :     {
    2055           2 :         case PGBT_NULL:
    2056           2 :             return false;
    2057          64 :         case PGBT_BOOLEAN:
    2058          64 :             return pval->u.bval;
    2059        1048 :         case PGBT_INT:
    2060        1048 :             return pval->u.ival != 0;
    2061           2 :         case PGBT_DOUBLE:
    2062           2 :             return pval->u.dval != 0.0;
    2063           0 :         default:
    2064             :             /* internal error, unexpected type */
    2065             :             Assert(0);
    2066           0 :             return false;
    2067             :     }
    2068             : }
    2069             : 
    2070             : /* get a value as an int, tell if there is a problem */
    2071             : static bool
    2072       13188 : coerceToInt(PgBenchValue *pval, int64 *ival)
    2073             : {
    2074       13188 :     if (pval->type == PGBT_INT)
    2075             :     {
    2076       13180 :         *ival = pval->u.ival;
    2077       13180 :         return true;
    2078             :     }
    2079           8 :     else if (pval->type == PGBT_DOUBLE)
    2080             :     {
    2081           4 :         double      dval = rint(pval->u.dval);
    2082             : 
    2083           4 :         if (isnan(dval) || !FLOAT8_FITS_IN_INT64(dval))
    2084             :         {
    2085           2 :             pg_log_error("double to int overflow for %f", dval);
    2086           2 :             return false;
    2087             :         }
    2088           2 :         *ival = (int64) dval;
    2089           2 :         return true;
    2090             :     }
    2091             :     else                        /* BOOLEAN or NULL */
    2092             :     {
    2093           4 :         pg_log_error("cannot coerce %s to int", valueTypeName(pval));
    2094           4 :         return false;
    2095             :     }
    2096             : }
    2097             : 
    2098             : /* get a value as a double, or tell if there is a problem */
    2099             : static bool
    2100         208 : coerceToDouble(PgBenchValue *pval, double *dval)
    2101             : {
    2102         208 :     if (pval->type == PGBT_DOUBLE)
    2103             :     {
    2104         146 :         *dval = pval->u.dval;
    2105         146 :         return true;
    2106             :     }
    2107          62 :     else if (pval->type == PGBT_INT)
    2108             :     {
    2109          60 :         *dval = (double) pval->u.ival;
    2110          60 :         return true;
    2111             :     }
    2112             :     else                        /* BOOLEAN or NULL */
    2113             :     {
    2114           2 :         pg_log_error("cannot coerce %s to double", valueTypeName(pval));
    2115           2 :         return false;
    2116             :     }
    2117             : }
    2118             : 
    2119             : /* assign a null value */
    2120             : static void
    2121           8 : setNullValue(PgBenchValue *pv)
    2122             : {
    2123           8 :     pv->type = PGBT_NULL;
    2124           8 :     pv->u.ival = 0;
    2125           8 : }
    2126             : 
    2127             : /* assign a boolean value */
    2128             : static void
    2129         280 : setBoolValue(PgBenchValue *pv, bool bval)
    2130             : {
    2131         280 :     pv->type = PGBT_BOOLEAN;
    2132         280 :     pv->u.bval = bval;
    2133         280 : }
    2134             : 
    2135             : /* assign an integer value */
    2136             : static void
    2137        8498 : setIntValue(PgBenchValue *pv, int64 ival)
    2138             : {
    2139        8498 :     pv->type = PGBT_INT;
    2140        8498 :     pv->u.ival = ival;
    2141        8498 : }
    2142             : 
    2143             : /* assign a double value */
    2144             : static void
    2145          78 : setDoubleValue(PgBenchValue *pv, double dval)
    2146             : {
    2147          78 :     pv->type = PGBT_DOUBLE;
    2148          78 :     pv->u.dval = dval;
    2149          78 : }
    2150             : 
    2151             : static bool
    2152        7006 : isLazyFunc(PgBenchFunction func)
    2153             : {
    2154        7006 :     return func == PGBENCH_AND || func == PGBENCH_OR || func == PGBENCH_CASE;
    2155             : }
    2156             : 
    2157             : /* lazy evaluation of some functions */
    2158             : static bool
    2159         130 : evalLazyFunc(CState *st,
    2160             :              PgBenchFunction func, PgBenchExprLink *args, PgBenchValue *retval)
    2161             : {
    2162             :     PgBenchValue a1,
    2163             :                 a2;
    2164             :     bool        ba1,
    2165             :                 ba2;
    2166             : 
    2167             :     Assert(isLazyFunc(func) && args != NULL && args->next != NULL);
    2168             : 
    2169             :     /* args points to first condition */
    2170         130 :     if (!evaluateExpr(st, args->expr, &a1))
    2171           2 :         return false;
    2172             : 
    2173             :     /* second condition for AND/OR and corresponding branch for CASE */
    2174         128 :     args = args->next;
    2175             : 
    2176         128 :     switch (func)
    2177             :     {
    2178          88 :         case PGBENCH_AND:
    2179          88 :             if (a1.type == PGBT_NULL)
    2180             :             {
    2181           0 :                 setNullValue(retval);
    2182           0 :                 return true;
    2183             :             }
    2184             : 
    2185          88 :             if (!coerceToBool(&a1, &ba1))
    2186           0 :                 return false;
    2187             : 
    2188          88 :             if (!ba1)
    2189             :             {
    2190           6 :                 setBoolValue(retval, false);
    2191           6 :                 return true;
    2192             :             }
    2193             : 
    2194          82 :             if (!evaluateExpr(st, args->expr, &a2))
    2195           0 :                 return false;
    2196             : 
    2197          82 :             if (a2.type == PGBT_NULL)
    2198             :             {
    2199           0 :                 setNullValue(retval);
    2200           0 :                 return true;
    2201             :             }
    2202          82 :             else if (!coerceToBool(&a2, &ba2))
    2203           0 :                 return false;
    2204             :             else
    2205             :             {
    2206          82 :                 setBoolValue(retval, ba2);
    2207          82 :                 return true;
    2208             :             }
    2209             : 
    2210             :             return true;
    2211             : 
    2212           8 :         case PGBENCH_OR:
    2213             : 
    2214           8 :             if (a1.type == PGBT_NULL)
    2215             :             {
    2216           0 :                 setNullValue(retval);
    2217           0 :                 return true;
    2218             :             }
    2219             : 
    2220           8 :             if (!coerceToBool(&a1, &ba1))
    2221           0 :                 return false;
    2222             : 
    2223           8 :             if (ba1)
    2224             :             {
    2225           2 :                 setBoolValue(retval, true);
    2226           2 :                 return true;
    2227             :             }
    2228             : 
    2229           6 :             if (!evaluateExpr(st, args->expr, &a2))
    2230           0 :                 return false;
    2231             : 
    2232           6 :             if (a2.type == PGBT_NULL)
    2233             :             {
    2234           0 :                 setNullValue(retval);
    2235           0 :                 return true;
    2236             :             }
    2237           6 :             else if (!coerceToBool(&a2, &ba2))
    2238           0 :                 return false;
    2239             :             else
    2240             :             {
    2241           6 :                 setBoolValue(retval, ba2);
    2242           6 :                 return true;
    2243             :             }
    2244             : 
    2245          32 :         case PGBENCH_CASE:
    2246             :             /* when true, execute branch */
    2247          32 :             if (valueTruth(&a1))
    2248          22 :                 return evaluateExpr(st, args->expr, retval);
    2249             : 
    2250             :             /* now args contains next condition or final else expression */
    2251          10 :             args = args->next;
    2252             : 
    2253             :             /* final else case? */
    2254          10 :             if (args->next == NULL)
    2255           6 :                 return evaluateExpr(st, args->expr, retval);
    2256             : 
    2257             :             /* no, another when, proceed */
    2258           4 :             return evalLazyFunc(st, PGBENCH_CASE, args, retval);
    2259             : 
    2260           0 :         default:
    2261             :             /* internal error, cannot get here */
    2262             :             Assert(0);
    2263           0 :             break;
    2264             :     }
    2265           0 :     return false;
    2266             : }
    2267             : 
    2268             : /* maximum number of function arguments */
    2269             : #define MAX_FARGS 16
    2270             : 
    2271             : /*
    2272             :  * Recursive evaluation of standard functions,
    2273             :  * which do not require lazy evaluation.
    2274             :  */
    2275             : static bool
    2276        6880 : evalStandardFunc(CState *st,
    2277             :                  PgBenchFunction func, PgBenchExprLink *args,
    2278             :                  PgBenchValue *retval)
    2279             : {
    2280             :     /* evaluate all function arguments */
    2281        6880 :     int         nargs = 0;
    2282        6880 :     PgBenchValue vargs[MAX_FARGS] = {0};
    2283        6880 :     PgBenchExprLink *l = args;
    2284        6880 :     bool        has_null = false;
    2285             : 
    2286       20566 :     for (nargs = 0; nargs < MAX_FARGS && l != NULL; nargs++, l = l->next)
    2287             :     {
    2288       13690 :         if (!evaluateExpr(st, l->expr, &vargs[nargs]))
    2289           4 :             return false;
    2290       13686 :         has_null |= vargs[nargs].type == PGBT_NULL;
    2291             :     }
    2292             : 
    2293        6876 :     if (l != NULL)
    2294             :     {
    2295           2 :         pg_log_error("too many function arguments, maximum is %d", MAX_FARGS);
    2296           2 :         return false;
    2297             :     }
    2298             : 
    2299             :     /* NULL arguments */
    2300        6874 :     if (has_null && func != PGBENCH_IS && func != PGBENCH_DEBUG)
    2301             :     {
    2302           6 :         setNullValue(retval);
    2303           6 :         return true;
    2304             :     }
    2305             : 
    2306             :     /* then evaluate function */
    2307        6868 :     switch (func)
    2308             :     {
    2309             :             /* overloaded operators */
    2310        3398 :         case PGBENCH_ADD:
    2311             :         case PGBENCH_SUB:
    2312             :         case PGBENCH_MUL:
    2313             :         case PGBENCH_DIV:
    2314             :         case PGBENCH_MOD:
    2315             :         case PGBENCH_EQ:
    2316             :         case PGBENCH_NE:
    2317             :         case PGBENCH_LE:
    2318             :         case PGBENCH_LT:
    2319             :             {
    2320        3398 :                 PgBenchValue *lval = &vargs[0],
    2321        3398 :                            *rval = &vargs[1];
    2322             : 
    2323             :                 Assert(nargs == 2);
    2324             : 
    2325             :                 /* overloaded type management, double if some double */
    2326        3398 :                 if ((lval->type == PGBT_DOUBLE ||
    2327        3398 :                      rval->type == PGBT_DOUBLE) && func != PGBENCH_MOD)
    2328           0 :                 {
    2329             :                     double      ld,
    2330             :                                 rd;
    2331             : 
    2332          62 :                     if (!coerceToDouble(lval, &ld) ||
    2333          62 :                         !coerceToDouble(rval, &rd))
    2334          62 :                         return false;
    2335             : 
    2336          62 :                     switch (func)
    2337             :                     {
    2338           2 :                         case PGBENCH_ADD:
    2339           2 :                             setDoubleValue(retval, ld + rd);
    2340           2 :                             return true;
    2341             : 
    2342          20 :                         case PGBENCH_SUB:
    2343          20 :                             setDoubleValue(retval, ld - rd);
    2344          20 :                             return true;
    2345             : 
    2346          16 :                         case PGBENCH_MUL:
    2347          16 :                             setDoubleValue(retval, ld * rd);
    2348          16 :                             return true;
    2349             : 
    2350           4 :                         case PGBENCH_DIV:
    2351           4 :                             setDoubleValue(retval, ld / rd);
    2352           4 :                             return true;
    2353             : 
    2354           8 :                         case PGBENCH_EQ:
    2355           8 :                             setBoolValue(retval, ld == rd);
    2356           8 :                             return true;
    2357             : 
    2358           4 :                         case PGBENCH_NE:
    2359           4 :                             setBoolValue(retval, ld != rd);
    2360           4 :                             return true;
    2361             : 
    2362           4 :                         case PGBENCH_LE:
    2363           4 :                             setBoolValue(retval, ld <= rd);
    2364           4 :                             return true;
    2365             : 
    2366           4 :                         case PGBENCH_LT:
    2367           4 :                             setBoolValue(retval, ld < rd);
    2368           4 :                             return true;
    2369             : 
    2370           0 :                         default:
    2371             :                             /* cannot get here */
    2372             :                             Assert(0);
    2373             :                     }
    2374             :                 }
    2375             :                 else            /* we have integer operands, or % */
    2376             :                 {
    2377             :                     int64       li,
    2378             :                                 ri,
    2379             :                                 res;
    2380             : 
    2381        3336 :                     if (!coerceToInt(lval, &li) ||
    2382        3334 :                         !coerceToInt(rval, &ri))
    2383        3336 :                         return false;
    2384             : 
    2385        3334 :                     switch (func)
    2386             :                     {
    2387          88 :                         case PGBENCH_ADD:
    2388          88 :                             if (pg_add_s64_overflow(li, ri, &res))
    2389             :                             {
    2390           2 :                                 pg_log_error("bigint add out of range");
    2391           2 :                                 return false;
    2392             :                             }
    2393          86 :                             setIntValue(retval, res);
    2394          86 :                             return true;
    2395             : 
    2396         298 :                         case PGBENCH_SUB:
    2397         298 :                             if (pg_sub_s64_overflow(li, ri, &res))
    2398             :                             {
    2399           2 :                                 pg_log_error("bigint sub out of range");
    2400           2 :                                 return false;
    2401             :                             }
    2402         296 :                             setIntValue(retval, res);
    2403         296 :                             return true;
    2404             : 
    2405        2818 :                         case PGBENCH_MUL:
    2406        2818 :                             if (pg_mul_s64_overflow(li, ri, &res))
    2407             :                             {
    2408           2 :                                 pg_log_error("bigint mul out of range");
    2409           2 :                                 return false;
    2410             :                             }
    2411        2816 :                             setIntValue(retval, res);
    2412        2816 :                             return true;
    2413             : 
    2414          66 :                         case PGBENCH_EQ:
    2415          66 :                             setBoolValue(retval, li == ri);
    2416          66 :                             return true;
    2417             : 
    2418          10 :                         case PGBENCH_NE:
    2419          10 :                             setBoolValue(retval, li != ri);
    2420          10 :                             return true;
    2421             : 
    2422          10 :                         case PGBENCH_LE:
    2423          10 :                             setBoolValue(retval, li <= ri);
    2424          10 :                             return true;
    2425             : 
    2426          24 :                         case PGBENCH_LT:
    2427          24 :                             setBoolValue(retval, li < ri);
    2428          24 :                             return true;
    2429             : 
    2430          20 :                         case PGBENCH_DIV:
    2431             :                         case PGBENCH_MOD:
    2432          20 :                             if (ri == 0)
    2433             :                             {
    2434           4 :                                 pg_log_error("division by zero");
    2435           4 :                                 return false;
    2436             :                             }
    2437             :                             /* special handling of -1 divisor */
    2438          16 :                             if (ri == -1)
    2439             :                             {
    2440           6 :                                 if (func == PGBENCH_DIV)
    2441             :                                 {
    2442             :                                     /* overflow check (needed for INT64_MIN) */
    2443           4 :                                     if (li == PG_INT64_MIN)
    2444             :                                     {
    2445           2 :                                         pg_log_error("bigint div out of range");
    2446           2 :                                         return false;
    2447             :                                     }
    2448             :                                     else
    2449           2 :                                         setIntValue(retval, -li);
    2450             :                                 }
    2451             :                                 else
    2452           2 :                                     setIntValue(retval, 0);
    2453           4 :                                 return true;
    2454             :                             }
    2455             :                             /* else divisor is not -1 */
    2456          10 :                             if (func == PGBENCH_DIV)
    2457           4 :                                 setIntValue(retval, li / ri);
    2458             :                             else    /* func == PGBENCH_MOD */
    2459           6 :                                 setIntValue(retval, li % ri);
    2460             : 
    2461          10 :                             return true;
    2462             : 
    2463           0 :                         default:
    2464             :                             /* cannot get here */
    2465             :                             Assert(0);
    2466             :                     }
    2467             :                 }
    2468             : 
    2469             :                 Assert(0);
    2470           0 :                 return false;   /* NOTREACHED */
    2471             :             }
    2472             : 
    2473             :             /* integer bitwise operators */
    2474          28 :         case PGBENCH_BITAND:
    2475             :         case PGBENCH_BITOR:
    2476             :         case PGBENCH_BITXOR:
    2477             :         case PGBENCH_LSHIFT:
    2478             :         case PGBENCH_RSHIFT:
    2479             :             {
    2480             :                 int64       li,
    2481             :                             ri;
    2482             : 
    2483          28 :                 if (!coerceToInt(&vargs[0], &li) || !coerceToInt(&vargs[1], &ri))
    2484           0 :                     return false;
    2485             : 
    2486          28 :                 if (func == PGBENCH_BITAND)
    2487           2 :                     setIntValue(retval, li & ri);
    2488          26 :                 else if (func == PGBENCH_BITOR)
    2489           4 :                     setIntValue(retval, li | ri);
    2490          22 :                 else if (func == PGBENCH_BITXOR)
    2491           6 :                     setIntValue(retval, li ^ ri);
    2492          16 :                 else if (func == PGBENCH_LSHIFT)
    2493          14 :                     setIntValue(retval, li << ri);
    2494           2 :                 else if (func == PGBENCH_RSHIFT)
    2495           2 :                     setIntValue(retval, li >> ri);
    2496             :                 else            /* cannot get here */
    2497             :                     Assert(0);
    2498             : 
    2499          28 :                 return true;
    2500             :             }
    2501             : 
    2502             :             /* logical operators */
    2503          32 :         case PGBENCH_NOT:
    2504             :             {
    2505             :                 bool        b;
    2506             : 
    2507          32 :                 if (!coerceToBool(&vargs[0], &b))
    2508           2 :                     return false;
    2509             : 
    2510          30 :                 setBoolValue(retval, !b);
    2511          30 :                 return true;
    2512             :             }
    2513             : 
    2514             :             /* no arguments */
    2515           2 :         case PGBENCH_PI:
    2516           2 :             setDoubleValue(retval, M_PI);
    2517           2 :             return true;
    2518             : 
    2519             :             /* 1 overloaded argument */
    2520           4 :         case PGBENCH_ABS:
    2521             :             {
    2522           4 :                 PgBenchValue *varg = &vargs[0];
    2523             : 
    2524             :                 Assert(nargs == 1);
    2525             : 
    2526           4 :                 if (varg->type == PGBT_INT)
    2527             :                 {
    2528           2 :                     int64       i = varg->u.ival;
    2529             : 
    2530           2 :                     setIntValue(retval, i < 0 ? -i : i);
    2531             :                 }
    2532             :                 else
    2533             :                 {
    2534           2 :                     double      d = varg->u.dval;
    2535             : 
    2536             :                     Assert(varg->type == PGBT_DOUBLE);
    2537           2 :                     setDoubleValue(retval, d < 0.0 ? -d : d);
    2538             :                 }
    2539             : 
    2540           4 :                 return true;
    2541             :             }
    2542             : 
    2543         168 :         case PGBENCH_DEBUG:
    2544             :             {
    2545         168 :                 PgBenchValue *varg = &vargs[0];
    2546             : 
    2547             :                 Assert(nargs == 1);
    2548             : 
    2549         168 :                 fprintf(stderr, "debug(script=%d,command=%d): ",
    2550         168 :                         st->use_file, st->command + 1);
    2551             : 
    2552         168 :                 if (varg->type == PGBT_NULL)
    2553           4 :                     fprintf(stderr, "null\n");
    2554         164 :                 else if (varg->type == PGBT_BOOLEAN)
    2555          38 :                     fprintf(stderr, "boolean %s\n", varg->u.bval ? "true" : "false");
    2556         126 :                 else if (varg->type == PGBT_INT)
    2557          94 :                     fprintf(stderr, "int " INT64_FORMAT "\n", varg->u.ival);
    2558          32 :                 else if (varg->type == PGBT_DOUBLE)
    2559          32 :                     fprintf(stderr, "double %.*g\n", DBL_DIG, varg->u.dval);
    2560             :                 else            /* internal error, unexpected type */
    2561             :                     Assert(0);
    2562             : 
    2563         168 :                 *retval = *varg;
    2564             : 
    2565         168 :                 return true;
    2566             :             }
    2567             : 
    2568             :             /* 1 double argument */
    2569          10 :         case PGBENCH_DOUBLE:
    2570             :         case PGBENCH_SQRT:
    2571             :         case PGBENCH_LN:
    2572             :         case PGBENCH_EXP:
    2573             :             {
    2574             :                 double      dval;
    2575             : 
    2576             :                 Assert(nargs == 1);
    2577             : 
    2578          10 :                 if (!coerceToDouble(&vargs[0], &dval))
    2579           2 :                     return false;
    2580             : 
    2581           8 :                 if (func == PGBENCH_SQRT)
    2582           2 :                     dval = sqrt(dval);
    2583           6 :                 else if (func == PGBENCH_LN)
    2584           2 :                     dval = log(dval);
    2585           4 :                 else if (func == PGBENCH_EXP)
    2586           2 :                     dval = exp(dval);
    2587             :                 /* else is cast: do nothing */
    2588             : 
    2589           8 :                 setDoubleValue(retval, dval);
    2590           8 :                 return true;
    2591             :             }
    2592             : 
    2593             :             /* 1 int argument */
    2594           4 :         case PGBENCH_INT:
    2595             :             {
    2596             :                 int64       ival;
    2597             : 
    2598             :                 Assert(nargs == 1);
    2599             : 
    2600           4 :                 if (!coerceToInt(&vargs[0], &ival))
    2601           2 :                     return false;
    2602             : 
    2603           2 :                 setIntValue(retval, ival);
    2604           2 :                 return true;
    2605             :             }
    2606             : 
    2607             :             /* variable number of arguments */
    2608           8 :         case PGBENCH_LEAST:
    2609             :         case PGBENCH_GREATEST:
    2610             :             {
    2611             :                 bool        havedouble;
    2612             :                 int         i;
    2613             : 
    2614             :                 Assert(nargs >= 1);
    2615             : 
    2616             :                 /* need double result if any input is double */
    2617           8 :                 havedouble = false;
    2618          28 :                 for (i = 0; i < nargs; i++)
    2619             :                 {
    2620          24 :                     if (vargs[i].type == PGBT_DOUBLE)
    2621             :                     {
    2622           4 :                         havedouble = true;
    2623           4 :                         break;
    2624             :                     }
    2625             :                 }
    2626           8 :                 if (havedouble)
    2627             :                 {
    2628             :                     double      extremum;
    2629             : 
    2630           4 :                     if (!coerceToDouble(&vargs[0], &extremum))
    2631           0 :                         return false;
    2632          12 :                     for (i = 1; i < nargs; i++)
    2633             :                     {
    2634             :                         double      dval;
    2635             : 
    2636           8 :                         if (!coerceToDouble(&vargs[i], &dval))
    2637           0 :                             return false;
    2638           8 :                         if (func == PGBENCH_LEAST)
    2639           4 :                             extremum = Min(extremum, dval);
    2640             :                         else
    2641           4 :                             extremum = Max(extremum, dval);
    2642             :                     }
    2643           4 :                     setDoubleValue(retval, extremum);
    2644             :                 }
    2645             :                 else
    2646             :                 {
    2647             :                     int64       extremum;
    2648             : 
    2649           4 :                     if (!coerceToInt(&vargs[0], &extremum))
    2650           0 :                         return false;
    2651          16 :                     for (i = 1; i < nargs; i++)
    2652             :                     {
    2653             :                         int64       ival;
    2654             : 
    2655          12 :                         if (!coerceToInt(&vargs[i], &ival))
    2656           0 :                             return false;
    2657          12 :                         if (func == PGBENCH_LEAST)
    2658           6 :                             extremum = Min(extremum, ival);
    2659             :                         else
    2660           6 :                             extremum = Max(extremum, ival);
    2661             :                     }
    2662           4 :                     setIntValue(retval, extremum);
    2663             :                 }
    2664           8 :                 return true;
    2665             :             }
    2666             : 
    2667             :             /* random functions */
    2668        3072 :         case PGBENCH_RANDOM:
    2669             :         case PGBENCH_RANDOM_EXPONENTIAL:
    2670             :         case PGBENCH_RANDOM_GAUSSIAN:
    2671             :         case PGBENCH_RANDOM_ZIPFIAN:
    2672             :             {
    2673             :                 int64       imin,
    2674             :                             imax,
    2675             :                             delta;
    2676             : 
    2677             :                 Assert(nargs >= 2);
    2678             : 
    2679        3072 :                 if (!coerceToInt(&vargs[0], &imin) ||
    2680        3070 :                     !coerceToInt(&vargs[1], &imax))
    2681           2 :                     return false;
    2682             : 
    2683             :                 /* check random range */
    2684        3070 :                 if (unlikely(imin > imax))
    2685             :                 {
    2686           2 :                     pg_log_error("empty range given to random");
    2687           2 :                     return false;
    2688             :                 }
    2689        3068 :                 else if (unlikely(pg_sub_s64_overflow(imax, imin, &delta) ||
    2690             :                                   pg_add_s64_overflow(delta, 1, &delta)))
    2691             :                 {
    2692             :                     /* prevent int overflows in random functions */
    2693           2 :                     pg_log_error("random range is too large");
    2694           2 :                     return false;
    2695             :                 }
    2696             : 
    2697        3066 :                 if (func == PGBENCH_RANDOM)
    2698             :                 {
    2699             :                     Assert(nargs == 2);
    2700        3040 :                     setIntValue(retval, getrand(&st->cs_func_rs, imin, imax));
    2701             :                 }
    2702             :                 else            /* gaussian & exponential */
    2703             :                 {
    2704             :                     double      param;
    2705             : 
    2706             :                     Assert(nargs == 3);
    2707             : 
    2708          26 :                     if (!coerceToDouble(&vargs[2], &param))
    2709           8 :                         return false;
    2710             : 
    2711          26 :                     if (func == PGBENCH_RANDOM_GAUSSIAN)
    2712             :                     {
    2713           8 :                         if (param < MIN_GAUSSIAN_PARAM)
    2714             :                         {
    2715           2 :                             pg_log_error("gaussian parameter must be at least %f (not %f)",
    2716             :                                          MIN_GAUSSIAN_PARAM, param);
    2717           2 :                             return false;
    2718             :                         }
    2719             : 
    2720           6 :                         setIntValue(retval,
    2721             :                                     getGaussianRand(&st->cs_func_rs,
    2722             :                                                     imin, imax, param));
    2723             :                     }
    2724          18 :                     else if (func == PGBENCH_RANDOM_ZIPFIAN)
    2725             :                     {
    2726          10 :                         if (param < MIN_ZIPFIAN_PARAM || param > MAX_ZIPFIAN_PARAM)
    2727             :                         {
    2728           4 :                             pg_log_error("zipfian parameter must be in range [%.3f, %.0f] (not %f)",
    2729             :                                          MIN_ZIPFIAN_PARAM, MAX_ZIPFIAN_PARAM, param);
    2730           4 :                             return false;
    2731             :                         }
    2732             : 
    2733           6 :                         setIntValue(retval,
    2734             :                                     getZipfianRand(&st->cs_func_rs, imin, imax, param));
    2735             :                     }
    2736             :                     else        /* exponential */
    2737             :                     {
    2738           8 :                         if (param <= 0.0)
    2739             :                         {
    2740           2 :                             pg_log_error("exponential parameter must be greater than zero (not %f)",
    2741             :                                          param);
    2742           2 :                             return false;
    2743             :                         }
    2744             : 
    2745           6 :                         setIntValue(retval,
    2746             :                                     getExponentialRand(&st->cs_func_rs,
    2747             :                                                        imin, imax, param));
    2748             :                     }
    2749             :                 }
    2750             : 
    2751        3058 :                 return true;
    2752             :             }
    2753             : 
    2754          18 :         case PGBENCH_POW:
    2755             :             {
    2756          18 :                 PgBenchValue *lval = &vargs[0];
    2757          18 :                 PgBenchValue *rval = &vargs[1];
    2758             :                 double      ld,
    2759             :                             rd;
    2760             : 
    2761             :                 Assert(nargs == 2);
    2762             : 
    2763          18 :                 if (!coerceToDouble(lval, &ld) ||
    2764          18 :                     !coerceToDouble(rval, &rd))
    2765           0 :                     return false;
    2766             : 
    2767          18 :                 setDoubleValue(retval, pow(ld, rd));
    2768             : 
    2769          18 :                 return true;
    2770             :             }
    2771             : 
    2772          20 :         case PGBENCH_IS:
    2773             :             {
    2774             :                 Assert(nargs == 2);
    2775             : 
    2776             :                 /*
    2777             :                  * note: this simple implementation is more permissive than
    2778             :                  * SQL
    2779             :                  */
    2780          20 :                 setBoolValue(retval,
    2781          30 :                              vargs[0].type == vargs[1].type &&
    2782          10 :                              vargs[0].u.bval == vargs[1].u.bval);
    2783          20 :                 return true;
    2784             :             }
    2785             : 
    2786             :             /* hashing */
    2787          12 :         case PGBENCH_HASH_FNV1A:
    2788             :         case PGBENCH_HASH_MURMUR2:
    2789             :             {
    2790             :                 int64       val,
    2791             :                             seed;
    2792             : 
    2793             :                 Assert(nargs == 2);
    2794             : 
    2795          12 :                 if (!coerceToInt(&vargs[0], &val) ||
    2796          12 :                     !coerceToInt(&vargs[1], &seed))
    2797           0 :                     return false;
    2798             : 
    2799          12 :                 if (func == PGBENCH_HASH_MURMUR2)
    2800          10 :                     setIntValue(retval, getHashMurmur2(val, seed));
    2801           2 :                 else if (func == PGBENCH_HASH_FNV1A)
    2802           2 :                     setIntValue(retval, getHashFnv1a(val, seed));
    2803             :                 else
    2804             :                     /* cannot get here */
    2805             :                     Assert(0);
    2806             : 
    2807          12 :                 return true;
    2808             :             }
    2809             : 
    2810          92 :         case PGBENCH_PERMUTE:
    2811             :             {
    2812             :                 int64       val,
    2813             :                             size,
    2814             :                             seed;
    2815             : 
    2816             :                 Assert(nargs == 3);
    2817             : 
    2818          92 :                 if (!coerceToInt(&vargs[0], &val) ||
    2819          92 :                     !coerceToInt(&vargs[1], &size) ||
    2820          92 :                     !coerceToInt(&vargs[2], &seed))
    2821           0 :                     return false;
    2822             : 
    2823          92 :                 if (size <= 0)
    2824             :                 {
    2825           2 :                     pg_log_error("permute size parameter must be greater than zero");
    2826           2 :                     return false;
    2827             :                 }
    2828             : 
    2829          90 :                 setIntValue(retval, permute(val, size, seed));
    2830          90 :                 return true;
    2831             :             }
    2832             : 
    2833           0 :         default:
    2834             :             /* cannot get here */
    2835             :             Assert(0);
    2836             :             /* dead code to avoid a compiler warning */
    2837           0 :             return false;
    2838             :     }
    2839             : }
    2840             : 
    2841             : /* evaluate some function */
    2842             : static bool
    2843        7006 : evalFunc(CState *st,
    2844             :          PgBenchFunction func, PgBenchExprLink *args, PgBenchValue *retval)
    2845             : {
    2846        7006 :     if (isLazyFunc(func))
    2847         126 :         return evalLazyFunc(st, func, args, retval);
    2848             :     else
    2849        6880 :         return evalStandardFunc(st, func, args, retval);
    2850             : }
    2851             : 
    2852             : /*
    2853             :  * Recursive evaluation of an expression in a pgbench script
    2854             :  * using the current state of variables.
    2855             :  * Returns whether the evaluation was ok,
    2856             :  * the value itself is returned through the retval pointer.
    2857             :  */
    2858             : static bool
    2859       18444 : evaluateExpr(CState *st, PgBenchExpr *expr, PgBenchValue *retval)
    2860             : {
    2861       18444 :     switch (expr->etype)
    2862             :     {
    2863        7356 :         case ENODE_CONSTANT:
    2864             :             {
    2865        7356 :                 *retval = expr->u.constant;
    2866        7356 :                 return true;
    2867             :             }
    2868             : 
    2869        4082 :         case ENODE_VARIABLE:
    2870             :             {
    2871             :                 Variable   *var;
    2872             : 
    2873        4082 :                 if ((var = lookupVariable(&st->variables, expr->u.variable.varname)) == NULL)
    2874             :                 {
    2875           4 :                     pg_log_error("undefined variable \"%s\"", expr->u.variable.varname);
    2876           4 :                     return false;
    2877             :                 }
    2878             : 
    2879        4078 :                 if (!makeVariableValue(var))
    2880           4 :                     return false;
    2881             : 
    2882        4074 :                 *retval = var->value;
    2883        4074 :                 return true;
    2884             :             }
    2885             : 
    2886        7006 :         case ENODE_FUNCTION:
    2887        7006 :             return evalFunc(st,
    2888             :                             expr->u.function.function,
    2889             :                             expr->u.function.args,
    2890             :                             retval);
    2891             : 
    2892           0 :         default:
    2893             :             /* internal error which should never occur */
    2894           0 :             pg_fatal("unexpected enode type in evaluation: %d", expr->etype);
    2895             :     }
    2896             : }
    2897             : 
    2898             : /*
    2899             :  * Convert command name to meta-command enum identifier
    2900             :  */
    2901             : static MetaCommand
    2902        1064 : getMetaCommand(const char *cmd)
    2903             : {
    2904             :     MetaCommand mc;
    2905             : 
    2906        1064 :     if (cmd == NULL)
    2907           0 :         mc = META_NONE;
    2908        1064 :     else if (pg_strcasecmp(cmd, "set") == 0)
    2909         726 :         mc = META_SET;
    2910         338 :     else if (pg_strcasecmp(cmd, "setshell") == 0)
    2911           8 :         mc = META_SETSHELL;
    2912         330 :     else if (pg_strcasecmp(cmd, "shell") == 0)
    2913          10 :         mc = META_SHELL;
    2914         320 :     else if (pg_strcasecmp(cmd, "sleep") == 0)
    2915          18 :         mc = META_SLEEP;
    2916         302 :     else if (pg_strcasecmp(cmd, "if") == 0)
    2917          48 :         mc = META_IF;
    2918         254 :     else if (pg_strcasecmp(cmd, "elif") == 0)
    2919          26 :         mc = META_ELIF;
    2920         228 :     else if (pg_strcasecmp(cmd, "else") == 0)
    2921          28 :         mc = META_ELSE;
    2922         200 :     else if (pg_strcasecmp(cmd, "endif") == 0)
    2923          42 :         mc = META_ENDIF;
    2924         158 :     else if (pg_strcasecmp(cmd, "gset") == 0)
    2925          64 :         mc = META_GSET;
    2926          94 :     else if (pg_strcasecmp(cmd, "aset") == 0)
    2927           6 :         mc = META_ASET;
    2928          88 :     else if (pg_strcasecmp(cmd, "startpipeline") == 0)
    2929          42 :         mc = META_STARTPIPELINE;
    2930          46 :     else if (pg_strcasecmp(cmd, "syncpipeline") == 0)
    2931          10 :         mc = META_SYNCPIPELINE;
    2932          36 :     else if (pg_strcasecmp(cmd, "endpipeline") == 0)
    2933          34 :         mc = META_ENDPIPELINE;
    2934             :     else
    2935           2 :         mc = META_NONE;
    2936        1064 :     return mc;
    2937             : }
    2938             : 
    2939             : /*
    2940             :  * Run a shell command. The result is assigned to the variable if not NULL.
    2941             :  * Return true if succeeded, or false on error.
    2942             :  */
    2943             : static bool
    2944          12 : runShellCommand(Variables *variables, char *variable, char **argv, int argc)
    2945             : {
    2946             :     char        command[SHELL_COMMAND_SIZE];
    2947             :     int         i,
    2948          12 :                 len = 0;
    2949             :     FILE       *fp;
    2950             :     char        res[64];
    2951             :     char       *endptr;
    2952             :     int         retval;
    2953             : 
    2954             :     /*----------
    2955             :      * Join arguments with whitespace separators. Arguments starting with
    2956             :      * exactly one colon are treated as variables:
    2957             :      *  name - append a string "name"
    2958             :      *  :var - append a variable named 'var'
    2959             :      *  ::name - append a string ":name"
    2960             :      *----------
    2961             :      */
    2962          34 :     for (i = 0; i < argc; i++)
    2963             :     {
    2964             :         char       *arg;
    2965             :         int         arglen;
    2966             : 
    2967          24 :         if (argv[i][0] != ':')
    2968             :         {
    2969          18 :             arg = argv[i];      /* a string literal */
    2970             :         }
    2971           6 :         else if (argv[i][1] == ':')
    2972             :         {
    2973           2 :             arg = argv[i] + 1;  /* a string literal starting with colons */
    2974             :         }
    2975           4 :         else if ((arg = getVariable(variables, argv[i] + 1)) == NULL)
    2976             :         {
    2977           2 :             pg_log_error("%s: undefined variable \"%s\"", argv[0], argv[i]);
    2978           2 :             return false;
    2979             :         }
    2980             : 
    2981          22 :         arglen = strlen(arg);
    2982          22 :         if (len + arglen + (i > 0 ? 1 : 0) >= SHELL_COMMAND_SIZE - 1)
    2983             :         {
    2984           0 :             pg_log_error("%s: shell command is too long", argv[0]);
    2985           0 :             return false;
    2986             :         }
    2987             : 
    2988          22 :         if (i > 0)
    2989          10 :             command[len++] = ' ';
    2990          22 :         memcpy(command + len, arg, arglen);
    2991          22 :         len += arglen;
    2992             :     }
    2993             : 
    2994          10 :     command[len] = '\0';
    2995             : 
    2996          10 :     fflush(NULL);               /* needed before either system() or popen() */
    2997             : 
    2998             :     /* Fast path for non-assignment case */
    2999          10 :     if (variable == NULL)
    3000             :     {
    3001           4 :         if (system(command))
    3002             :         {
    3003           2 :             if (!timer_exceeded)
    3004           2 :                 pg_log_error("%s: could not launch shell command", argv[0]);
    3005           2 :             return false;
    3006             :         }
    3007           2 :         return true;
    3008             :     }
    3009             : 
    3010             :     /* Execute the command with pipe and read the standard output. */
    3011           6 :     if ((fp = popen(command, "r")) == NULL)
    3012             :     {
    3013           0 :         pg_log_error("%s: could not launch shell command", argv[0]);
    3014           0 :         return false;
    3015             :     }
    3016           6 :     if (fgets(res, sizeof(res), fp) == NULL)
    3017             :     {
    3018           2 :         if (!timer_exceeded)
    3019           2 :             pg_log_error("%s: could not read result of shell command", argv[0]);
    3020           2 :         (void) pclose(fp);
    3021           2 :         return false;
    3022             :     }
    3023           4 :     if (pclose(fp) < 0)
    3024             :     {
    3025           0 :         pg_log_error("%s: could not run shell command: %m", argv[0]);
    3026           0 :         return false;
    3027             :     }
    3028             : 
    3029             :     /* Check whether the result is an integer and assign it to the variable */
    3030           4 :     retval = (int) strtol(res, &endptr, 10);
    3031           6 :     while (*endptr != '\0' && isspace((unsigned char) *endptr))
    3032           2 :         endptr++;
    3033           4 :     if (*res == '\0' || *endptr != '\0')
    3034             :     {
    3035           2 :         pg_log_error("%s: shell command must return an integer (not \"%s\")", argv[0], res);
    3036           2 :         return false;
    3037             :     }
    3038           2 :     if (!putVariableInt(variables, "setshell", variable, retval))
    3039           0 :         return false;
    3040             : 
    3041           2 :     pg_log_debug("%s: shell parameter name: \"%s\", value: \"%s\"", argv[0], argv[1], res);
    3042             : 
    3043           2 :     return true;
    3044             : }
    3045             : 
    3046             : /*
    3047             :  * Report the abortion of the client when processing SQL commands.
    3048             :  */
    3049             : static void
    3050          64 : commandFailed(CState *st, const char *cmd, const char *message)
    3051             : {
    3052          64 :     pg_log_error("client %d aborted in command %d (%s) of script %d; %s",
    3053             :                  st->id, st->command, cmd, st->use_file, message);
    3054          64 : }
    3055             : 
    3056             : /*
    3057             :  * Report the error in the command while the script is executing.
    3058             :  */
    3059             : static void
    3060           4 : commandError(CState *st, const char *message)
    3061             : {
    3062             :     Assert(sql_script[st->use_file].commands[st->command]->type == SQL_COMMAND);
    3063           4 :     pg_log_info("client %d got an error in command %d (SQL) of script %d; %s",
    3064             :                 st->id, st->command, st->use_file, message);
    3065           4 : }
    3066             : 
    3067             : /* return a script number with a weighted choice. */
    3068             : static int
    3069       15490 : chooseScript(TState *thread)
    3070             : {
    3071       15490 :     int         i = 0;
    3072             :     int64       w;
    3073             : 
    3074       15490 :     if (num_scripts == 1)
    3075       12790 :         return 0;
    3076             : 
    3077        2700 :     w = getrand(&thread->ts_choose_rs, 0, total_weight - 1);
    3078             :     do
    3079             :     {
    3080        6296 :         w -= sql_script[i++].weight;
    3081        6296 :     } while (w >= 0);
    3082             : 
    3083        2700 :     return i - 1;
    3084             : }
    3085             : 
    3086             : /*
    3087             :  * Allocate space for CState->prepared: we need one boolean for each command
    3088             :  * of each script.
    3089             :  */
    3090             : static void
    3091          68 : allocCStatePrepared(CState *st)
    3092             : {
    3093             :     Assert(st->prepared == NULL);
    3094             : 
    3095          68 :     st->prepared = pg_malloc(sizeof(bool *) * num_scripts);
    3096         148 :     for (int i = 0; i < num_scripts; i++)
    3097             :     {
    3098          80 :         ParsedScript *script = &sql_script[i];
    3099             :         int         numcmds;
    3100             : 
    3101         340 :         for (numcmds = 0; script->commands[numcmds] != NULL; numcmds++)
    3102             :             ;
    3103          80 :         st->prepared[i] = pg_malloc0(sizeof(bool) * numcmds);
    3104             :     }
    3105          68 : }
    3106             : 
    3107             : /*
    3108             :  * Prepare the SQL command from st->use_file at command_num.
    3109             :  */
    3110             : static void
    3111        4008 : prepareCommand(CState *st, int command_num)
    3112             : {
    3113        4008 :     Command    *command = sql_script[st->use_file].commands[command_num];
    3114             : 
    3115             :     /* No prepare for non-SQL commands */
    3116        4008 :     if (command->type != SQL_COMMAND)
    3117           0 :         return;
    3118             : 
    3119        4008 :     if (!st->prepared)
    3120          58 :         allocCStatePrepared(st);
    3121             : 
    3122        4008 :     if (!st->prepared[st->use_file][command_num])
    3123             :     {
    3124             :         PGresult   *res;
    3125             : 
    3126         218 :         pg_log_debug("client %d preparing %s", st->id, command->prepname);
    3127         218 :         res = PQprepare(st->con, command->prepname,
    3128         218 :                         command->argv[0], command->argc - 1, NULL);
    3129         218 :         if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
    3130           2 :             pg_log_error("%s", PQerrorMessage(st->con));
    3131         218 :         PQclear(res);
    3132         218 :         st->prepared[st->use_file][command_num] = true;
    3133             :     }
    3134             : }
    3135             : 
    3136             : /*
    3137             :  * Prepare all the commands in the script that come after the \startpipeline
    3138             :  * that's at position st->command, and the first \endpipeline we find.
    3139             :  *
    3140             :  * This sets the ->prepared flag for each relevant command as well as the
    3141             :  * \startpipeline itself, but doesn't move the st->command counter.
    3142             :  */
    3143             : static void
    3144          84 : prepareCommandsInPipeline(CState *st)
    3145             : {
    3146             :     int         j;
    3147          84 :     Command   **commands = sql_script[st->use_file].commands;
    3148             : 
    3149             :     Assert(commands[st->command]->type == META_COMMAND &&
    3150             :            commands[st->command]->meta == META_STARTPIPELINE);
    3151             : 
    3152          84 :     if (!st->prepared)
    3153          10 :         allocCStatePrepared(st);
    3154             : 
    3155             :     /*
    3156             :      * We set the 'prepared' flag on the \startpipeline itself to flag that we
    3157             :      * don't need to do this next time without calling prepareCommand(), even
    3158             :      * though we don't actually prepare this command.
    3159             :      */
    3160          84 :     if (st->prepared[st->use_file][st->command])
    3161          72 :         return;
    3162             : 
    3163         128 :     for (j = st->command + 1; commands[j] != NULL; j++)
    3164             :     {
    3165         128 :         if (commands[j]->type == META_COMMAND &&
    3166          12 :             commands[j]->meta == META_ENDPIPELINE)
    3167          12 :             break;
    3168             : 
    3169         116 :         prepareCommand(st, j);
    3170             :     }
    3171             : 
    3172          12 :     st->prepared[st->use_file][st->command] = true;
    3173             : }
    3174             : 
    3175             : /* Send a SQL command, using the chosen querymode */
    3176             : static bool
    3177       21200 : sendCommand(CState *st, Command *command)
    3178             : {
    3179             :     int         r;
    3180             : 
    3181       21200 :     if (querymode == QUERY_SIMPLE)
    3182             :     {
    3183             :         char       *sql;
    3184             : 
    3185       16122 :         sql = pg_strdup(command->argv[0]);
    3186       16122 :         sql = assignVariables(&st->variables, sql);
    3187             : 
    3188       16122 :         pg_log_debug("client %d sending %s", st->id, sql);
    3189       16122 :         r = PQsendQuery(st->con, sql);
    3190       16122 :         free(sql);
    3191             :     }
    3192        5078 :     else if (querymode == QUERY_EXTENDED)
    3193             :     {
    3194        1186 :         const char *sql = command->argv[0];
    3195             :         const char *params[MAX_ARGS];
    3196             : 
    3197        1186 :         getQueryParams(&st->variables, command, params);
    3198             : 
    3199        1186 :         pg_log_debug("client %d sending %s", st->id, sql);
    3200        1186 :         r = PQsendQueryParams(st->con, sql, command->argc - 1,
    3201             :                               NULL, params, NULL, NULL, 0);
    3202             :     }
    3203        3892 :     else if (querymode == QUERY_PREPARED)
    3204             :     {
    3205             :         const char *params[MAX_ARGS];
    3206             : 
    3207        3892 :         prepareCommand(st, st->command);
    3208        3892 :         getQueryParams(&st->variables, command, params);
    3209             : 
    3210        3892 :         pg_log_debug("client %d sending %s", st->id, command->prepname);
    3211        3892 :         r = PQsendQueryPrepared(st->con, command->prepname, command->argc - 1,
    3212             :                                 params, NULL, NULL, 0);
    3213             :     }
    3214             :     else                        /* unknown sql mode */
    3215           0 :         r = 0;
    3216             : 
    3217       21200 :     if (r == 0)
    3218             :     {
    3219           0 :         pg_log_debug("client %d could not send %s", st->id, command->argv[0]);
    3220           0 :         return false;
    3221             :     }
    3222             :     else
    3223       21200 :         return true;
    3224             : }
    3225             : 
    3226             : /*
    3227             :  * Get the error status from the error code.
    3228             :  */
    3229             : static EStatus
    3230          26 : getSQLErrorStatus(const char *sqlState)
    3231             : {
    3232          26 :     if (sqlState != NULL)
    3233             :     {
    3234          26 :         if (strcmp(sqlState, ERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE) == 0)
    3235           2 :             return ESTATUS_SERIALIZATION_ERROR;
    3236          24 :         else if (strcmp(sqlState, ERRCODE_T_R_DEADLOCK_DETECTED) == 0)
    3237           2 :             return ESTATUS_DEADLOCK_ERROR;
    3238             :     }
    3239             : 
    3240          22 :     return ESTATUS_OTHER_SQL_ERROR;
    3241             : }
    3242             : 
    3243             : /*
    3244             :  * Returns true if this type of error can be retried.
    3245             :  */
    3246             : static bool
    3247          66 : canRetryError(EStatus estatus)
    3248             : {
    3249          66 :     return (estatus == ESTATUS_SERIALIZATION_ERROR ||
    3250             :             estatus == ESTATUS_DEADLOCK_ERROR);
    3251             : }
    3252             : 
    3253             : /*
    3254             :  * Process query response from the backend.
    3255             :  *
    3256             :  * If varprefix is not NULL, it's the variable name prefix where to store
    3257             :  * the results of the *last* command (META_GSET) or *all* commands
    3258             :  * (META_ASET).
    3259             :  *
    3260             :  * Returns true if everything is A-OK, false if any error occurs.
    3261             :  */
    3262             : static bool
    3263       21290 : readCommandResponse(CState *st, MetaCommand meta, char *varprefix)
    3264             : {
    3265             :     PGresult   *res;
    3266             :     PGresult   *next_res;
    3267       21290 :     int         qrynum = 0;
    3268             : 
    3269             :     /*
    3270             :      * varprefix should be set only with \gset or \aset, and \endpipeline and
    3271             :      * SQL commands do not need it.
    3272             :      */
    3273             :     Assert((meta == META_NONE && varprefix == NULL) ||
    3274             :            ((meta == META_ENDPIPELINE) && varprefix == NULL) ||
    3275             :            ((meta == META_GSET || meta == META_ASET) && varprefix != NULL));
    3276             : 
    3277       21290 :     res = PQgetResult(st->con);
    3278             : 
    3279       42556 :     while (res != NULL)
    3280             :     {
    3281             :         bool        is_last;
    3282             : 
    3283             :         /* peek at the next result to know whether the current is last */
    3284       21302 :         next_res = PQgetResult(st->con);
    3285       21302 :         is_last = (next_res == NULL);
    3286             : 
    3287       21302 :         switch (PQresultStatus(res))
    3288             :         {
    3289       16428 :             case PGRES_COMMAND_OK:  /* non-SELECT commands */
    3290             :             case PGRES_EMPTY_QUERY: /* may be used for testing no-op overhead */
    3291       16428 :                 if (is_last && meta == META_GSET)
    3292             :                 {
    3293           2 :                     pg_log_error("client %d script %d command %d query %d: expected one row, got %d",
    3294             :                                  st->id, st->use_file, st->command, qrynum, 0);
    3295           2 :                     st->estatus = ESTATUS_META_COMMAND_ERROR;
    3296           2 :                     goto error;
    3297             :                 }
    3298       16426 :                 break;
    3299             : 
    3300        4740 :             case PGRES_TUPLES_OK:
    3301        4740 :                 if ((is_last && meta == META_GSET) || meta == META_ASET)
    3302             :                 {
    3303        1104 :                     int         ntuples = PQntuples(res);
    3304             : 
    3305        1104 :                     if (meta == META_GSET && ntuples != 1)
    3306             :                     {
    3307             :                         /* under \gset, report the error */
    3308           4 :                         pg_log_error("client %d script %d command %d query %d: expected one row, got %d",
    3309             :                                      st->id, st->use_file, st->command, qrynum, PQntuples(res));
    3310           4 :                         st->estatus = ESTATUS_META_COMMAND_ERROR;
    3311           4 :                         goto error;
    3312             :                     }
    3313        1100 :                     else if (meta == META_ASET && ntuples <= 0)
    3314             :                     {
    3315             :                         /* coldly skip empty result under \aset */
    3316           2 :                         break;
    3317             :                     }
    3318             : 
    3319             :                     /* store results into variables */
    3320        2196 :                     for (int fld = 0; fld < PQnfields(res); fld++)
    3321             :                     {
    3322        1102 :                         char       *varname = PQfname(res, fld);
    3323             : 
    3324             :                         /* allocate varname only if necessary, freed below */
    3325        1102 :                         if (*varprefix != '\0')
    3326           2 :                             varname = psprintf("%s%s", varprefix, varname);
    3327             : 
    3328             :                         /* store last row result as a string */
    3329        1102 :                         if (!putVariable(&st->variables, meta == META_ASET ? "aset" : "gset", varname,
    3330        1102 :                                          PQgetvalue(res, ntuples - 1, fld)))
    3331             :                         {
    3332             :                             /* internal error */
    3333           4 :                             pg_log_error("client %d script %d command %d query %d: error storing into variable %s",
    3334             :                                          st->id, st->use_file, st->command, qrynum, varname);
    3335           4 :                             st->estatus = ESTATUS_META_COMMAND_ERROR;
    3336           4 :                             goto error;
    3337             :                         }
    3338             : 
    3339        1098 :                         if (*varprefix != '\0')
    3340           2 :                             pg_free(varname);
    3341             :                     }
    3342             :                 }
    3343             :                 /* otherwise the result is simply thrown away by PQclear below */
    3344        4730 :                 break;
    3345             : 
    3346         108 :             case PGRES_PIPELINE_SYNC:
    3347         108 :                 pg_log_debug("client %d pipeline ending, ongoing syncs: %d",
    3348             :                              st->id, st->num_syncs);
    3349         108 :                 st->num_syncs--;
    3350         108 :                 if (st->num_syncs == 0 && PQexitPipelineMode(st->con) != 1)
    3351           0 :                     pg_log_error("client %d failed to exit pipeline mode: %s", st->id,
    3352             :                                  PQerrorMessage(st->con));
    3353         108 :                 break;
    3354             : 
    3355          26 :             case PGRES_NONFATAL_ERROR:
    3356             :             case PGRES_FATAL_ERROR:
    3357          26 :                 st->estatus = getSQLErrorStatus(PQresultErrorField(res,
    3358             :                                                                    PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE));
    3359          26 :                 if (canRetryError(st->estatus))
    3360             :                 {
    3361           4 :                     if (verbose_errors)
    3362           4 :                         commandError(st, PQerrorMessage(st->con));
    3363           4 :                     goto error;
    3364             :                 }
    3365             :                 /* fall through */
    3366             : 
    3367             :             default:
    3368             :                 /* anything else is unexpected */
    3369          22 :                 pg_log_error("client %d script %d aborted in command %d query %d: %s",
    3370             :                              st->id, st->use_file, st->command, qrynum,
    3371             :                              PQerrorMessage(st->con));
    3372          22 :                 goto error;
    3373             :         }
    3374             : 
    3375       21266 :         PQclear(res);
    3376       21266 :         qrynum++;
    3377       21266 :         res = next_res;
    3378             :     }
    3379             : 
    3380       21254 :     if (qrynum == 0)
    3381             :     {
    3382           0 :         pg_log_error("client %d command %d: no results", st->id, st->command);
    3383           0 :         return false;
    3384             :     }
    3385             : 
    3386       21254 :     return true;
    3387             : 
    3388          36 : error:
    3389          36 :     PQclear(res);
    3390          36 :     PQclear(next_res);
    3391             :     do
    3392             :     {
    3393          44 :         res = PQgetResult(st->con);
    3394          44 :         PQclear(res);
    3395          44 :     } while (res);
    3396             : 
    3397          36 :     return false;
    3398             : }
    3399             : 
    3400             : /*
    3401             :  * Parse the argument to a \sleep command, and return the requested amount
    3402             :  * of delay, in microseconds.  Returns true on success, false on error.
    3403             :  */
    3404             : static bool
    3405          12 : evaluateSleep(Variables *variables, int argc, char **argv, int *usecs)
    3406             : {
    3407             :     char       *var;
    3408             :     int         usec;
    3409             : 
    3410          12 :     if (*argv[1] == ':')
    3411             :     {
    3412           6 :         if ((var = getVariable(variables, argv[1] + 1)) == NULL)
    3413             :         {
    3414           2 :             pg_log_error("%s: undefined variable \"%s\"", argv[0], argv[1] + 1);
    3415           2 :             return false;
    3416             :         }
    3417             : 
    3418           4 :         usec = atoi(var);
    3419             : 
    3420             :         /* Raise an error if the value of a variable is not a number */
    3421           4 :         if (usec == 0 && !isdigit((unsigned char) *var))
    3422             :         {
    3423           0 :             pg_log_error("%s: invalid sleep time \"%s\" for variable \"%s\"",
    3424             :                          argv[0], var, argv[1] + 1);
    3425           0 :             return false;
    3426             :         }
    3427             :     }
    3428             :     else
    3429           6 :         usec = atoi(argv[1]);
    3430             : 
    3431          10 :     if (argc > 2)
    3432             :     {
    3433           8 :         if (pg_strcasecmp(argv[2], "ms") == 0)
    3434           4 :             usec *= 1000;
    3435           4 :         else if (pg_strcasecmp(argv[2], "s") == 0)
    3436           2 :             usec *= 1000000;
    3437             :     }
    3438             :     else
    3439           2 :         usec *= 1000000;
    3440             : 
    3441          10 :     *usecs = usec;
    3442          10 :     return true;
    3443             : }
    3444             : 
    3445             : 
    3446             : /*
    3447             :  * Returns true if the error can be retried.
    3448             :  */
    3449             : static bool
    3450           4 : doRetry(CState *st, pg_time_usec_t *now)
    3451             : {
    3452             :     Assert(st->estatus != ESTATUS_NO_ERROR);
    3453             : 
    3454             :     /* We can only retry serialization or deadlock errors. */
    3455           4 :     if (!canRetryError(st->estatus))
    3456           0 :         return false;
    3457             : 
    3458             :     /*
    3459             :      * We must have at least one option to limit the retrying of transactions
    3460             :      * that got an error.
    3461             :      */
    3462             :     Assert(max_tries || latency_limit || duration > 0);
    3463             : 
    3464             :     /*
    3465             :      * We cannot retry the error if we have reached the maximum number of
    3466             :      * tries.
    3467             :      */
    3468           4 :     if (max_tries && st->tries >= max_tries)
    3469           0 :         return false;
    3470             : 
    3471             :     /*
    3472             :      * We cannot retry the error if we spent too much time on this
    3473             :      * transaction.
    3474             :      */
    3475           4 :     if (latency_limit)
    3476             :     {
    3477           0 :         pg_time_now_lazy(now);
    3478           0 :         if (*now - st->txn_scheduled > latency_limit)
    3479           0 :             return false;
    3480             :     }
    3481             : 
    3482             :     /*
    3483             :      * We cannot retry the error if the benchmark duration is over.
    3484             :      */
    3485           4 :     if (timer_exceeded)
    3486           0 :         return false;
    3487             : 
    3488             :     /* OK */
    3489           4 :     return true;
    3490             : }
    3491             : 
    3492             : /*
    3493             :  * Read results and discard it until a sync point.
    3494             :  */
    3495             : static int
    3496           0 : discardUntilSync(CState *st)
    3497             : {
    3498             :     /* send a sync */
    3499           0 :     if (!PQpipelineSync(st->con))
    3500             :     {
    3501           0 :         pg_log_error("client %d aborted: failed to send a pipeline sync",
    3502             :                      st->id);
    3503           0 :         return 0;
    3504             :     }
    3505             : 
    3506             :     /* receive PGRES_PIPELINE_SYNC and null following it */
    3507             :     for (;;)
    3508           0 :     {
    3509           0 :         PGresult   *res = PQgetResult(st->con);
    3510             : 
    3511           0 :         if (PQresultStatus(res) == PGRES_PIPELINE_SYNC)
    3512             :         {
    3513           0 :             PQclear(res);
    3514           0 :             res = PQgetResult(st->con);
    3515             :             Assert(res == NULL);
    3516           0 :             break;
    3517             :         }
    3518           0 :         PQclear(res);
    3519             :     }
    3520             : 
    3521             :     /* exit pipeline */
    3522           0 :     if (PQexitPipelineMode(st->con) != 1)
    3523             :     {
    3524           0 :         pg_log_error("client %d aborted: failed to exit pipeline mode for rolling back the failed transaction",
    3525             :                      st->id);
    3526           0 :         return 0;
    3527             :     }
    3528           0 :     return 1;
    3529             : }
    3530             : 
    3531             : /*
    3532             :  * Get the transaction status at the end of a command especially for
    3533             :  * checking if we are in a (failed) transaction block.
    3534             :  */
    3535             : static TStatus
    3536       15388 : getTransactionStatus(PGconn *con)
    3537             : {
    3538             :     PGTransactionStatusType tx_status;
    3539             : 
    3540       15388 :     tx_status = PQtransactionStatus(con);
    3541       15388 :     switch (tx_status)
    3542             :     {
    3543       15384 :         case PQTRANS_IDLE:
    3544       15384 :             return TSTATUS_IDLE;
    3545           4 :         case PQTRANS_INTRANS:
    3546             :         case PQTRANS_INERROR:
    3547           4 :             return TSTATUS_IN_BLOCK;
    3548           0 :         case PQTRANS_UNKNOWN:
    3549             :             /* PQTRANS_UNKNOWN is expected given a broken connection */
    3550           0 :             if (PQstatus(con) == CONNECTION_BAD)
    3551           0 :                 return TSTATUS_CONN_ERROR;
    3552             :             /* fall through */
    3553             :         case PQTRANS_ACTIVE:
    3554             :         default:
    3555             : 
    3556             :             /*
    3557             :              * We cannot find out whether we are in a transaction block or
    3558             :              * not. Internal error which should never occur.
    3559             :              */
    3560           0 :             pg_log_error("unexpected transaction status %d", tx_status);
    3561           0 :             return TSTATUS_OTHER_ERROR;
    3562             :     }
    3563             : 
    3564             :     /* not reached */
    3565             :     Assert(false);
    3566             :     return TSTATUS_OTHER_ERROR;
    3567             : }
    3568             : 
    3569             : /*
    3570             :  * Print verbose messages of an error
    3571             :  */
    3572             : static void
    3573           4 : printVerboseErrorMessages(CState *st, pg_time_usec_t *now, bool is_retry)
    3574             : {
    3575             :     static PQExpBuffer buf = NULL;
    3576             : 
    3577           4 :     if (buf == NULL)
    3578           4 :         buf = createPQExpBuffer();
    3579             :     else
    3580           0 :         resetPQExpBuffer(buf);
    3581             : 
    3582           4 :     printfPQExpBuffer(buf, "client %d ", st->id);
    3583           4 :     appendPQExpBufferStr(buf, (is_retry ?
    3584             :                                "repeats the transaction after the error" :
    3585             :                                "ends the failed transaction"));
    3586           4 :     appendPQExpBuffer(buf, " (try %u", st->tries);
    3587             : 
    3588             :     /* Print max_tries if it is not unlimited. */
    3589           4 :     if (max_tries)
    3590           4 :         appendPQExpBuffer(buf, "/%u", max_tries);
    3591             : 
    3592             :     /*
    3593             :      * If the latency limit is used, print a percentage of the current
    3594             :      * transaction latency from the latency limit.
    3595             :      */
    3596           4 :     if (latency_limit)
    3597             :     {
    3598           0 :         pg_time_now_lazy(now);
    3599           0 :         appendPQExpBuffer(buf, ", %.3f%% of the maximum time of tries was used",
    3600           0 :                           (100.0 * (*now - st->txn_scheduled) / latency_limit));
    3601             :     }
    3602           4 :     appendPQExpBufferStr(buf, ")\n");
    3603             : 
    3604           4 :     pg_log_info("%s", buf->data);
    3605           4 : }
    3606             : 
    3607             : /*
    3608             :  * Advance the state machine of a connection.
    3609             :  */
    3610             : static void
    3611       35704 : advanceConnectionState(TState *thread, CState *st, StatsData *agg)
    3612             : {
    3613             : 
    3614             :     /*
    3615             :      * gettimeofday() isn't free, so we get the current timestamp lazily the
    3616             :      * first time it's needed, and reuse the same value throughout this
    3617             :      * function after that.  This also ensures that e.g. the calculated
    3618             :      * latency reported in the log file and in the totals are the same. Zero
    3619             :      * means "not set yet".  Reset "now" when we execute shell commands or
    3620             :      * expressions, which might take a non-negligible amount of time, though.
    3621             :      */
    3622       35704 :     pg_time_usec_t now = 0;
    3623             : 
    3624             :     /*
    3625             :      * Loop in the state machine, until we have to wait for a result from the
    3626             :      * server or have to sleep for throttling or \sleep.
    3627             :      *
    3628             :      * Note: In the switch-statement below, 'break' will loop back here,
    3629             :      * meaning "continue in the state machine".  Return is used to return to
    3630             :      * the caller, giving the thread the opportunity to advance another
    3631             :      * client.
    3632             :      */
    3633             :     for (;;)
    3634      121692 :     {
    3635             :         Command    *command;
    3636             : 
    3637      157396 :         switch (st->state)
    3638             :         {
    3639             :                 /* Select transaction (script) to run.  */
    3640       15490 :             case CSTATE_CHOOSE_SCRIPT:
    3641       15490 :                 st->use_file = chooseScript(thread);
    3642             :                 Assert(conditional_stack_empty(st->cstack));
    3643             : 
    3644             :                 /* reset transaction variables to default values */
    3645       15490 :                 st->estatus = ESTATUS_NO_ERROR;
    3646       15490 :                 st->tries = 1;
    3647             : 
    3648       15490 :                 pg_log_debug("client %d executing script \"%s\"",
    3649             :                              st->id, sql_script[st->use_file].desc);
    3650             : 
    3651             :                 /*
    3652             :                  * If time is over, we're done; otherwise, get ready to start
    3653             :                  * a new transaction, or to get throttled if that's requested.
    3654             :                  */
    3655       30980 :                 st->state = timer_exceeded ? CSTATE_FINISHED :
    3656       15490 :                     throttle_delay > 0 ? CSTATE_PREPARE_THROTTLE : CSTATE_START_TX;
    3657       15490 :                 break;
    3658             : 
    3659             :                 /* Start new transaction (script) */
    3660       15488 :             case CSTATE_START_TX:
    3661       15488 :                 pg_time_now_lazy(&now);
    3662             : 
    3663             :                 /* establish connection if needed, i.e. under --connect */
    3664       15488 :                 if (st->con == NULL)
    3665             :                 {
    3666         220 :                     pg_time_usec_t start = now;
    3667             : 
    3668         220 :                     if ((st->con = doConnect()) == NULL)
    3669             :                     {
    3670             :                         /*
    3671             :                          * as the bench is already running, we do not abort
    3672             :                          * the process
    3673             :                          */
    3674           0 :                         pg_log_error("client %d aborted while establishing connection", st->id);
    3675           0 :                         st->state = CSTATE_ABORTED;
    3676           0 :                         break;
    3677             :                     }
    3678             : 
    3679             :                     /* reset now after connection */
    3680         220 :                     now = pg_time_now();
    3681             : 
    3682         220 :                     thread->conn_duration += now - start;
    3683             : 
    3684             :                     /* Reset session-local state */
    3685         220 :                     pg_free(st->prepared);
    3686         220 :                     st->prepared = NULL;
    3687             :                 }
    3688             : 
    3689             :                 /*
    3690             :                  * It is the first try to run this transaction. Remember the
    3691             :                  * random state: maybe it will get an error and we will need
    3692             :                  * to run it again.
    3693             :                  */
    3694       15488 :                 st->random_state = st->cs_func_rs;
    3695             : 
    3696             :                 /* record transaction start time */
    3697       15488 :                 st->txn_begin = now;
    3698             : 
    3699             :                 /*
    3700             :                  * When not throttling, this is also the transaction's
    3701             :                  * scheduled start time.
    3702             :                  */
    3703       15488 :                 if (!throttle_delay)
    3704       15086 :                     st->txn_scheduled = now;
    3705             : 
    3706             :                 /* Begin with the first command */
    3707       15488 :                 st->state = CSTATE_START_COMMAND;
    3708       15488 :                 st->command = 0;
    3709       15488 :                 break;
    3710             : 
    3711             :                 /*
    3712             :                  * Handle throttling once per transaction by sleeping.
    3713             :                  */
    3714         420 :             case CSTATE_PREPARE_THROTTLE:
    3715             : 
    3716             :                 /*
    3717             :                  * Generate a delay such that the series of delays will
    3718             :                  * approximate a Poisson distribution centered on the
    3719             :                  * throttle_delay time.
    3720             :                  *
    3721             :                  * If transactions are too slow or a given wait is shorter
    3722             :                  * than a transaction, the next transaction will start right
    3723             :                  * away.
    3724             :                  */
    3725             :                 Assert(throttle_delay > 0);
    3726             : 
    3727         420 :                 thread->throttle_trigger +=
    3728         420 :                     getPoissonRand(&thread->ts_throttle_rs, throttle_delay);
    3729         420 :                 st->txn_scheduled = thread->throttle_trigger;
    3730             : 
    3731             :                 /*
    3732             :                  * If --latency-limit is used, and this slot is already late
    3733             :                  * so that the transaction will miss the latency limit even if
    3734             :                  * it completed immediately, skip this time slot and loop to
    3735             :                  * reschedule.
    3736             :                  */
    3737         420 :                 if (latency_limit)
    3738             :                 {
    3739         420 :                     pg_time_now_lazy(&now);
    3740             : 
    3741         420 :                     if (thread->throttle_trigger < now - latency_limit)
    3742             :                     {
    3743          18 :                         processXactStats(thread, st, &now, true, agg);
    3744             : 
    3745             :                         /*
    3746             :                          * Finish client if -T or -t was exceeded.
    3747             :                          *
    3748             :                          * Stop counting skipped transactions under -T as soon
    3749             :                          * as the timer is exceeded. Because otherwise it can
    3750             :                          * take a very long time to count all of them
    3751             :                          * especially when quite a lot of them happen with
    3752             :                          * unrealistically high rate setting in -R, which
    3753             :                          * would prevent pgbench from ending immediately.
    3754             :                          * Because of this behavior, note that there is no
    3755             :                          * guarantee that all skipped transactions are counted
    3756             :                          * under -T though there is under -t. This is OK in
    3757             :                          * practice because it's very unlikely to happen with
    3758             :                          * realistic setting.
    3759             :                          */
    3760          18 :                         if (timer_exceeded || (nxacts > 0 && st->cnt >= nxacts))
    3761           2 :                             st->state = CSTATE_FINISHED;
    3762             : 
    3763             :                         /* Go back to top of loop with CSTATE_PREPARE_THROTTLE */
    3764          18 :                         break;
    3765             :                     }
    3766             :                 }
    3767             : 
    3768             :                 /*
    3769             :                  * stop client if next transaction is beyond pgbench end of
    3770             :                  * execution; otherwise, throttle it.
    3771             :                  */
    3772           0 :                 st->state = end_time > 0 && st->txn_scheduled > end_time ?
    3773         402 :                     CSTATE_FINISHED : CSTATE_THROTTLE;
    3774         402 :                 break;
    3775             : 
    3776             :                 /*
    3777             :                  * Wait until it's time to start next transaction.
    3778             :                  */
    3779         402 :             case CSTATE_THROTTLE:
    3780         402 :                 pg_time_now_lazy(&now);
    3781             : 
    3782         402 :                 if (now < st->txn_scheduled)
    3783           0 :                     return;     /* still sleeping, nothing to do here */
    3784             : 
    3785             :                 /* done sleeping, but don't start transaction if we're done */
    3786         402 :                 st->state = timer_exceeded ? CSTATE_FINISHED : CSTATE_START_TX;
    3787         402 :                 break;
    3788             : 
    3789             :                 /*
    3790             :                  * Send a command to server (or execute a meta-command)
    3791             :                  */
    3792       41468 :             case CSTATE_START_COMMAND:
    3793       41468 :                 command = sql_script[st->use_file].commands[st->command];
    3794             : 
    3795             :                 /*
    3796             :                  * Transition to script end processing if done, but close up
    3797             :                  * shop if a pipeline is open at this point.
    3798             :                  */
    3799       41468 :                 if (command == NULL)
    3800             :                 {
    3801       15390 :                     if (PQpipelineStatus(st->con) == PQ_PIPELINE_OFF)
    3802       15384 :                         st->state = CSTATE_END_TX;
    3803             :                     else
    3804             :                     {
    3805           6 :                         pg_log_error("client %d aborted: end of script reached with pipeline open",
    3806             :                                      st->id);
    3807           6 :                         st->state = CSTATE_ABORTED;
    3808             :                     }
    3809             : 
    3810       15390 :                     break;
    3811             :                 }
    3812             : 
    3813             :                 /* record begin time of next command, and initiate it */
    3814       26078 :                 if (report_per_command)
    3815             :                 {
    3816         802 :                     pg_time_now_lazy(&now);
    3817         802 :                     st->stmt_begin = now;
    3818             :                 }
    3819             : 
    3820             :                 /* Execute the command */
    3821       26078 :                 if (command->type == SQL_COMMAND)
    3822             :                 {
    3823             :                     /* disallow \aset and \gset in pipeline mode */
    3824       21202 :                     if (PQpipelineStatus(st->con) != PQ_PIPELINE_OFF)
    3825             :                     {
    3826        1048 :                         if (command->meta == META_GSET)
    3827             :                         {
    3828           2 :                             commandFailed(st, "gset", "\\gset is not allowed in pipeline mode");
    3829           2 :                             st->state = CSTATE_ABORTED;
    3830           2 :                             break;
    3831             :                         }
    3832        1046 :                         else if (command->meta == META_ASET)
    3833             :                         {
    3834           0 :                             commandFailed(st, "aset", "\\aset is not allowed in pipeline mode");
    3835           0 :                             st->state = CSTATE_ABORTED;
    3836           0 :                             break;
    3837             :                         }
    3838             :                     }
    3839             : 
    3840       21200 :                     if (!sendCommand(st, command))
    3841             :                     {
    3842           0 :                         commandFailed(st, "SQL", "SQL command send failed");
    3843           0 :                         st->state = CSTATE_ABORTED;
    3844             :                     }
    3845             :                     else
    3846             :                     {
    3847             :                         /* Wait for results, unless in pipeline mode */
    3848       21200 :                         if (PQpipelineStatus(st->con) == PQ_PIPELINE_OFF)
    3849       20154 :                             st->state = CSTATE_WAIT_RESULT;
    3850             :                         else
    3851        1046 :                             st->state = CSTATE_END_COMMAND;
    3852             :                     }
    3853             :                 }
    3854        4876 :                 else if (command->type == META_COMMAND)
    3855             :                 {
    3856             :                     /*-----
    3857             :                      * Possible state changes when executing meta commands:
    3858             :                      * - on errors CSTATE_ABORTED
    3859             :                      * - on sleep CSTATE_SLEEP
    3860             :                      * - else CSTATE_END_COMMAND
    3861             :                      */
    3862        4876 :                     st->state = executeMetaCommand(st, &now);
    3863        4876 :                     if (st->state == CSTATE_ABORTED)
    3864          62 :                         st->estatus = ESTATUS_META_COMMAND_ERROR;
    3865             :                 }
    3866             : 
    3867             :                 /*
    3868             :                  * We're now waiting for an SQL command to complete, or
    3869             :                  * finished processing a metacommand, or need to sleep, or
    3870             :                  * something bad happened.
    3871             :                  */
    3872             :                 Assert(st->state == CSTATE_WAIT_RESULT ||
    3873             :                        st->state == CSTATE_END_COMMAND ||
    3874             :                        st->state == CSTATE_SLEEP ||
    3875             :                        st->state == CSTATE_ABORTED);
    3876       26076 :                 break;
    3877             : 
    3878             :                 /*
    3879             :                  * non executed conditional branch
    3880             :                  */
    3881        5512 :             case CSTATE_SKIP_COMMAND:
    3882             :                 Assert(!conditional_active(st->cstack));
    3883             :                 /* quickly skip commands until something to do... */
    3884             :                 while (true)
    3885             :                 {
    3886        5512 :                     command = sql_script[st->use_file].commands[st->command];
    3887             : 
    3888             :                     /* cannot reach end of script in that state */
    3889             :                     Assert(command != NULL);
    3890             : 
    3891             :                     /*
    3892             :                      * if this is conditional related, update conditional
    3893             :                      * state
    3894             :                      */
    3895        5512 :                     if (command->type == META_COMMAND &&
    3896        1044 :                         (command->meta == META_IF ||
    3897        1038 :                          command->meta == META_ELIF ||
    3898        1022 :                          command->meta == META_ELSE ||
    3899        1008 :                          command->meta == META_ENDIF))
    3900             :                     {
    3901        1018 :                         switch (conditional_stack_peek(st->cstack))
    3902             :                         {
    3903         988 :                             case IFSTATE_FALSE:
    3904         988 :                                 if (command->meta == META_IF)
    3905             :                                 {
    3906             :                                     /* nested if in skipped branch - ignore */
    3907           4 :                                     conditional_stack_push(st->cstack,
    3908             :                                                            IFSTATE_IGNORED);
    3909           4 :                                     st->command++;
    3910             :                                 }
    3911         984 :                                 else if (command->meta == META_ELIF)
    3912             :                                 {
    3913             :                                     /* we must evaluate the condition */
    3914          10 :                                     st->state = CSTATE_START_COMMAND;
    3915             :                                 }
    3916         974 :                                 else if (command->meta == META_ELSE)
    3917             :                                 {
    3918             :                                     /* we must execute next command */
    3919           6 :                                     conditional_stack_poke(st->cstack,
    3920             :                                                            IFSTATE_ELSE_TRUE);
    3921           6 :                                     st->state = CSTATE_START_COMMAND;
    3922           6 :                                     st->command++;
    3923             :                                 }
    3924         968 :                                 else if (command->meta == META_ENDIF)
    3925             :                                 {
    3926             :                                     Assert(!conditional_stack_empty(st->cstack));
    3927         968 :                                     conditional_stack_pop(st->cstack);
    3928         968 :                                     if (conditional_active(st->cstack))
    3929         968 :                                         st->state = CSTATE_START_COMMAND;
    3930             :                                     /* else state remains CSTATE_SKIP_COMMAND */
    3931         968 :                                     st->command++;
    3932             :                                 }
    3933         988 :                                 break;
    3934             : 
    3935          30 :                             case IFSTATE_IGNORED:
    3936             :                             case IFSTATE_ELSE_FALSE:
    3937          30 :                                 if (command->meta == META_IF)
    3938           2 :                                     conditional_stack_push(st->cstack,
    3939             :                                                            IFSTATE_IGNORED);
    3940          28 :                                 else if (command->meta == META_ENDIF)
    3941             :                                 {
    3942             :                                     Assert(!conditional_stack_empty(st->cstack));
    3943          14 :                                     conditional_stack_pop(st->cstack);
    3944          14 :                                     if (conditional_active(st->cstack))
    3945           8 :                                         st->state = CSTATE_START_COMMAND;
    3946             :                                 }
    3947             :                                 /* could detect "else" & "elif" after "else" */
    3948          30 :                                 st->command++;
    3949          30 :                                 break;
    3950             : 
    3951        1018 :                             case IFSTATE_NONE:
    3952             :                             case IFSTATE_TRUE:
    3953             :                             case IFSTATE_ELSE_TRUE:
    3954             :                             default:
    3955             : 
    3956             :                                 /*
    3957             :                                  * inconsistent if inactive, unreachable dead
    3958             :                                  * code
    3959             :                                  */
    3960             :                                 Assert(false);
    3961             :                         }
    3962             :                     }
    3963             :                     else
    3964             :                     {
    3965             :                         /* skip and consider next */
    3966        4494 :                         st->command++;
    3967             :                     }
    3968             : 
    3969        5512 :                     if (st->state != CSTATE_SKIP_COMMAND)
    3970             :                         /* out of quick skip command loop */
    3971         992 :                         break;
    3972             :                 }
    3973         992 :                 break;
    3974             : 
    3975             :                 /*
    3976             :                  * Wait for the current SQL command to complete
    3977             :                  */
    3978       41498 :             case CSTATE_WAIT_RESULT:
    3979       41498 :                 pg_log_debug("client %d receiving", st->id);
    3980             : 
    3981             :                 /*
    3982             :                  * Only check for new network data if we processed all data
    3983             :                  * fetched prior. Otherwise we end up doing a syscall for each
    3984             :                  * individual pipelined query, which has a measurable
    3985             :                  * performance impact.
    3986             :                  */
    3987       41498 :                 if (PQisBusy(st->con) && !PQconsumeInput(st->con))
    3988             :                 {
    3989             :                     /* there's something wrong */
    3990           0 :                     commandFailed(st, "SQL", "perhaps the backend died while processing");
    3991           0 :                     st->state = CSTATE_ABORTED;
    3992           0 :                     break;
    3993             :                 }
    3994       41498 :                 if (PQisBusy(st->con))
    3995       20208 :                     return;     /* don't have the whole result yet */
    3996             : 
    3997             :                 /* store or discard the query results */
    3998       21290 :                 if (readCommandResponse(st,
    3999       21290 :                                         sql_script[st->use_file].commands[st->command]->meta,
    4000       21290 :                                         sql_script[st->use_file].commands[st->command]->varprefix))
    4001             :                 {
    4002             :                     /*
    4003             :                      * outside of pipeline mode: stop reading results.
    4004             :                      * pipeline mode: continue reading results until an
    4005             :                      * end-of-pipeline response.
    4006             :                      */
    4007       21254 :                     if (PQpipelineStatus(st->con) != PQ_PIPELINE_ON)
    4008       20224 :                         st->state = CSTATE_END_COMMAND;
    4009             :                 }
    4010          36 :                 else if (canRetryError(st->estatus))
    4011           4 :                     st->state = CSTATE_ERROR;
    4012             :                 else
    4013          32 :                     st->state = CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4014       21290 :                 break;
    4015             : 
    4016             :                 /*
    4017             :                  * Wait until sleep is done. This state is entered after a
    4018             :                  * \sleep metacommand. The behavior is similar to
    4019             :                  * CSTATE_THROTTLE, but proceeds to CSTATE_START_COMMAND
    4020             :                  * instead of CSTATE_START_TX.
    4021             :                  */
    4022          16 :             case CSTATE_SLEEP:
    4023          16 :                 pg_time_now_lazy(&now);
    4024          16 :                 if (now < st->sleep_until)
    4025           6 :                     return;     /* still sleeping, nothing to do here */
    4026             :                 /* Else done sleeping. */
    4027          10 :                 st->state = CSTATE_END_COMMAND;
    4028          10 :                 break;
    4029             : 
    4030             :                 /*
    4031             :                  * End of command: record stats and proceed to next command.
    4032             :                  */
    4033       25976 :             case CSTATE_END_COMMAND:
    4034             : 
    4035             :                 /*
    4036             :                  * command completed: accumulate per-command execution times
    4037             :                  * in thread-local data structure, if per-command latencies
    4038             :                  * are requested.
    4039             :                  */
    4040       25976 :                 if (report_per_command)
    4041             :                 {
    4042         802 :                     pg_time_now_lazy(&now);
    4043             : 
    4044         802 :                     command = sql_script[st->use_file].commands[st->command];
    4045             :                     /* XXX could use a mutex here, but we choose not to */
    4046         802 :                     addToSimpleStats(&command->stats,
    4047         802 :                                      PG_TIME_GET_DOUBLE(now - st->stmt_begin));
    4048             :                 }
    4049             : 
    4050             :                 /* Go ahead with next command, to be executed or skipped */
    4051       25976 :                 st->command++;
    4052       25976 :                 st->state = conditional_active(st->cstack) ?
    4053       25976 :                     CSTATE_START_COMMAND : CSTATE_SKIP_COMMAND;
    4054       25976 :                 break;
    4055             : 
    4056             :                 /*
    4057             :                  * Clean up after an error.
    4058             :                  */
    4059           4 :             case CSTATE_ERROR:
    4060             :                 {
    4061             :                     TStatus     tstatus;
    4062             : 
    4063             :                     Assert(st->estatus != ESTATUS_NO_ERROR);
    4064             : 
    4065             :                     /* Clear the conditional stack */
    4066           4 :                     conditional_stack_reset(st->cstack);
    4067             : 
    4068             :                     /* Read and discard until a sync point in pipeline mode */
    4069           4 :                     if (PQpipelineStatus(st->con) != PQ_PIPELINE_OFF)
    4070             :                     {
    4071           0 :                         if (!discardUntilSync(st))
    4072             :                         {
    4073           0 :                             st->state = CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4074           0 :                             break;
    4075             :                         }
    4076             :                     }
    4077             : 
    4078             :                     /*
    4079             :                      * Check if we have a (failed) transaction block or not,
    4080             :                      * and roll it back if any.
    4081             :                      */
    4082           4 :                     tstatus = getTransactionStatus(st->con);
    4083           4 :                     if (tstatus == TSTATUS_IN_BLOCK)
    4084             :                     {
    4085             :                         /* Try to rollback a (failed) transaction block. */
    4086           2 :                         if (!PQsendQuery(st->con, "ROLLBACK"))
    4087             :                         {
    4088           0 :                             pg_log_error("client %d aborted: failed to send sql command for rolling back the failed transaction",
    4089             :                                          st->id);
    4090           0 :                             st->state = CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4091             :                         }
    4092             :                         else
    4093           2 :                             st->state = CSTATE_WAIT_ROLLBACK_RESULT;
    4094             :                     }
    4095           2 :                     else if (tstatus == TSTATUS_IDLE)
    4096             :                     {
    4097             :                         /*
    4098             :                          * If time is over, we're done; otherwise, check if we
    4099             :                          * can retry the error.
    4100             :                          */
    4101           4 :                         st->state = timer_exceeded ? CSTATE_FINISHED :
    4102           2 :                             doRetry(st, &now) ? CSTATE_RETRY : CSTATE_FAILURE;
    4103             :                     }
    4104             :                     else
    4105             :                     {
    4106           0 :                         if (tstatus == TSTATUS_CONN_ERROR)
    4107           0 :                             pg_log_error("perhaps the backend died while processing");
    4108             : 
    4109           0 :                         pg_log_error("client %d aborted while receiving the transaction status", st->id);
    4110           0 :                         st->state = CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4111             :                     }
    4112           4 :                     break;
    4113             :                 }
    4114             : 
    4115             :                 /*
    4116             :                  * Wait for the rollback command to complete
    4117             :                  */
    4118           4 :             case CSTATE_WAIT_ROLLBACK_RESULT:
    4119             :                 {
    4120             :                     PGresult   *res;
    4121             : 
    4122           4 :                     pg_log_debug("client %d receiving", st->id);
    4123           4 :                     if (!PQconsumeInput(st->con))
    4124             :                     {
    4125           0 :                         pg_log_error("client %d aborted while rolling back the transaction after an error; perhaps the backend died while processing",
    4126             :                                      st->id);
    4127           0 :                         st->state = CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4128           0 :                         break;
    4129             :                     }
    4130           4 :                     if (PQisBusy(st->con))
    4131           2 :                         return; /* don't have the whole result yet */
    4132             : 
    4133             :                     /*
    4134             :                      * Read and discard the query result;
    4135             :                      */
    4136           2 :                     res = PQgetResult(st->con);
    4137           2 :                     switch (PQresultStatus(res))
    4138             :                     {
    4139           2 :                         case PGRES_COMMAND_OK:
    4140             :                             /* OK */
    4141           2 :                             PQclear(res);
    4142             :                             /* null must be returned */
    4143           2 :                             res = PQgetResult(st->con);
    4144             :                             Assert(res == NULL);
    4145             : 
    4146             :                             /*
    4147             :                              * If time is over, we're done; otherwise, check
    4148             :                              * if we can retry the error.
    4149             :                              */
    4150           4 :                             st->state = timer_exceeded ? CSTATE_FINISHED :
    4151           2 :                                 doRetry(st, &now) ? CSTATE_RETRY : CSTATE_FAILURE;
    4152           2 :                             break;
    4153           0 :                         default:
    4154           0 :                             pg_log_error("client %d aborted while rolling back the transaction after an error; %s",
    4155             :                                          st->id, PQerrorMessage(st->con));
    4156           0 :                             PQclear(res);
    4157           0 :                             st->state = CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4158           0 :                             break;
    4159             :                     }
    4160           2 :                     break;
    4161             :                 }
    4162             : 
    4163             :                 /*
    4164             :                  * Retry the transaction after an error.
    4165             :                  */
    4166           4 :             case CSTATE_RETRY:
    4167           4 :                 command = sql_script[st->use_file].commands[st->command];
    4168             : 
    4169             :                 /*
    4170             :                  * Inform that the transaction will be retried after the
    4171             :                  * error.
    4172             :                  */
    4173           4 :                 if (verbose_errors)
    4174           4 :                     printVerboseErrorMessages(st, &now, true);
    4175             : 
    4176             :                 /* Count tries and retries */
    4177           4 :                 st->tries++;
    4178           4 :                 command->retries++;
    4179             : 
    4180             :                 /*
    4181             :                  * Reset the random state as they were at the beginning of the
    4182             :                  * transaction.
    4183             :                  */
    4184           4 :                 st->cs_func_rs = st->random_state;
    4185             : 
    4186             :                 /* Process the first transaction command. */
    4187           4 :                 st->command = 0;
    4188           4 :                 st->estatus = ESTATUS_NO_ERROR;
    4189           4 :                 st->state = CSTATE_START_COMMAND;
    4190           4 :                 break;
    4191             : 
    4192             :                 /*
    4193             :                  * Record a failed transaction.
    4194             :                  */
    4195           0 :             case CSTATE_FAILURE:
    4196           0 :                 command = sql_script[st->use_file].commands[st->command];
    4197             : 
    4198             :                 /* Accumulate the failure. */
    4199           0 :                 command->failures++;
    4200             : 
    4201             :                 /*
    4202             :                  * Inform that the failed transaction will not be retried.
    4203             :                  */
    4204           0 :                 if (verbose_errors)
    4205           0 :                     printVerboseErrorMessages(st, &now, false);
    4206             : 
    4207             :                 /* End the failed transaction. */
    4208           0 :                 st->state = CSTATE_END_TX;
    4209           0 :                 break;
    4210             : 
    4211             :                 /*
    4212             :                  * End of transaction (end of script, really).
    4213             :                  */
    4214       15384 :             case CSTATE_END_TX:
    4215             :                 {
    4216             :                     TStatus     tstatus;
    4217             : 
    4218             :                     /* transaction finished: calculate latency and do log */
    4219       15384 :                     processXactStats(thread, st, &now, false, agg);
    4220             : 
    4221             :                     /*
    4222             :                      * missing \endif... cannot happen if CheckConditional was
    4223             :                      * okay
    4224             :                      */
    4225             :                     Assert(conditional_stack_empty(st->cstack));
    4226             : 
    4227             :                     /*
    4228             :                      * We must complete all the transaction blocks that were
    4229             :                      * started in this script.
    4230             :                      */
    4231       15384 :                     tstatus = getTransactionStatus(st->con);
    4232       15384 :                     if (tstatus == TSTATUS_IN_BLOCK)
    4233             :                     {
    4234           2 :                         pg_log_error("client %d aborted: end of script reached without completing the last transaction",
    4235             :                                      st->id);
    4236           2 :                         st->state = CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4237           2 :                         break;
    4238             :                     }
    4239       15382 :                     else if (tstatus != TSTATUS_IDLE)
    4240             :                     {
    4241           0 :                         if (tstatus == TSTATUS_CONN_ERROR)
    4242           0 :                             pg_log_error("perhaps the backend died while processing");
    4243             : 
    4244           0 :                         pg_log_error("client %d aborted while receiving the transaction status", st->id);
    4245           0 :                         st->state = CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4246           0 :                         break;
    4247             :                     }
    4248             : 
    4249       15382 :                     if (is_connect)
    4250             :                     {
    4251         220 :                         pg_time_usec_t start = now;
    4252             : 
    4253         220 :                         pg_time_now_lazy(&start);
    4254         220 :                         finishCon(st);
    4255         220 :                         now = pg_time_now();
    4256         220 :                         thread->conn_duration += now - start;
    4257             :                     }
    4258             : 
    4259       15382 :                     if ((st->cnt >= nxacts && duration <= 0) || timer_exceeded)
    4260             :                     {
    4261             :                         /* script completed */
    4262         144 :                         st->state = CSTATE_FINISHED;
    4263         144 :                         break;
    4264             :                     }
    4265             : 
    4266             :                     /* next transaction (script) */
    4267       15238 :                     st->state = CSTATE_CHOOSE_SCRIPT;
    4268             : 
    4269             :                     /*
    4270             :                      * Ensure that we always return on this point, so as to
    4271             :                      * avoid an infinite loop if the script only contains meta
    4272             :                      * commands.
    4273             :                      */
    4274       15238 :                     return;
    4275             :                 }
    4276             : 
    4277             :                 /*
    4278             :                  * Final states.  Close the connection if it's still open.
    4279             :                  */
    4280         250 :             case CSTATE_ABORTED:
    4281             :             case CSTATE_FINISHED:
    4282             : 
    4283             :                 /*
    4284             :                  * Don't measure the disconnection delays here even if in
    4285             :                  * CSTATE_FINISHED and -C/--connect option is specified.
    4286             :                  * Because in this case all the connections that this thread
    4287             :                  * established are closed at the end of transactions and the
    4288             :                  * disconnection delays should have already been measured at
    4289             :                  * that moment.
    4290             :                  *
    4291             :                  * In CSTATE_ABORTED state, the measurement is no longer
    4292             :                  * necessary because we cannot report complete results anyways
    4293             :                  * in this case.
    4294             :                  */
    4295         250 :                 finishCon(st);
    4296         250 :                 return;
    4297             :         }
    4298      121692 :     }
    4299             : }
    4300             : 
    4301             : /*
    4302             :  * Subroutine for advanceConnectionState -- initiate or execute the current
    4303             :  * meta command, and return the next state to set.
    4304             :  *
    4305             :  * *now is updated to the current time, unless the command is expected to
    4306             :  * take no time to execute.
    4307             :  */
    4308             : static ConnectionStateEnum
    4309        4876 : executeMetaCommand(CState *st, pg_time_usec_t *now)
    4310             : {
    4311        4876 :     Command    *command = sql_script[st->use_file].commands[st->command];
    4312             :     int         argc;
    4313             :     char      **argv;
    4314             : 
    4315             :     Assert(command != NULL && command->type == META_COMMAND);
    4316             : 
    4317        4876 :     argc = command->argc;
    4318        4876 :     argv = command->argv;
    4319             : 
    4320        4876 :     if (unlikely(__pg_log_level <= PG_LOG_DEBUG))
    4321             :     {
    4322             :         PQExpBufferData buf;
    4323             : 
    4324        1406 :         initPQExpBuffer(&buf);
    4325             : 
    4326        1406 :         printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, "client %d executing \\%s", st->id, argv[0]);
    4327        2812 :         for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++)
    4328        1406 :             appendPQExpBuffer(&buf, " %s", argv[i]);
    4329             : 
    4330        1406 :         pg_log_debug("%s", buf.data);
    4331             : 
    4332        1406 :         termPQExpBuffer(&buf);
    4333             :     }
    4334             : 
    4335        4876 :     if (command->meta == META_SLEEP)
    4336             :     {
    4337             :         int         usec;
    4338             : 
    4339             :         /*
    4340             :          * A \sleep doesn't execute anything, we just get the delay from the
    4341             :          * argument, and enter the CSTATE_SLEEP state.  (The per-command
    4342             :          * latency will be recorded in CSTATE_SLEEP state, not here, after the
    4343             :          * delay has elapsed.)
    4344             :          */
    4345          12 :         if (!evaluateSleep(&st->variables, argc, argv, &usec))
    4346             :         {
    4347           2 :             commandFailed(st, "sleep", "execution of meta-command failed");
    4348           2 :             return CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4349             :         }
    4350             : 
    4351          10 :         pg_time_now_lazy(now);
    4352          10 :         st->sleep_until = (*now) + usec;
    4353          10 :         return CSTATE_SLEEP;
    4354             :     }
    4355        4864 :     else if (command->meta == META_SET)
    4356             :     {
    4357        3424 :         PgBenchExpr *expr = command->expr;
    4358             :         PgBenchValue result;
    4359             : 
    4360        3424 :         if (!evaluateExpr(st, expr, &result))
    4361             :         {
    4362          46 :             commandFailed(st, argv[0], "evaluation of meta-command failed");
    4363          48 :             return CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4364             :         }
    4365             : 
    4366        3378 :         if (!putVariableValue(&st->variables, argv[0], argv[1], &result))
    4367             :         {
    4368           2 :             commandFailed(st, "set", "assignment of meta-command failed");
    4369           2 :             return CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4370             :         }
    4371             :     }
    4372        1440 :     else if (command->meta == META_IF)
    4373             :     {
    4374             :         /* backslash commands with an expression to evaluate */
    4375        1074 :         PgBenchExpr *expr = command->expr;
    4376             :         PgBenchValue result;
    4377             :         bool        cond;
    4378             : 
    4379        1074 :         if (!evaluateExpr(st, expr, &result))
    4380             :         {
    4381           0 :             commandFailed(st, argv[0], "evaluation of meta-command failed");
    4382           0 :             return CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4383             :         }
    4384             : 
    4385        1074 :         cond = valueTruth(&result);
    4386        1074 :         conditional_stack_push(st->cstack, cond ? IFSTATE_TRUE : IFSTATE_FALSE);
    4387             :     }
    4388         366 :     else if (command->meta == META_ELIF)
    4389             :     {
    4390             :         /* backslash commands with an expression to evaluate */
    4391          14 :         PgBenchExpr *expr = command->expr;
    4392             :         PgBenchValue result;
    4393             :         bool        cond;
    4394             : 
    4395          14 :         if (conditional_stack_peek(st->cstack) == IFSTATE_TRUE)
    4396             :         {
    4397             :             /* elif after executed block, skip eval and wait for endif. */
    4398           4 :             conditional_stack_poke(st->cstack, IFSTATE_IGNORED);
    4399           4 :             return CSTATE_END_COMMAND;
    4400             :         }
    4401             : 
    4402          10 :         if (!evaluateExpr(st, expr, &result))
    4403             :         {
    4404           0 :             commandFailed(st, argv[0], "evaluation of meta-command failed");
    4405           0 :             return CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4406             :         }
    4407             : 
    4408          10 :         cond = valueTruth(&result);
    4409             :         Assert(conditional_stack_peek(st->cstack) == IFSTATE_FALSE);
    4410          10 :         conditional_stack_poke(st->cstack, cond ? IFSTATE_TRUE : IFSTATE_FALSE);
    4411             :     }
    4412         352 :     else if (command->meta == META_ELSE)
    4413             :     {
    4414           4 :         switch (conditional_stack_peek(st->cstack))
    4415             :         {
    4416           4 :             case IFSTATE_TRUE:
    4417           4 :                 conditional_stack_poke(st->cstack, IFSTATE_ELSE_FALSE);
    4418           4 :                 break;
    4419           4 :             case IFSTATE_FALSE: /* inconsistent if active */
    4420             :             case IFSTATE_IGNORED:   /* inconsistent if active */
    4421             :             case IFSTATE_NONE:  /* else without if */
    4422             :             case IFSTATE_ELSE_TRUE: /* else after else */
    4423             :             case IFSTATE_ELSE_FALSE:    /* else after else */
    4424             :             default:
    4425             :                 /* dead code if conditional check is ok */
    4426             :                 Assert(false);
    4427             :         }
    4428             :     }
    4429         348 :     else if (command->meta == META_ENDIF)
    4430             :     {
    4431             :         Assert(!conditional_stack_empty(st->cstack));
    4432          96 :         conditional_stack_pop(st->cstack);
    4433             :     }
    4434         252 :     else if (command->meta == META_SETSHELL)
    4435             :     {
    4436           6 :         if (!runShellCommand(&st->variables, argv[1], argv + 2, argc - 2))
    4437             :         {
    4438           4 :             commandFailed(st, "setshell", "execution of meta-command failed");
    4439           4 :             return CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4440             :         }
    4441             :     }
    4442         246 :     else if (command->meta == META_SHELL)
    4443             :     {
    4444           6 :         if (!runShellCommand(&st->variables, NULL, argv + 1, argc - 1))
    4445             :         {
    4446           4 :             commandFailed(st, "shell", "execution of meta-command failed");
    4447           4 :             return CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4448             :         }
    4449             :     }
    4450         240 :     else if (command->meta == META_STARTPIPELINE)
    4451             :     {
    4452             :         /*
    4453             :          * In pipeline mode, we use a workflow based on libpq pipeline
    4454             :          * functions.
    4455             :          */
    4456         120 :         if (querymode == QUERY_SIMPLE)
    4457             :         {
    4458           0 :             commandFailed(st, "startpipeline", "cannot use pipeline mode with the simple query protocol");
    4459           0 :             return CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4460             :         }
    4461             : 
    4462             :         /*
    4463             :          * If we're in prepared-query mode, we need to prepare all the
    4464             :          * commands that are inside the pipeline before we actually start the
    4465             :          * pipeline itself.  This solves the problem that running BEGIN
    4466             :          * ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE in a pipeline would fail due to a
    4467             :          * snapshot having been acquired by the prepare within the pipeline.
    4468             :          */
    4469         120 :         if (querymode == QUERY_PREPARED)
    4470          84 :             prepareCommandsInPipeline(st);
    4471             : 
    4472         120 :         if (PQpipelineStatus(st->con) != PQ_PIPELINE_OFF)
    4473             :         {
    4474           2 :             commandFailed(st, "startpipeline", "already in pipeline mode");
    4475           2 :             return CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4476             :         }
    4477         118 :         if (PQenterPipelineMode(st->con) == 0)
    4478             :         {
    4479           0 :             commandFailed(st, "startpipeline", "failed to enter pipeline mode");
    4480           0 :             return CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4481             :         }
    4482             :     }
    4483         120 :     else if (command->meta == META_SYNCPIPELINE)
    4484             :     {
    4485          10 :         if (PQpipelineStatus(st->con) != PQ_PIPELINE_ON)
    4486             :         {
    4487           0 :             commandFailed(st, "syncpipeline", "not in pipeline mode");
    4488           0 :             return CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4489             :         }
    4490          10 :         if (PQsendPipelineSync(st->con) == 0)
    4491             :         {
    4492           0 :             commandFailed(st, "syncpipeline", "failed to send a pipeline sync");
    4493           0 :             return CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4494             :         }
    4495          10 :         st->num_syncs++;
    4496             :     }
    4497         110 :     else if (command->meta == META_ENDPIPELINE)
    4498             :     {
    4499         110 :         if (PQpipelineStatus(st->con) != PQ_PIPELINE_ON)
    4500             :         {
    4501           2 :             commandFailed(st, "endpipeline", "not in pipeline mode");
    4502           2 :             return CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4503             :         }
    4504         108 :         if (!PQpipelineSync(st->con))
    4505             :         {
    4506           0 :             commandFailed(st, "endpipeline", "failed to send a pipeline sync");
    4507           0 :             return CSTATE_ABORTED;
    4508             :         }
    4509         108 :         st->num_syncs++;
    4510             :         /* Now wait for the PGRES_PIPELINE_SYNC and exit pipeline mode there */
    4511             :         /* collect pending results before getting out of pipeline mode */
    4512         108 :         return CSTATE_WAIT_RESULT;
    4513             :     }
    4514             : 
    4515             :     /*
    4516             :      * executing the expression or shell command might have taken a
    4517             :      * non-negligible amount of time, so reset 'now'
    4518             :      */
    4519        4692 :     *now = 0;
    4520             : 
    4521        4692 :     return CSTATE_END_COMMAND;
    4522             : }
    4523             : 
    4524             : /*
    4525             :  * Return the number of failed transactions.
    4526             :  */
    4527             : static int64
    4528         196 : getFailures(const StatsData *stats)
    4529             : {
    4530         392 :     return (stats->serialization_failures +
    4531         196 :             stats->deadlock_failures);
    4532             : }
    4533             : 
    4534             : /*
    4535             :  * Return a string constant representing the result of a transaction
    4536             :  * that is not successfully processed.
    4537             :  */
    4538             : static const char *
    4539           0 : getResultString(bool skipped, EStatus estatus)
    4540             : {
    4541           0 :     if (skipped)
    4542           0 :         return "skipped";
    4543           0 :     else if (failures_detailed)
    4544             :     {
    4545           0 :         switch (estatus)
    4546             :         {
    4547           0 :             case ESTATUS_SERIALIZATION_ERROR:
    4548           0 :                 return "serialization";
    4549           0 :             case ESTATUS_DEADLOCK_ERROR:
    4550           0 :                 return "deadlock";
    4551           0 :             default:
    4552             :                 /* internal error which should never occur */
    4553           0 :                 pg_fatal("unexpected error status: %d", estatus);
    4554             :         }
    4555             :     }
    4556             :     else
    4557           0 :         return "failed";
    4558             : }
    4559             : 
    4560             : /*
    4561             :  * Print log entry after completing one transaction.
    4562             :  *
    4563             :  * We print Unix-epoch timestamps in the log, so that entries can be
    4564             :  * correlated against other logs.
    4565             :  *
    4566             :  * XXX We could obtain the time from the caller and just shift it here, to
    4567             :  * avoid the cost of an extra call to pg_time_now().
    4568             :  */
    4569             : static void
    4570         220 : doLog(TState *thread, CState *st,
    4571             :       StatsData *agg, bool skipped, double latency, double lag)
    4572             : {
    4573         220 :     FILE       *logfile = thread->logfile;
    4574         220 :     pg_time_usec_t now = pg_time_now() + epoch_shift;
    4575             : 
    4576             :     Assert(use_log);
    4577             : 
    4578             :     /*
    4579             :      * Skip the log entry if sampling is enabled and this row doesn't belong
    4580             :      * to the random sample.
    4581             :      */
    4582         220 :     if (sample_rate != 0.0 &&
    4583         200 :         pg_prng_double(&thread->ts_sample_rs) > sample_rate)
    4584         106 :         return;
    4585             : 
    4586             :     /* should we aggregate the results or not? */
    4587         114 :     if (agg_interval > 0)
    4588             :     {
    4589             :         pg_time_usec_t next;
    4590             : 
    4591             :         /*
    4592             :          * Loop until we reach the interval of the current moment, and print
    4593             :          * any empty intervals in between (this may happen with very low tps,
    4594             :          * e.g. --rate=0.1).
    4595             :          */
    4596             : 
    4597           0 :         while ((next = agg->start_time + agg_interval * INT64CONST(1000000)) <= now)
    4598             :         {
    4599           0 :             double      lag_sum = 0.0;
    4600           0 :             double      lag_sum2 = 0.0;
    4601           0 :             double      lag_min = 0.0;
    4602           0 :             double      lag_max = 0.0;
    4603           0 :             int64       skipped = 0;
    4604           0 :             int64       serialization_failures = 0;
    4605           0 :             int64       deadlock_failures = 0;
    4606           0 :             int64       retried = 0;
    4607           0 :             int64       retries = 0;
    4608             : 
    4609             :             /* print aggregated report to logfile */
    4610           0 :             fprintf(logfile, INT64_FORMAT " " INT64_FORMAT " %.0f %.0f %.0f %.0f",
    4611           0 :                     agg->start_time / 1000000,   /* seconds since Unix epoch */
    4612             :                     agg->cnt,
    4613             :                     agg->latency.sum,
    4614             :                     agg->latency.sum2,
    4615             :                     agg->latency.min,
    4616             :                     agg->latency.max);
    4617             : 
    4618           0 :             if (throttle_delay)
    4619             :             {
    4620           0 :                 lag_sum = agg->lag.sum;
    4621           0 :                 lag_sum2 = agg->lag.sum2;
    4622           0 :                 lag_min = agg->lag.min;
    4623           0 :                 lag_max = agg->lag.max;
    4624             :             }
    4625           0 :             fprintf(logfile, " %.0f %.0f %.0f %.0f",
    4626             :                     lag_sum,
    4627             :                     lag_sum2,
    4628             :                     lag_min,
    4629             :                     lag_max);
    4630             : 
    4631           0 :             if (latency_limit)
    4632           0 :                 skipped = agg->skipped;
    4633           0 :             fprintf(logfile, " " INT64_FORMAT, skipped);
    4634             : 
    4635           0 :             if (max_tries != 1)
    4636             :             {
    4637           0 :                 retried = agg->retried;
    4638           0 :                 retries = agg->retries;
    4639             :             }
    4640           0 :             fprintf(logfile, " " INT64_FORMAT " " INT64_FORMAT, retried, retries);
    4641             : 
    4642           0 :             if (failures_detailed)
    4643             :             {
    4644           0 :                 serialization_failures = agg->serialization_failures;
    4645           0 :                 deadlock_failures = agg->deadlock_failures;
    4646             :             }
    4647           0 :             fprintf(logfile, " " INT64_FORMAT " " INT64_FORMAT,
    4648             :                     serialization_failures,
    4649             :                     deadlock_failures);
    4650             : 
    4651           0 :             fputc('\n', logfile);
    4652             : 
    4653             :             /* reset data and move to next interval */
    4654           0 :             initStats(agg, next);
    4655             :         }
    4656             : 
    4657             :         /* accumulate the current transaction */
    4658           0 :         accumStats(agg, skipped, latency, lag, st->estatus, st->tries);
    4659             :     }
    4660             :     else
    4661             :     {
    4662             :         /* no, print raw transactions */
    4663         114 :         if (!skipped && st->estatus == ESTATUS_NO_ERROR)
    4664         114 :             fprintf(logfile, "%d " INT64_FORMAT " %.0f %d " INT64_FORMAT " "
    4665             :                     INT64_FORMAT,
    4666             :                     st->id, st->cnt, latency, st->use_file,
    4667             :                     now / 1000000, now % 1000000);
    4668             :         else
    4669           0 :             fprintf(logfile, "%d " INT64_FORMAT " %s %d " INT64_FORMAT " "
    4670             :                     INT64_FORMAT,
    4671             :                     st->id, st->cnt, getResultString(skipped, st->estatus),
    4672             :                     st->use_file, now / 1000000, now % 1000000);
    4673             : 
    4674         114 :         if (throttle_delay)
    4675           0 :             fprintf(logfile, " %.0f", lag);
    4676         114 :         if (max_tries != 1)
    4677           0 :             fprintf(logfile, " %u", st->tries - 1);
    4678         114 :         fputc('\n', logfile);
    4679             :     }
    4680             : }
    4681             : 
    4682             : /*
    4683             :  * Accumulate and report statistics at end of a transaction.
    4684             :  *
    4685             :  * (This is also called when a transaction is late and thus skipped.
    4686             :  * Note that even skipped and failed transactions are counted in the CState
    4687             :  * "cnt" field.)
    4688             :  */
    4689             : static void
    4690       15402 : processXactStats(TState *thread, CState *st, pg_time_usec_t *now,
    4691             :                  bool skipped, StatsData *agg)
    4692             : {
    4693       15402 :     double      latency = 0.0,
    4694       15402 :                 lag = 0.0;
    4695       15402 :     bool        detailed = progress || throttle_delay || latency_limit ||
    4696       30804 :         use_log || per_script_stats;
    4697             : 
    4698       15402 :     if (detailed && !skipped && st->estatus == ESTATUS_NO_ERROR)
    4699             :     {
    4700        3322 :         pg_time_now_lazy(now);
    4701             : 
    4702             :         /* compute latency & lag */
    4703        3322 :         latency = (*now) - st->txn_scheduled;
    4704        3322 :         lag = st->txn_begin - st->txn_scheduled;
    4705             :     }
    4706             : 
    4707             :     /* keep detailed thread stats */
    4708       15402 :     accumStats(&thread->stats, skipped, latency, lag, st->estatus, st->tries);
    4709             : 
    4710             :     /* count transactions over the latency limit, if needed */
    4711       15402 :     if (latency_limit && latency > latency_limit)
    4712           2 :         thread->latency_late++;
    4713             : 
    4714             :     /* client stat is just counting */
    4715       15402 :     st->cnt++;
    4716             : 
    4717       15402 :     if (use_log)
    4718         220 :         doLog(thread, st, agg, skipped, latency, lag);
    4719             : 
    4720             :     /* XXX could use a mutex here, but we choose not to */
    4721       15402 :     if (per_script_stats)
    4722        2700 :         accumStats(&sql_script[st->use_file].stats, skipped, latency, lag,
    4723        2700 :                    st->estatus, st->tries);
    4724       15402 : }
    4725             : 
    4726             : 
    4727             : /* discard connections */
    4728             : static void
    4729         340 : disconnect_all(CState *state, int length)
    4730             : {
    4731             :     int         i;
    4732             : 
    4733         836 :     for (i = 0; i < length; i++)
    4734         496 :         finishCon(&state[i]);
    4735         340 : }
    4736             : 
    4737             : /*
    4738             :  * Remove old pgbench tables, if any exist
    4739             :  */
    4740             : static void
    4741           6 : initDropTables(PGconn *con)
    4742             : {
    4743           6 :     fprintf(stderr, "dropping old tables...\n");
    4744             : 
    4745             :     /*
    4746             :      * We drop all the tables in one command, so that whether there are
    4747             :      * foreign key dependencies or not doesn't matter.
    4748             :      */
    4749           6 :     executeStatement(con, "drop table if exists "
    4750             :                      "pgbench_accounts, "
    4751             :                      "pgbench_branches, "
    4752             :                      "pgbench_history, "
    4753             :                      "pgbench_tellers");
    4754           6 : }
    4755             : 
    4756             : /*
    4757             :  * Create "pgbench_accounts" partitions if needed.
    4758             :  *
    4759             :  * This is the larger table of pgbench default tpc-b like schema
    4760             :  * with a known size, so we choose to partition it.
    4761             :  */
    4762             : static void
    4763           4 : createPartitions(PGconn *con)
    4764             : {
    4765             :     PQExpBufferData query;
    4766             : 
    4767             :     /* we must have to create some partitions */
    4768             :     Assert(partitions > 0);
    4769             : 
    4770           4 :     fprintf(stderr, "creating %d partitions...\n", partitions);
    4771             : 
    4772           4 :     initPQExpBuffer(&query);
    4773             : 
    4774          14 :     for (int p = 1; p <= partitions; p++)
    4775             :     {
    4776          10 :         if (partition_method == PART_RANGE)
    4777             :         {
    4778           6 :             int64       part_size = (naccounts * (int64) scale + partitions - 1) / partitions;
    4779             : 
    4780           6 :             printfPQExpBuffer(&query,
    4781             :                               "create%s table pgbench_accounts_%d\n"
    4782             :                               "  partition of pgbench_accounts\n"
    4783             :                               "  for values from (",
    4784           6 :                               unlogged_tables ? " unlogged" : "", p);
    4785             : 
    4786             :             /*
    4787             :              * For RANGE, we use open-ended partitions at the beginning and
    4788             :              * end to allow any valid value for the primary key.  Although the
    4789             :              * actual minimum and maximum values can be derived from the
    4790             :              * scale, it is more generic and the performance is better.
    4791             :              */
    4792           6 :             if (p == 1)
    4793           2 :                 appendPQExpBufferStr(&query, "minvalue");
    4794             :             else
    4795           4 :                 appendPQExpBuffer(&query, INT64_FORMAT, (p - 1) * part_size + 1);
    4796             : 
    4797           6 :             appendPQExpBufferStr(&query, ") to (");
    4798             : 
    4799           6 :             if (p < partitions)
    4800           4 :                 appendPQExpBuffer(&query, INT64_FORMAT, p * part_size + 1);
    4801             :             else
    4802           2 :                 appendPQExpBufferStr(&query, "maxvalue");
    4803             : 
    4804           6 :             appendPQExpBufferChar(&query, ')');
    4805             :         }
    4806           4 :         else if (partition_method == PART_HASH)
    4807           4 :             printfPQExpBuffer(&query,
    4808             :                               "create%s table pgbench_accounts_%d\n"
    4809             :                               "  partition of pgbench_accounts\n"
    4810             :                               "  for values with (modulus %d, remainder %d)",
    4811           4 :                               unlogged_tables ? " unlogged" : "", p,
    4812             :                               partitions, p - 1);
    4813             :         else                    /* cannot get there */
    4814             :             Assert(0);
    4815             : 
    4816             :         /*
    4817             :          * Per ddlinfo in initCreateTables, fillfactor is needed on table
    4818             :          * pgbench_accounts.
    4819             :          */
    4820          10 :         appendPQExpBuffer(&query, " with (fillfactor=%d)", fillfactor);
    4821             : 
    4822          10 :         executeStatement(con, query.data);
    4823             :     }
    4824             : 
    4825           4 :     termPQExpBuffer(&query);
    4826           4 : }
    4827             : 
    4828             : /*
    4829             :  * Create pgbench's standard tables
    4830             :  */
    4831             : static void
    4832           6 : initCreateTables(PGconn *con)
    4833             : {
    4834             :     /*
    4835             :      * Note: TPC-B requires at least 100 bytes per row, and the "filler"
    4836             :      * fields in these table declarations were intended to comply with that.
    4837             :      * The pgbench_accounts table complies with that because the "filler"
    4838             :      * column is set to blank-padded empty string. But for all other tables
    4839             :      * the columns default to NULL and so don't actually take any space.  We
    4840             :      * could fix that by giving them non-null default values.  However, that
    4841             :      * would completely break comparability of pgbench results with prior
    4842             :      * versions. Since pgbench has never pretended to be fully TPC-B compliant
    4843             :      * anyway, we stick with the historical behavior.
    4844             :      */
    4845             :     struct ddlinfo
    4846             :     {
    4847             :         const char *table;      /* table name */
    4848             :         const char *smcols;     /* column decls if accountIDs are 32 bits */
    4849             :         const char *bigcols;    /* column decls if accountIDs are 64 bits */
    4850             :         int         declare_fillfactor;
    4851             :     };
    4852             :     static const struct ddlinfo DDLs[] = {
    4853             :         {
    4854             :             "pgbench_history",
    4855             :             "tid int,bid int,aid    int,delta int,mtime timestamp,filler char(22)",
    4856             :             "tid int,bid int,aid bigint,delta int,mtime timestamp,filler char(22)",
    4857             :             0
    4858             :         },
    4859             :         {
    4860             :             "pgbench_tellers",
    4861             :             "tid int not null,bid int,tbalance int,filler char(84)",
    4862             :             "tid int not null,bid int,tbalance int,filler char(84)",
    4863             :             1
    4864             :         },
    4865             :         {
    4866             :             "pgbench_accounts",
    4867             :             "aid    int not null,bid int,abalance int,filler char(84)",
    4868             :             "aid bigint not null,bid int,abalance int,filler char(84)",
    4869             :             1
    4870             :         },
    4871             :         {
    4872             :             "pgbench_branches",
    4873             :             "bid int not null,bbalance int,filler char(88)",
    4874             :             "bid int not null,bbalance int,filler char(88)",
    4875             :             1
    4876             :         }
    4877             :     };
    4878             :     int         i;
    4879             :     PQExpBufferData query;
    4880             : 
    4881           6 :     fprintf(stderr, "creating tables...\n");
    4882             : 
    4883           6 :     initPQExpBuffer(&query);
    4884             : 
    4885          30 :     for (i = 0; i < lengthof(DDLs); i++)
    4886             :     {
    4887          24 :         const struct ddlinfo *ddl = &DDLs[i];
    4888             : 
    4889             :         /* Construct new create table statement. */
    4890          48 :         printfPQExpBuffer(&query, "create%s table %s(%s)",
    4891          24 :                           (unlogged_tables && partition_method == PART_NONE) ? " unlogged" : "",
    4892             :                           ddl->table,
    4893          24 :                           (scale >= SCALE_32BIT_THRESHOLD) ? ddl->bigcols : ddl->smcols);
    4894             : 
    4895             :         /* Partition pgbench_accounts table */
    4896          24 :         if (partition_method != PART_NONE && strcmp(ddl->table, "pgbench_accounts") == 0)
    4897           4 :             appendPQExpBuffer(&query,
    4898             :                               " partition by %s (aid)", PARTITION_METHOD[partition_method]);
    4899          20 :         else if (ddl->declare_fillfactor)
    4900             :         {
    4901             :             /* fillfactor is only expected on actual tables */
    4902          14 :             appendPQExpBuffer(&query, " with (fillfactor=%d)", fillfactor);
    4903             :         }
    4904             : 
    4905          24 :         if (tablespace != NULL)
    4906             :         {
    4907             :             char       *escape_tablespace;
    4908             : 
    4909           8 :             escape_tablespace = PQescapeIdentifier(con, tablespace, strlen(tablespace));
    4910           8 :             appendPQExpBuffer(&query, " tablespace %s", escape_tablespace);
    4911           8 :             PQfreemem(escape_tablespace);
    4912             :         }
    4913             : 
    4914          24 :         executeStatement(con, query.data);
    4915             :     }
    4916             : 
    4917           6 :     termPQExpBuffer(&query);
    4918             : 
    4919           6 :     if (partition_method != PART_NONE)
    4920           4 :         createPartitions(con);
    4921           6 : }
    4922             : 
    4923             : /*
    4924             :  * Truncate away any old data, in one command in case there are foreign keys
    4925             :  */
    4926             : static void
    4927           6 : initTruncateTables(PGconn *con)
    4928             : {
    4929           6 :     executeStatement(con, "truncate table "
    4930             :                      "pgbench_accounts, "
    4931             :                      "pgbench_branches, "
    4932             :                      "pgbench_history, "
    4933             :                      "pgbench_tellers");
    4934           6 : }
    4935             : 
    4936             : static void
    4937           4 : initBranch(PQExpBufferData *sql, int64 curr)
    4938             : {
    4939             :     /* "filler" column uses NULL */
    4940           4 :     printfPQExpBuffer(sql,
    4941             :                       INT64_FORMAT "\t0\t\\N\n",
    4942             :                       curr + 1);
    4943           4 : }
    4944             : 
    4945             : static void
    4946          40 : initTeller(PQExpBufferData *sql, int64 curr)
    4947             : {
    4948             :     /* "filler" column uses NULL */
    4949          40 :     printfPQExpBuffer(sql,
    4950             :                       INT64_FORMAT "\t" INT64_FORMAT "\t0\t\\N\n",
    4951          40 :                       curr + 1, curr / ntellers + 1);
    4952          40 : }
    4953             : 
    4954             : static void
    4955      400000 : initAccount(PQExpBufferData *sql, int64 curr)
    4956             : {
    4957             :     /* "filler" column defaults to blank padded empty string */
    4958      400000 :     printfPQExpBuffer(sql,
    4959             :                       INT64_FORMAT "\t" INT64_FORMAT "\t0\t\n",
    4960      400000 :                       curr + 1, curr / naccounts + 1);
    4961      400000 : }
    4962             : 
    4963             : static void
    4964          12 : initPopulateTable(PGconn *con, const char *table, int64 base,
    4965             :                   initRowMethod init_row)
    4966             : {
    4967             :     int         n;
    4968             :     int64       k;
    4969          12 :     int         chars = 0;
    4970          12 :     int         prev_chars = 0;
    4971             :     PGresult   *res;
    4972             :     PQExpBufferData sql;
    4973             :     char        copy_statement[256];
    4974          12 :     const char *copy_statement_fmt = "copy %s from stdin";
    4975          12 :     int64       total = base * scale;
    4976             : 
    4977             :     /* used to track elapsed time and estimate of the remaining time */
    4978             :     pg_time_usec_t start;
    4979          12 :     int         log_interval = 1;
    4980             : 
    4981             :     /* Stay on the same line if reporting to a terminal */
    4982          12 :     char        eol = isatty(fileno(stderr)) ? '\r' : '\n';
    4983             : 
    4984          12 :     initPQExpBuffer(&sql);
    4985             : 
    4986             :     /* Use COPY with FREEZE on v14 and later for all ordinary tables */
    4987          24 :     if ((PQserverVersion(con) >= 140000) &&
    4988          12 :         get_table_relkind(con, table) == RELKIND_RELATION)
    4989          10 :         copy_statement_fmt = "copy %s from stdin with (freeze on)";
    4990             : 
    4991             : 
    4992          12 :     n = pg_snprintf(copy_statement, sizeof(copy_statement), copy_statement_fmt, table);
    4993          12 :     if (n >= sizeof(copy_statement))
    4994           0 :         pg_fatal("invalid buffer size: must be at least %d characters long", n);
    4995          12 :     else if (n == -1)
    4996           0 :         pg_fatal("invalid format string");
    4997             : 
    4998          12 :     res = PQexec(con, copy_statement);
    4999             : 
    5000          12 :     if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COPY_IN)
    5001           0 :         pg_fatal("unexpected copy in result: %s", PQerrorMessage(con));
    5002          12 :     PQclear(res);
    5003             : 
    5004          12 :     start = pg_time_now();
    5005             : 
    5006      400056 :     for (k = 0; k < total; k++)
    5007             :     {
    5008      400044 :         int64       j = k + 1;
    5009             : 
    5010      400044 :         init_row(&sql, k);
    5011      400044 :         if (PQputline(con, sql.data))
    5012           0 :             pg_fatal("PQputline failed");
    5013             : 
    5014      400044 :         if (CancelRequested)
    5015           0 :             break;
    5016             : 
    5017             :         /*
    5018             :          * If we want to stick with the original logging, print a message each
    5019             :          * 100k inserted rows.
    5020             :          */
    5021      400044 :         if ((!use_quiet) && (j % 100000 == 0))
    5022           2 :         {
    5023           2 :             double      elapsed_sec = PG_TIME_GET_DOUBLE(pg_time_now() - start);
    5024           2 :             double      remaining_sec = ((double) total - j) * elapsed_sec / j;
    5025             : 
    5026           2 :             chars = fprintf(stderr, INT64_FORMAT " of " INT64_FORMAT " tuples (%d%%) of %s done (elapsed %.2f s, remaining %.2f s)",
    5027             :                             j, total,
    5028           2 :                             (int) ((j * 100) / total),
    5029             :                             table, elapsed_sec, remaining_sec);
    5030             : 
    5031             :             /*
    5032             :              * If the previous progress message is longer than the current
    5033             :              * one, add spaces to the current line to fully overwrite any
    5034             :              * remaining characters from the previous message.
    5035             :              */
    5036           2 :             if (prev_chars > chars)
    5037           0 :                 fprintf(stderr, "%*c", prev_chars - chars, ' ');
    5038           2 :             fputc(eol, stderr);
    5039           2 :             prev_chars = chars;
    5040             :         }
    5041             :         /* let's not call the timing for each row, but only each 100 rows */
    5042      400042 :         else if (use_quiet && (j % 100 == 0))
    5043             :         {
    5044        2000 :             double      elapsed_sec = PG_TIME_GET_DOUBLE(pg_time_now() - start);
    5045        2000 :             double      remaining_sec = ((double) total - j) * elapsed_sec / j;
    5046             : 
    5047             :             /* have we reached the next interval (or end)? */
    5048        2000 :             if ((j == total) || (elapsed_sec >= log_interval * LOG_STEP_SECONDS))
    5049             :             {
    5050           2 :                 chars = fprintf(stderr, INT64_FORMAT " of " INT64_FORMAT " tuples (%d%%) of %s done (elapsed %.2f s, remaining %.2f s)",
    5051             :                                 j, total,
    5052           2 :                                 (int) ((j * 100) / total),
    5053             :                                 table, elapsed_sec, remaining_sec);
    5054             : 
    5055             :                 /*
    5056             :                  * If the previous progress message is longer than the current
    5057             :                  * one, add spaces to the current line to fully overwrite any
    5058             :                  * remaining characters from the previous message.
    5059             :                  */
    5060           2 :                 if (prev_chars > chars)
    5061           0 :                     fprintf(stderr, "%*c", prev_chars - chars, ' ');
    5062           2 :                 fputc(eol, stderr);
    5063           2 :                 prev_chars = chars;
    5064             : 
    5065             :                 /* skip to the next interval */
    5066           2 :                 log_interval = (int) ceil(elapsed_sec / LOG_STEP_SECONDS);
    5067             :             }
    5068             :         }
    5069             :     }
    5070             : 
    5071          12 :     if (chars != 0 && eol != '\n')
    5072           0 :         fprintf(stderr, "%*c\r", chars, ' '); /* Clear the current line */
    5073             : 
    5074          12 :     if (PQputline(con, "\\.\n"))
    5075           0 :         pg_fatal("very last PQputline failed");
    5076          12 :     if (PQendcopy(con))
    5077           0 :         pg_fatal("PQendcopy failed");
    5078             : 
    5079          12 :     termPQExpBuffer(&sql);
    5080          12 : }
    5081             : 
    5082             : /*
    5083             :  * Fill the standard tables with some data generated and sent from the client.
    5084             :  *
    5085             :  * The filler column is NULL in pgbench_branches and pgbench_tellers, and is
    5086             :  * a blank-padded string in pgbench_accounts.
    5087             :  */
    5088             : static void
    5089           4 : initGenerateDataClientSide(PGconn *con)
    5090             : {
    5091           4 :     fprintf(stderr, "generating data (client-side)...\n");
    5092             : 
    5093             :     /*
    5094             :      * we do all of this in one transaction to enable the backend's
    5095             :      * data-loading optimizations
    5096             :      */
    5097           4 :     executeStatement(con, "begin");
    5098             : 
    5099             :     /* truncate away any old data */
    5100           4 :     initTruncateTables(con);
    5101             : 
    5102             :     /*
    5103             :      * fill branches, tellers, accounts in that order in case foreign keys
    5104             :      * already exist
    5105             :      */
    5106           4 :     initPopulateTable(con, "pgbench_branches", nbranches, initBranch);
    5107           4 :     initPopulateTable(con, "pgbench_tellers", ntellers, initTeller);
    5108           4 :     initPopulateTable(con, "pgbench_accounts", naccounts, initAccount);
    5109             : 
    5110           4 :     executeStatement(con, "commit");
    5111           4 : }
    5112             : 
    5113             : /*
    5114             :  * Fill the standard tables with some data generated on the server
    5115             :  *
    5116             :  * As already the case with the client-side data generation, the filler
    5117             :  * column defaults to NULL in pgbench_branches and pgbench_tellers,
    5118             :  * and is a blank-padded string in pgbench_accounts.
    5119             :  */
    5120             : static void
    5121           2 : initGenerateDataServerSide(PGconn *con)
    5122             : {
    5123             :     PQExpBufferData sql;
    5124             : 
    5125           2 :     fprintf(stderr, "generating data (server-side)...\n");
    5126             : 
    5127             :     /*
    5128             :      * we do all of this in one transaction to enable the backend's
    5129             :      * data-loading optimizations
    5130             :      */
    5131           2 :     executeStatement(con, "begin");
    5132             : 
    5133             :     /* truncate away any old data */
    5134           2 :     initTruncateTables(con);
    5135             : 
    5136           2 :     initPQExpBuffer(&sql);
    5137             : 
    5138           2 :     printfPQExpBuffer(&sql,
    5139             :                       "insert into pgbench_branches(bid,bbalance) "
    5140             :                       "select bid, 0 "
    5141             :                       "from generate_series(1, %d) as bid", nbranches * scale);
    5142           2 :     executeStatement(con, sql.data);
    5143             : 
    5144           2 :     printfPQExpBuffer(&sql,
    5145             :                       "insert into pgbench_tellers(tid,bid,tbalance) "
    5146             :                       "select tid, (tid - 1) / %d + 1, 0 "
    5147             :                       "from generate_series(1, %d) as tid", ntellers, ntellers * scale);
    5148           2 :     executeStatement(con, sql.data);
    5149             : 
    5150           2 :     printfPQExpBuffer(&sql,
    5151             :                       "insert into pgbench_accounts(aid,bid,abalance,filler) "
    5152             :                       "select aid, (aid - 1) / %d + 1, 0, '' "
    5153             :                       "from generate_series(1, " INT64_FORMAT ") as aid",
    5154             :                       naccounts, (int64) naccounts * scale);
    5155           2 :     executeStatement(con, sql.data);
    5156             : 
    5157           2 :     termPQExpBuffer(&sql);
    5158             : 
    5159           2 :     executeStatement(con, "commit");
    5160           2 : }
    5161             : 
    5162             : /*
    5163             :  * Invoke vacuum on the standard tables
    5164             :  */
    5165             : static void
    5166           4 : initVacuum(PGconn *con)
    5167             : {
    5168           4 :     fprintf(stderr, "vacuuming...\n");
    5169           4 :     executeStatement(con, "vacuum analyze pgbench_branches");
    5170           4 :     executeStatement(con, "vacuum analyze pgbench_tellers");
    5171           4 :     executeStatement(con, "vacuum analyze pgbench_accounts");
    5172           4 :     executeStatement(con, "vacuum analyze pgbench_history");
    5173           4 : }
    5174             : 
    5175             : /*
    5176             :  * Create primary keys on the standard tables
    5177             :  */
    5178             : static void
    5179           6 : initCreatePKeys(PGconn *con)
    5180             : {
    5181             :     static const char *const DDLINDEXes[] = {
    5182             :         "alter table pgbench_branches add primary key (bid)",
    5183             :         "alter table pgbench_tellers add primary key (tid)",
    5184             :         "alter table pgbench_accounts add primary key (aid)"
    5185             :     };
    5186             :     int         i;
    5187             :     PQExpBufferData query;
    5188             : 
    5189           6 :     fprintf(stderr, "creating primary keys...\n");
    5190           6 :     initPQExpBuffer(&query);
    5191             : 
    5192          24 :     for (i = 0; i < lengthof(DDLINDEXes); i++)
    5193             :     {
    5194          18 :         resetPQExpBuffer(&query);
    5195          18 :         appendPQExpBufferStr(&query, DDLINDEXes[i]);
    5196             : 
    5197          18 :         if (index_tablespace != NULL)
    5198             :         {
    5199             :             char       *escape_tablespace;
    5200             : 
    5201           6 :             escape_tablespace = PQescapeIdentifier(con, index_tablespace,
    5202             :                                                    strlen(index_tablespace));
    5203           6 :             appendPQExpBuffer(&query, " using index tablespace %s", escape_tablespace);
    5204           6 :             PQfreemem(escape_tablespace);
    5205             :         }
    5206             : 
    5207          18 :         executeStatement(con, query.data);
    5208             :     }
    5209             : 
    5210           6 :     termPQExpBuffer(&query);
    5211           6 : }
    5212             : 
    5213             : /*
    5214             :  * Create foreign key constraints between the standard tables
    5215             :  */
    5216             : static void
    5217           4 : initCreateFKeys(PGconn *con)
    5218             : {
    5219             :     static const char *const DDLKEYs[] = {
    5220             :         "alter table pgbench_tellers add constraint pgbench_tellers_bid_fkey foreign key (bid) references pgbench_branches",
    5221             :         "alter table pgbench_accounts add constraint pgbench_accounts_bid_fkey foreign key (bid) references pgbench_branches",
    5222             :         "alter table pgbench_history add constraint pgbench_history_bid_fkey foreign key (bid) references pgbench_branches",
    5223             :         "alter table pgbench_history add constraint pgbench_history_tid_fkey foreign key (tid) references pgbench_tellers",
    5224             :         "alter table pgbench_history add constraint pgbench_history_aid_fkey foreign key (aid) references pgbench_accounts"
    5225             :     };
    5226             :     int         i;
    5227             : 
    5228           4 :     fprintf(stderr, "creating foreign keys...\n");
    5229          24 :     for (i = 0; i < lengthof(DDLKEYs); i++)
    5230             :     {
    5231          20 :         executeStatement(con, DDLKEYs[i]);
    5232             :     }
    5233           4 : }
    5234             : 
    5235             : /*
    5236             :  * Validate an initialization-steps string
    5237             :  *
    5238             :  * (We could just leave it to runInitSteps() to fail if there are wrong
    5239             :  * characters, but since initialization can take awhile, it seems friendlier
    5240             :  * to check during option parsing.)
    5241             :  */
    5242             : static void
    5243           8 : checkInitSteps(const char *initialize_steps)
    5244             : {
    5245           8 :     if (initialize_steps[0] == '\0')
    5246           0 :         pg_fatal("no initialization steps specified");
    5247             : 
    5248          42 :     for (const char *step = initialize_steps; *step != '\0'; step++)
    5249             :     {
    5250          36 :         if (strchr(ALL_INIT_STEPS " ", *step) == NULL)
    5251             :         {
    5252           2 :             pg_log_error("unrecognized initialization step \"%c\"", *step);
    5253           2 :             pg_log_error_detail("Allowed step characters are: \"" ALL_INIT_STEPS "\".");
    5254           2 :             exit(1);
    5255             :         }
    5256             :     }
    5257           6 : }
    5258             : 
    5259             : /*
    5260             :  * Invoke each initialization step in the given string
    5261             :  */
    5262             : static void
    5263           6 : runInitSteps(const char *initialize_steps)
    5264             : {
    5265             :     PQExpBufferData stats;
    5266             :     PGconn     *con;
    5267             :     const char *step;
    5268           6 :     double      run_time = 0.0;
    5269           6 :     bool        first = true;
    5270             : 
    5271           6 :     initPQExpBuffer(&stats);
    5272             : 
    5273           6 :     if ((con = doConnect()) == NULL)
    5274           0 :         pg_fatal("could not create connection for initialization");
    5275             : 
    5276           6 :     setup_cancel_handler(NULL);
    5277           6 :     SetCancelConn(con);
    5278             : 
    5279          44 :     for (step = initialize_steps; *step != '\0'; step++)
    5280             :     {
    5281          38 :         char       *op = NULL;
    5282          38 :         pg_time_usec_t start = pg_time_now();
    5283             : 
    5284          38 :         switch (*step)
    5285             :         {
    5286           6 :             case 'd':
    5287           6 :                 op = "drop tables";
    5288           6 :                 initDropTables(con);
    5289           6 :                 break;
    5290           6 :             case 't':
    5291           6 :                 op = "create tables";
    5292           6 :                 initCreateTables(con);
    5293           6 :                 break;
    5294           4 :             case 'g':
    5295           4 :                 op = "client-side generate";
    5296           4 :                 initGenerateDataClientSide(con);
    5297           4 :                 break;
    5298           2 :             case 'G':
    5299           2 :                 op = "server-side generate";
    5300           2 :                 initGenerateDataServerSide(con);
    5301           2 :                 break;
    5302           4 :             case 'v':
    5303           4 :                 op = "vacuum";
    5304           4 :                 initVacuum(con);
    5305           4 :                 break;
    5306           6 :             case 'p':
    5307           6 :                 op = "primary keys";
    5308           6 :                 initCreatePKeys(con);
    5309           6 :                 break;
    5310           4 :             case 'f':
    5311           4 :                 op = "foreign keys";
    5312           4 :                 initCreateFKeys(con);
    5313           4 :                 break;
    5314           6 :             case ' ':
    5315           6 :                 break;          /* ignore */
    5316           0 :             default:
    5317           0 :                 pg_log_error("unrecognized initialization step \"%c\"", *step);
    5318           0 :                 PQfinish(con);
    5319           0 :                 exit(1);
    5320             :         }
    5321             : 
    5322          38 :         if (op != NULL)
    5323             :         {
    5324          32 :             double      elapsed_sec = PG_TIME_GET_DOUBLE(pg_time_now() - start);
    5325             : 
    5326          32 :             if (!first)
    5327          26 :                 appendPQExpBufferStr(&stats, ", ");
    5328             :             else
    5329           6 :                 first = false;
    5330             : 
    5331          32 :             appendPQExpBuffer(&stats, "%s %.2f s", op, elapsed_sec);
    5332             : 
    5333          32 :             run_time += elapsed_sec;
    5334             :         }
    5335             :     }
    5336             : 
    5337           6 :     fprintf(stderr, "done in %.2f s (%s).\n", run_time, stats.data);
    5338           6 :     ResetCancelConn();
    5339           6 :     PQfinish(con);
    5340           6 :     termPQExpBuffer(&stats);
    5341           6 : }
    5342             : 
    5343             : /*
    5344             :  * Extract pgbench table information into global variables scale,
    5345             :  * partition_method and partitions.
    5346             :  */
    5347             : static void
    5348          14 : GetTableInfo(PGconn *con, bool scale_given)
    5349             : {
    5350             :     PGresult   *res;
    5351             : 
    5352             :     /*
    5353             :      * get the scaling factor that should be same as count(*) from
    5354             :      * pgbench_branches if this is not a custom query
    5355             :      */
    5356          14 :     res = PQexec(con, "select count(*) from pgbench_branches");
    5357          14 :     if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK)
    5358             :     {
    5359           2 :         char       *sqlState = PQresultErrorField(res, PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE);
    5360             : 
    5361           2 :         pg_log_error("could not count number of branches: %s", PQerrorMessage(con));
    5362             : 
    5363           2 :         if (sqlState && strcmp(sqlState, ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_TABLE) == 0)
    5364           2 :             pg_log_error_hint("Perhaps you need to do initialization (\"pgbench -i\") in database \"%s\".",
    5365             :                               PQdb(con));
    5366             : 
    5367           2 :         exit(1);
    5368             :     }
    5369          12 :     scale = atoi(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 0));
    5370          12 :     if (scale < 0)
    5371           0 :         pg_fatal("invalid count(*) from pgbench_branches: \"%s\"",
    5372             :                  PQgetvalue(res, 0, 0));
    5373          12 :     PQclear(res);
    5374             : 
    5375             :     /* warn if we override user-given -s switch */
    5376          12 :     if (scale_given)
    5377           2 :         pg_log_warning("scale option ignored, using count from pgbench_branches table (%d)",
    5378             :                        scale);
    5379             : 
    5380             :     /*
    5381             :      * Get the partition information for the first "pgbench_accounts" table
    5382             :      * found in search_path.
    5383             :      *
    5384             :      * The result is empty if no "pgbench_accounts" is found.
    5385             :      *
    5386             :      * Otherwise, it always returns one row even if the table is not
    5387             :      * partitioned (in which case the partition strategy is NULL).
    5388             :      *
    5389             :      * The number of partitions can be 0 even for partitioned tables, if no
    5390             :      * partition is attached.
    5391             :      *
    5392             :      * We assume no partitioning on any failure, so as to avoid failing on an
    5393             :      * old version without "pg_partitioned_table".
    5394             :      */
    5395          12 :     res = PQexec(con,
    5396             :                  "select o.n, p.partstrat, pg_catalog.count(i.inhparent) "
    5397             :                  "from pg_catalog.pg_class as c "
    5398             :                  "join pg_catalog.pg_namespace as n on (n.oid = c.relnamespace) "
    5399             :                  "cross join lateral (select pg_catalog.array_position(pg_catalog.current_schemas(true), n.nspname)) as o(n) "
    5400             :                  "left join pg_catalog.pg_partitioned_table as p on (p.partrelid = c.oid) "
    5401             :                  "left join pg_catalog.pg_inherits as i on (c.oid = i.inhparent) "
    5402             :                  "where c.relname = 'pgbench_accounts' and o.n is not null "
    5403             :                  "group by 1, 2 "
    5404             :                  "order by 1 asc "
    5405             :                  "limit 1");
    5406             : 
    5407          12 :     if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK)
    5408             :     {
    5409             :         /* probably an older version, coldly assume no partitioning */
    5410           0 :         partition_method = PART_NONE;
    5411           0 :         partitions = 0;
    5412             :     }
    5413          12 :     else if (PQntuples(res) == 0)
    5414             :     {
    5415             :         /*
    5416             :          * This case is unlikely as pgbench already found "pgbench_branches"
    5417             :          * above to compute the scale.
    5418             :          */
    5419           0 :         pg_log_error("no pgbench_accounts table found in \"search_path\"");
    5420           0 :         pg_log_error_hint("Perhaps you need to do initialization (\"pgbench -i\") in database \"%s\".", PQdb(con));
    5421           0 :         exit(1);
    5422             :     }
    5423             :     else                        /* PQntuples(res) == 1 */
    5424             :     {
    5425             :         /* normal case, extract partition information */
    5426          12 :         if (PQgetisnull(res, 0, 1))
    5427           0 :             partition_method = PART_NONE;
    5428             :         else
    5429             :         {
    5430          12 :             char       *ps = PQgetvalue(res, 0, 1);
    5431             : 
    5432             :             /* column must be there */
    5433             :             Assert(ps != NULL);
    5434             : 
    5435          12 :             if (strcmp(ps, "r") == 0)
    5436          12 :                 partition_method = PART_RANGE;
    5437           0 :             else if (strcmp(ps, "h") == 0)
    5438           0 :                 partition_method = PART_HASH;
    5439             :             else
    5440             :             {
    5441             :                 /* possibly a newer version with new partition method */
    5442           0 :                 pg_fatal("unexpected partition method: \"%s\"", ps);
    5443             :             }
    5444             :         }
    5445             : 
    5446          12 :         partitions = atoi(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 2));
    5447             :     }
    5448             : 
    5449          12 :     PQclear(res);
    5450          12 : }
    5451             : 
    5452             : /*
    5453             :  * Replace :param with $n throughout the command's SQL text, which
    5454             :  * is a modifiable string in cmd->lines.
    5455             :  */
    5456             : static bool
    5457         188 : parseQuery(Command *cmd)
    5458             : {
    5459             :     char       *sql,
    5460             :                *p;
    5461             : 
    5462         188 :     cmd->argc = 1;
    5463             : 
    5464         188 :     p = sql = pg_strdup(cmd->lines.data);
    5465         780 :     while ((p = strchr(p, ':')) != NULL)
    5466             :     {
    5467             :         char        var[13];
    5468             :         char       *name;
    5469             :         int         eaten;
    5470             : 
    5471         594 :         name = parseVariable(p, &eaten);
    5472         594 :         if (name == NULL)
    5473             :         {
    5474          96 :             while (*p == ':')
    5475             :             {
    5476          64 :                 p++;
    5477             :             }
    5478          32 :             continue;
    5479             :         }
    5480             : 
    5481             :         /*
    5482             :          * cmd->argv[0] is the SQL statement itself, so the max number of
    5483             :          * arguments is one less than MAX_ARGS
    5484             :          */
    5485         562 :         if (cmd->argc >= MAX_ARGS)
    5486             :         {
    5487           2 :             pg_log_error("statement has too many arguments (maximum is %d): %s",
    5488             :                          MAX_ARGS - 1, cmd->lines.data);
    5489           2 :             pg_free(name);
    5490           2 :             return false;
    5491             :         }
    5492             : 
    5493         560 :         sprintf(var, "$%d", cmd->argc);
    5494         560 :         p = replaceVariable(&sql, p, eaten, var);
    5495             : 
    5496         560 :         cmd->argv[cmd->argc] = name;
    5497         560 :         cmd->argc++;
    5498             :     }
    5499             : 
    5500             :     Assert(cmd->argv[0] == NULL);
    5501         186 :     cmd->argv[0] = sql;
    5502         186 :     return true;
    5503             : }
    5504             : 
    5505             : /*
    5506             :  * syntax error while parsing a script (in practice, while parsing a
    5507             :  * backslash command, because we don't detect syntax errors in SQL)
    5508             :  *
    5509             :  * source: source of script (filename or builtin-script ID)
    5510             :  * lineno: line number within script (count from 1)
    5511             :  * line: whole line of backslash command, if available
    5512             :  * command: backslash command name, if available
    5513             :  * msg: the actual error message
    5514             :  * more: optional extra message
    5515             :  * column: zero-based column number, or -1 if unknown
    5516             :  */
    5517             : void
    5518          66 : syntax_error(const char *source, int lineno,
    5519             :              const char *line, const char *command,
    5520             :              const char *msg, const char *more, int column)
    5521             : {
    5522             :     PQExpBufferData buf;
    5523             : 
    5524          66 :     initPQExpBuffer(&buf);
    5525             : 
    5526          66 :     printfPQExpBuffer(&buf, "%s:%d: %s", source, lineno, msg);
    5527          66 :     if (more != NULL)
    5528          30 :         appendPQExpBuffer(&buf, " (%s)", more);
    5529          66 :     if (column >= 0 && line == NULL)
    5530           0 :         appendPQExpBuffer(&buf, " at column %d", column + 1);
    5531          66 :     if (command != NULL)
    5532          60 :         appendPQExpBuffer(&buf, " in command \"%s\"", command);
    5533             : 
    5534          66 :     pg_log_error("%s", buf.data);
    5535             : 
    5536          66 :     termPQExpBuffer(&buf);
    5537             : 
    5538          66 :     if (line != NULL)
    5539             :     {
    5540          56 :         fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", line);
    5541          56 :         if (column >= 0)
    5542          42 :             fprintf(stderr, "%*c error found here\n", column + 1, '^');
    5543             :     }
    5544             : 
    5545          66 :     exit(1);
    5546             : }
    5547             : 
    5548             : /*
    5549             :  * Return a pointer to the start of the SQL command, after skipping over
    5550             :  * whitespace and "--" comments.
    5551             :  * If the end of the string is reached, return NULL.
    5552             :  */
    5553             : static char *
    5554        2342 : skip_sql_comments(char *sql_command)
    5555             : {
    5556        2342 :     char       *p = sql_command;
    5557             : 
    5558             :     /* Skip any leading whitespace, as well as "--" style comments */
    5559             :     for (;;)
    5560             :     {
    5561        2342 :         if (isspace((unsigned char) *p))
    5562           0 :             p++;
    5563        2342 :         else if (strncmp(p, "--", 2) == 0)
    5564             :         {
    5565           0 :             p = strchr(p, '\n');
    5566           0 :             if (p == NULL)
    5567           0 :                 return NULL;
    5568           0 :             p++;
    5569             :         }
    5570             :         else
    5571        2342 :             break;
    5572             :     }
    5573             : 
    5574             :     /* NULL if there's nothing but whitespace and comments */
    5575        2342 :     if (*p == '\0')
    5576        1496 :         return NULL;
    5577             : 
    5578         846 :     return p;
    5579             : }
    5580             : 
    5581             : /*
    5582             :  * Parse a SQL command; return a Command struct, or NULL if it's a comment
    5583             :  *
    5584             :  * On entry, psqlscan.l has collected the command into "buf", so we don't
    5585             :  * really need to do much here except check for comments and set up a Command
    5586             :  * struct.
    5587             :  */
    5588             : static Command *
    5589        2342 : create_sql_command(PQExpBuffer buf, const char *source)
    5590             : {
    5591             :     Command    *my_command;
    5592        2342 :     char       *p = skip_sql_comments(buf->data);
    5593             : 
    5594        2342 :     if (p == NULL)
    5595        1496 :         return NULL;
    5596             : 
    5597             :     /* Allocate and initialize Command structure */
    5598         846 :     my_command = (Command *) pg_malloc(sizeof(Command));
    5599         846 :     initPQExpBuffer(&my_command->lines);
    5600         846 :     appendPQExpBufferStr(&my_command->lines, p);
    5601         846 :     my_command->first_line = NULL;   /* this is set later */
    5602         846 :     my_command->type = SQL_COMMAND;
    5603         846 :     my_command->meta = META_NONE;
    5604         846 :     my_command->argc = 0;
    5605         846 :     my_command->retries = 0;
    5606         846 :     my_command->failures = 0;
    5607         846 :     memset(my_command->argv, 0, sizeof(my_command->argv));
    5608         846 :     my_command->varprefix = NULL;    /* allocated later, if needed */
    5609         846 :     my_command->expr = NULL;
    5610         846 :     initSimpleStats(&my_command->stats);
    5611         846 :     my_command->prepname = NULL; /* set later, if needed */
    5612             : 
    5613         846 :     return my_command;
    5614             : }
    5615             : 
    5616             : /* Free a Command structure and associated data */
    5617             : static void
    5618          62 : free_command(Command *command)
    5619             : {
    5620          62 :     termPQExpBuffer(&command->lines);
    5621          62 :     pg_free(command->first_line);
    5622         128 :     for (int i = 0; i < command->argc; i++)
    5623          66 :         pg_free(command->argv[i]);
    5624          62 :     pg_free(command->varprefix);
    5625             : 
    5626             :     /*
    5627             :      * It should also free expr recursively, but this is currently not needed
    5628             :      * as only gset commands (which do not have an expression) are freed.
    5629             :      */
    5630          62 :     pg_free(command);
    5631          62 : }
    5632             : 
    5633             : /*
    5634             :  * Once an SQL command is fully parsed, possibly by accumulating several
    5635             :  * parts, complete other fields of the Command structure.
    5636             :  */
    5637             : static void
    5638         584 : postprocess_sql_command(Command *my_command)
    5639             : {
    5640             :     char        buffer[128];
    5641             :     static int  prepnum = 0;
    5642             : 
    5643             :     Assert(my_command->type == SQL_COMMAND);
    5644             : 
    5645             :     /* Save the first line for error display. */
    5646         584 :     strlcpy(buffer, my_command->lines.data, sizeof(buffer));
    5647         584 :     buffer[strcspn(buffer, "\n\r")] = '\0';
    5648         584 :     my_command->first_line = pg_strdup(buffer);
    5649             : 
    5650             :     /* Parse query and generate prepared statement name, if necessary */
    5651         584 :     switch (querymode)
    5652             :     {
    5653         396 :         case QUERY_SIMPLE:
    5654         396 :             my_command->argv[0] = my_command->lines.data;
    5655         396 :             my_command->argc++;
    5656         396 :             break;
    5657         104 :         case QUERY_PREPARED:
    5658         104 :             my_command->prepname = psprintf("P_%d", prepnum++);
    5659             :             /* fall through */
    5660         188 :         case QUERY_EXTENDED:
    5661         188 :             if (!parseQuery(my_command))
    5662           2 :                 exit(1);
    5663         186 :             break;
    5664           0 :         default:
    5665           0 :             exit(1);
    5666             :     }
    5667         582 : }
    5668             : 
    5669             : /*
    5670             :  * Parse a backslash command; return a Command struct, or NULL if comment
    5671             :  *
    5672             :  * At call, we have scanned only the initial backslash.
    5673             :  */
    5674             : static Command *
    5675        1064 : process_backslash_command(PsqlScanState sstate, const char *source,
    5676             :                           int lineno, int start_offset)
    5677             : {
    5678             :     Command    *my_command;
    5679             :     PQExpBufferData word_buf;
    5680             :     int         word_offset;
    5681             :     int         offsets[MAX_ARGS];  /* offsets of argument words */
    5682             :     int         j;
    5683             : 
    5684        1064 :     initPQExpBuffer(&word_buf);
    5685             : 
    5686             :     /* Collect first word of command */
    5687        1064 :     if (!expr_lex_one_word(sstate, &word_buf, &word_offset))
    5688             :     {
    5689           0 :         termPQExpBuffer(&word_buf);
    5690           0 :         return NULL;
    5691             :     }
    5692             : 
    5693             :     /* Allocate and initialize Command structure */
    5694        1064 :     my_command = (Command *) pg_malloc0(sizeof(Command));
    5695        1064 :     my_command->type = META_COMMAND;
    5696        1064 :     my_command->argc = 0;
    5697        1064 :     initSimpleStats(&my_command->stats);
    5698             : 
    5699             :     /* Save first word (command name) */
    5700        1064 :     j = 0;
    5701        1064 :     offsets[j] = word_offset;
    5702        1064 :     my_command->argv[j++] = pg_strdup(word_buf.data);
    5703        1064 :     my_command->argc++;
    5704             : 
    5705             :     /* ... and convert it to enum form */
    5706        1064 :     my_command->meta = getMetaCommand(my_command->argv[0]);
    5707             : 
    5708        1064 :     if (my_command->meta == META_SET ||
    5709         338 :         my_command->meta == META_IF ||
    5710         290 :         my_command->meta == META_ELIF)
    5711             :     {
    5712             :         yyscan_t    yyscanner;
    5713             : 
    5714             :         /* For \set, collect var name */
    5715         800 :         if (my_command->meta == META_SET)
    5716             :         {
    5717         726 :             if (!expr_lex_one_word(sstate, &word_buf, &word_offset))
    5718           2 :                 syntax_error(source, lineno, my_command->first_line, my_command->argv[0],
    5719             :                              "missing argument", NULL, -1);
    5720             : 
    5721         724 :             offsets[j] = word_offset;
    5722         724 :             my_command->argv[j++] = pg_strdup(word_buf.data);
    5723         724 :             my_command->argc++;
    5724             :         }
    5725             : 
    5726             :         /* then for all parse the expression */
    5727         798 :         yyscanner = expr_scanner_init(sstate, source, lineno, start_offset,
    5728         798 :                                       my_command->argv[0]);
    5729             : 
    5730         798 :         if (expr_yyparse(&my_command->expr, yyscanner) != 0)
    5731             :         {
    5732             :             /* dead code: exit done from syntax_error called by yyerror */
    5733           0 :             exit(1);
    5734             :         }
    5735             : 
    5736             :         /* Save line, trimming any trailing newline */
    5737         760 :         my_command->first_line =
    5738         760 :             expr_scanner_get_substring(sstate,
    5739             :                                        start_offset,
    5740             :                                        true);
    5741             : 
    5742         760 :         expr_scanner_finish(yyscanner);
    5743             : 
    5744         760 :         termPQExpBuffer(&word_buf);
    5745             : 
    5746         760 :         return my_command;
    5747             :     }
    5748             : 
    5749             :     /* For all other commands, collect remaining words. */
    5750         846 :     while (expr_lex_one_word(sstate, &word_buf, &word_offset))
    5751             :     {
    5752             :         /*
    5753             :          * my_command->argv[0] is the command itself, so the max number of
    5754             :          * arguments is one less than MAX_ARGS
    5755             :          */
    5756         584 :         if (j >= MAX_ARGS)
    5757           2 :             syntax_error(source, lineno, my_command->first_line, my_command->argv[0],
    5758             :                          "too many arguments", NULL, -1);
    5759             : 
    5760         582 :         offsets[j] = word_offset;
    5761         582 :         my_command->argv[j++] = pg_strdup(word_buf.data);
    5762         582 :         my_command->argc++;
    5763             :     }
    5764             : 
    5765             :     /* Save line, trimming any trailing newline */
    5766         262 :     my_command->first_line =
    5767         262 :         expr_scanner_get_substring(sstate,
    5768             :                                    start_offset,
    5769             :                                    true);
    5770             : 
    5771         262 :     if (my_command->meta == META_SLEEP)
    5772             :     {
    5773          18 :         if (my_command->argc < 2)
    5774           2 :             syntax_error(source, lineno, my_command->first_line, my_command->argv[0],
    5775             :                          "missing argument", NULL, -1);
    5776             : 
    5777          16 :         if (my_command->argc > 3)
    5778           2 :             syntax_error(source, lineno, my_command->first_line, my_command->argv[0],
    5779             :                          "too many arguments", NULL,
    5780           2 :                          offsets[3] - start_offset);
    5781             : 
    5782             :         /*
    5783             :          * Split argument into number and unit to allow "sleep 1ms" etc. We
    5784             :          * don't have to terminate the number argument with null because it
    5785             :          * will be parsed with atoi, which ignores trailing non-digit
    5786             :          * characters.
    5787             :          */
    5788          14 :         if (my_command->argv[1][0] != ':')
    5789             :         {
    5790           8 :             char       *c = my_command->argv[1];
    5791           8 :             bool        have_digit = false;
    5792             : 
    5793             :             /* Skip sign */
    5794           8 :             if (*c == '+' || *c == '-')
    5795           0 :                 c++;
    5796             : 
    5797             :             /* Require at least one digit */
    5798           8 :             if (*c && isdigit((unsigned char) *c))
    5799           8 :                 have_digit = true;
    5800             : 
    5801             :             /* Eat all digits */
    5802          20 :             while (*c && isdigit((unsigned char) *c))
    5803          12 :                 c++;
    5804             : 
    5805           8 :             if (*c)
    5806             :             {
    5807           2 :                 if (my_command->argc == 2 && have_digit)
    5808             :                 {
    5809           2 :                     my_command->argv[2] = c;
    5810           2 :                     offsets[2] = offsets[1] + (c - my_command->argv[1]);
    5811           2 :                     my_command->argc = 3;
    5812             :                 }
    5813             :                 else
    5814             :                 {
    5815             :                     /*
    5816             :                      * Raise an error if argument starts with non-digit
    5817             :                      * character (after sign).
    5818             :                      */
    5819           0 :                     syntax_error(source, lineno, my_command->first_line, my_command->argv[0],
    5820             :                                  "invalid sleep time, must be an integer",
    5821           0 :                                  my_command->argv[1], offsets[1] - start_offset);
    5822             :                 }
    5823             :             }
    5824             :         }
    5825             : 
    5826          14 :         if (my_command->argc == 3)
    5827             :         {
    5828          18 :             if (pg_strcasecmp(my_command->argv[2], "us") != 0 &&
    5829          12 :                 pg_strcasecmp(my_command->argv[2], "ms") != 0 &&
    5830           4 :                 pg_strcasecmp(my_command->argv[2], "s") != 0)
    5831           2 :                 syntax_error(source, lineno, my_command->first_line, my_command->argv[0],
    5832             :                              "unrecognized time unit, must be us, ms or s",
    5833           2 :                              my_command->argv[2], offsets[2] - start_offset);
    5834             :         }
    5835             :     }
    5836         244 :     else if (my_command->meta == META_SETSHELL)
    5837             :     {
    5838           8 :         if (my_command->argc < 3)
    5839           2 :             syntax_error(source, lineno, my_command->first_line, my_command->argv[0],
    5840             :                          "missing argument", NULL, -1);
    5841             :     }
    5842         236 :     else if (my_command->meta == META_SHELL)
    5843             :     {
    5844           8 :         if (my_command->argc < 2)
    5845           2 :             syntax_error(source, lineno, my_command->first_line, my_command->argv[0],
    5846             :                          "missing command", NULL, -1);
    5847             :     }
    5848         228 :     else if (my_command->meta == META_ELSE || my_command->meta == META_ENDIF ||
    5849         158 :              my_command->meta == META_STARTPIPELINE ||
    5850         116 :              my_command->meta == META_ENDPIPELINE ||
    5851          82 :              my_command->meta == META_SYNCPIPELINE)
    5852             :     {
    5853         156 :         if (my_command->argc != 1)
    5854           4 :             syntax_error(source, lineno, my_command->first_line, my_command->argv[0],
    5855             :                          "unexpected argument", NULL, -1);
    5856             :     }
    5857          72 :     else if (my_command->meta == META_GSET || my_command->meta == META_ASET)
    5858             :     {
    5859          70 :         if (my_command->argc > 2)
    5860           2 :             syntax_error(source, lineno, my_command->first_line, my_command->argv[0],
    5861             :                          "too many arguments", NULL, -1);
    5862             :     }
    5863             :     else
    5864             :     {
    5865             :         /* my_command->meta == META_NONE */
    5866           2 :         syntax_error(source, lineno, my_command->first_line, my_command->argv[0],
    5867             :                      "invalid command", NULL, -1);
    5868             :     }
    5869             : 
    5870         244 :     termPQExpBuffer(&word_buf);
    5871             : 
    5872         244 :     return my_command;
    5873             : }
    5874             : 
    5875             : static void
    5876          12 : ConditionError(const char *desc, int cmdn, const char *msg)
    5877             : {
    5878          12 :     pg_fatal("condition error in script \"%s\" command %d: %s",
    5879             :              desc, cmdn, msg);
    5880             : }
    5881             : 
    5882             : /*
    5883             :  * Partial evaluation of conditionals before recording and running the script.
    5884             :  */
    5885             : static void
    5886         496 : CheckConditional(const ParsedScript *ps)
    5887             : {
    5888             :     /* statically check conditional structure */
    5889         496 :     ConditionalStack cs = conditional_stack_create();
    5890             :     int         i;
    5891             : 
    5892        2248 :     for (i = 0; ps->commands[i] != NULL; i++)
    5893             :     {
    5894        1762 :         Command    *cmd = ps->commands[i];
    5895             : 
    5896        1762 :         if (cmd->type == META_COMMAND)
    5897             :         {
    5898         922 :             switch (cmd->meta)
    5899             :             {
    5900          40 :                 case META_IF:
    5901          40 :                     conditional_stack_push(cs, IFSTATE_FALSE);
    5902          40 :                     break;
    5903          24 :                 case META_ELIF:
    5904          24 :                     if (conditional_stack_empty(cs))
    5905           2 :                         ConditionError(ps->desc, i + 1, "\\elif without matching \\if");
    5906          22 :                     if (conditional_stack_peek(cs) == IFSTATE_ELSE_FALSE)
    5907           2 :                         ConditionError(ps->desc, i + 1, "\\elif after \\else");
    5908          20 :                     break;
    5909          26 :                 case META_ELSE:
    5910          26 :                     if (conditional_stack_empty(cs))
    5911           2 :                         ConditionError(ps->desc, i + 1, "\\else without matching \\if");
    5912          24 :                     if (conditional_stack_peek(cs) == IFSTATE_ELSE_FALSE)
    5913           2 :                         ConditionError(ps->desc, i + 1, "\\else after \\else");
    5914          22 :                     conditional_stack_poke(cs, IFSTATE_ELSE_FALSE);
    5915          22 :                     break;
    5916          36 :                 case META_ENDIF:
    5917          36 :                     if (!conditional_stack_pop(cs))
    5918           2 :                         ConditionError(ps->desc, i + 1, "\\endif without matching \\if");
    5919          34 :                     break;
    5920         796 :                 default:
    5921             :                     /* ignore anything else... */
    5922         796 :                     break;
    5923             :             }
    5924         840 :         }
    5925             :     }
    5926         486 :     if (!conditional_stack_empty(cs))
    5927           2 :         ConditionError(ps->desc, i + 1, "\\if without matching \\endif");
    5928         484 :     conditional_stack_destroy(cs);
    5929         484 : }
    5930             : 
    5931             : /*
    5932             :  * Parse a script (either the contents of a file, or a built-in script)
    5933             :  * and add it to the list of scripts.
    5934             :  */
    5935             : static void
    5936         566 : ParseScript(const char *script, const char *desc, int weight)
    5937             : {
    5938             :     ParsedScript ps;
    5939             :     PsqlScanState sstate;
    5940             :     PQExpBufferData line_buf;
    5941             :     int         alloc_num;
    5942             :     int         index;
    5943             : 
    5944             : #define COMMANDS_ALLOC_NUM 128
    5945         566 :     alloc_num = COMMANDS_ALLOC_NUM;
    5946             : 
    5947             :     /* Initialize all fields of ps */
    5948         566 :     ps.desc = desc;
    5949         566 :     ps.weight = weight;
    5950         566 :     ps.commands = (Command **) pg_malloc(sizeof(Command *) * alloc_num);
    5951         566 :     initStats(&ps.stats, 0);
    5952             : 
    5953             :     /* Prepare to parse script */
    5954         566 :     sstate = psql_scan_create(&pgbench_callbacks);
    5955             : 
    5956             :     /*
    5957             :      * Ideally, we'd scan scripts using the encoding and stdstrings settings
    5958             :      * we get from a DB connection.  However, without major rearrangement of
    5959             :      * pgbench's argument parsing, we can't have a DB connection at the time
    5960             :      * we parse scripts.  Using SQL_ASCII (encoding 0) should work well enough
    5961             :      * with any backend-safe encoding, though conceivably we could be fooled
    5962             :      * if a script file uses a client-only encoding.  We also assume that
    5963             :      * stdstrings should be true, which is a bit riskier.
    5964             :      */
    5965         566 :     psql_scan_setup(sstate, script, strlen(script), 0, true);
    5966             : 
    5967         566 :     initPQExpBuffer(&line_buf);
    5968             : 
    5969         566 :     index = 0;
    5970             : 
    5971             :     for (;;)
    5972        1776 :     {
    5973             :         PsqlScanResult sr;
    5974             :         promptStatus_t prompt;
    5975        2342 :         Command    *command = NULL;
    5976             : 
    5977        2342 :         resetPQExpBuffer(&line_buf);
    5978             : 
    5979        2342 :         sr = psql_scan(sstate, &line_buf, &prompt);
    5980             : 
    5981             :         /* If we collected a new SQL command, process that */
    5982        2342 :         command = create_sql_command(&line_buf, desc);
    5983             : 
    5984             :         /* store new command */
    5985        2342 :         if (command)
    5986         846 :             ps.commands[index++] = command;
    5987             : 
    5988             :         /* If we reached a backslash, process that */
    5989        2342 :         if (sr == PSCAN_BACKSLASH)
    5990             :         {
    5991             :             int         lineno;
    5992             :             int         start_offset;
    5993             : 
    5994             :             /* Capture location of the backslash */
    5995        1064 :             psql_scan_get_location(sstate, &lineno, &start_offset);
    5996        1064 :             start_offset--;
    5997             : 
    5998        1064 :             command = process_backslash_command(sstate, desc,
    5999             :                                                 lineno, start_offset);
    6000             : 
    6001        1004 :             if (command)
    6002             :             {
    6003             :                 /*
    6004             :                  * If this is gset or aset, merge into the preceding command.
    6005             :                  * (We don't use a command slot in this case).
    6006             :                  */
    6007        1004 :                 if (command->meta == META_GSET || command->meta == META_ASET)
    6008             :                 {
    6009             :                     Command    *cmd;
    6010             : 
    6011          68 :                     if (index == 0)
    6012           2 :                         syntax_error(desc, lineno, NULL, NULL,
    6013             :                                      "\\gset must follow an SQL command",
    6014             :                                      NULL, -1);
    6015             : 
    6016          66 :                     cmd = ps.commands[index - 1];
    6017             : 
    6018          66 :                     if (cmd->type != SQL_COMMAND ||
    6019          64 :                         cmd->varprefix != NULL)
    6020           4 :                         syntax_error(desc, lineno, NULL, NULL,
    6021             :                                      "\\gset must follow an SQL command",
    6022           4 :                                      cmd->first_line, -1);
    6023             : 
    6024             :                     /* get variable prefix */
    6025          62 :                     if (command->argc <= 1 || command->argv[1][0] == '\0')
    6026          58 :                         cmd->varprefix = pg_strdup("");
    6027             :                     else
    6028           4 :                         cmd->varprefix = pg_strdup(command->argv[1]);
    6029             : 
    6030             :                     /* update the sql command meta */
    6031          62 :                     cmd->meta = command->meta;
    6032             : 
    6033             :                     /* cleanup unused command */
    6034          62 :                     free_command(command);
    6035             : 
    6036          62 :                     continue;
    6037             :                 }
    6038             : 
    6039             :                 /* Attach any other backslash command as a new command */
    6040         936 :                 ps.commands[index++] = command;
    6041             :             }
    6042             :         }
    6043             : 
    6044             :         /*
    6045             :          * Since we used a command slot, allocate more if needed.  Note we
    6046             :          * always allocate one more in order to accommodate the NULL
    6047             :          * terminator below.
    6048             :          */
    6049        2214 :         if (index >= alloc_num)
    6050             :         {
    6051           0 :             alloc_num += COMMANDS_ALLOC_NUM;
    6052           0 :             ps.commands = (Command **)
    6053           0 :                 pg_realloc(ps.commands, sizeof(Command *) * alloc_num);
    6054             :         }
    6055             : 
    6056             :         /* Done if we reached EOF */
    6057        2214 :         if (sr == PSCAN_INCOMPLETE || sr == PSCAN_EOL)
    6058             :             break;
    6059             :     }
    6060             : 
    6061         500 :     ps.commands[index] = NULL;
    6062             : 
    6063         500 :     addScript(&ps);
    6064             : 
    6065         484 :     termPQExpBuffer(&line_buf);
    6066         484 :     psql_scan_finish(sstate);
    6067         484 :     psql_scan_destroy(sstate);
    6068         484 : }
    6069             : 
    6070             : /*
    6071             :  * Read the entire contents of file fd, and return it in a malloc'd buffer.
    6072             :  *
    6073             :  * The buffer will typically be larger than necessary, but we don't care
    6074             :  * in this program, because we'll free it as soon as we've parsed the script.
    6075             :  */
    6076             : static char *
    6077         260 : read_file_contents(FILE *fd)
    6078             : {
    6079             :     char       *buf;
    6080         260 :     size_t      buflen = BUFSIZ;
    6081         260 :     size_t      used = 0;
    6082             : 
    6083         260 :     buf = (char *) pg_malloc(buflen);
    6084             : 
    6085             :     for (;;)
    6086           0 :     {
    6087             :         size_t      nread;
    6088             : 
    6089         260 :         nread = fread(buf + used, 1, BUFSIZ, fd);
    6090         260 :         used += nread;
    6091             :         /* If fread() read less than requested, must be EOF or error */
    6092         260 :         if (nread < BUFSIZ)
    6093         260 :             break;
    6094             :         /* Enlarge buf so we can read some more */
    6095           0 :         buflen += BUFSIZ;
    6096           0 :         buf = (char *) pg_realloc(buf, buflen);
    6097             :     }
    6098             :     /* There is surely room for a terminator */
    6099         260 :     buf[used] = '\0';
    6100             : 
    6101         260 :     return buf;
    6102             : }
    6103             : 
    6104             : /*
    6105             :  * Given a file name, read it and add its script to the list.
    6106             :  * "-" means to read stdin.
    6107             :  * NB: filename must be storage that won't disappear.
    6108             :  */
    6109             : static void
    6110         262 : process_file(const char *filename, int weight)
    6111             : {
    6112             :     FILE       *fd;
    6113             :     char       *buf;
    6114             : 
    6115             :     /* Slurp the file contents into "buf" */
    6116         262 :     if (strcmp(filename, "-") == 0)
    6117           0 :         fd = stdin;
    6118         262 :     else if ((fd = fopen(filename, "r")) == NULL)
    6119           2 :         pg_fatal("could not open file \"%s\": %m", filename);
    6120             : 
    6121         260 :     buf = read_file_contents(fd);
    6122             : 
    6123         260 :     if (ferror(fd))
    6124           0 :         pg_fatal("could not read file \"%s\": %m", filename);
    6125             : 
    6126         260 :     if (fd != stdin)
    6127         260 :         fclose(fd);
    6128             : 
    6129         260 :     ParseScript(buf, filename, weight);
    6130             : 
    6131         180 :     free(buf);
    6132         180 : }
    6133             : 
    6134             : /* Parse the given builtin script and add it to the list. */
    6135             : static void
    6136         306 : process_builtin(const BuiltinScript *bi, int weight)
    6137             : {
    6138         306 :     ParseScript(bi->script, bi->desc, weight);
    6139         304 : }
    6140             : 
    6141             : /* show available builtin scripts */
    6142             : static void
    6143           6 : listAvailableScripts(void)
    6144             : {
    6145             :     int         i;
    6146             : 
    6147           6 :     fprintf(stderr, "Available builtin scripts:\n");
    6148          24 :     for (i = 0; i < lengthof(builtin_script); i++)
    6149          18 :         fprintf(stderr, "  %13s: %s\n", builtin_script[i].name, builtin_script[i].desc);
    6150           6 :     fprintf(stderr, "\n");
    6151           6 : }
    6152             : 
    6153             : /* return builtin script "name" if unambiguous, fails if not found */
    6154             : static const BuiltinScript *
    6155         312 : findBuiltin(const char *name)
    6156             : {
    6157             :     int         i,
    6158         312 :                 found = 0,
    6159         312 :                 len = strlen(name);
    6160         312 :     const BuiltinScript *result = NULL;
    6161             : 
    6162        1248 :     for (i = 0; i < lengthof(builtin_script); i++)
    6163             :     {
    6164         936 :         if (strncmp(builtin_script[i].name, name, len) == 0)
    6165             :         {
    6166         312 :             result = &builtin_script[i];
    6167         312 :             found++;
    6168             :         }
    6169             :     }
    6170             : 
    6171             :     /* ok, unambiguous result */
    6172         312 :     if (found == 1)
    6173         308 :         return result;
    6174             : 
    6175             :     /* error cases */
    6176           4 :     if (found == 0)
    6177           2 :         pg_log_error("no builtin script found for name \"%s\"", name);
    6178             :     else                        /* found > 1 */
    6179           2 :         pg_log_error("ambiguous builtin name: %d builtin scripts found for prefix \"%s\"", found, name);
    6180             : 
    6181           4 :     listAvailableScripts();
    6182           4 :     exit(1);
    6183             : }
    6184             : 
    6185             : /*
    6186             :  * Determine the weight specification from a script option (-b, -f), if any,
    6187             :  * and return it as an integer (1 is returned if there's no weight).  The
    6188             :  * script name is returned in *script as a malloc'd string.
    6189             :  */
    6190             : static int
    6191         284 : parseScriptWeight(const char *option, char **script)
    6192             : {
    6193             :     char       *sep;
    6194             :     int         weight;
    6195             : 
    6196         284 :     if ((sep = strrchr(option, WSEP)))
    6197             :     {
    6198          18 :         int         namelen = sep - option;
    6199             :         long        wtmp;
    6200             :         char       *badp;
    6201             : 
    6202             :         /* generate the script name */
    6203          18 :         *script = pg_malloc(namelen + 1);
    6204          18 :         strncpy(*script, option, namelen);
    6205          18 :         (*script)[namelen] = '\0';
    6206             : 
    6207             :         /* process digits of the weight spec */
    6208          18 :         errno = 0;
    6209          18 :         wtmp = strtol(sep + 1, &badp, 10);
    6210          18 :         if (errno != 0 || badp == sep + 1 || *badp != '\0')
    6211           2 :             pg_fatal("invalid weight specification: %s", sep);
    6212          16 :         if (wtmp > INT_MAX || wtmp < 0)
    6213           2 :             pg_fatal("weight specification out of range (0 .. %d): %lld",
    6214             :                      INT_MAX, (long long) wtmp);
    6215          14 :         weight = wtmp;
    6216             :     }
    6217             :     else
    6218             :     {
    6219         266 :         *script = pg_strdup(option);
    6220         266 :         weight = 1;
    6221             :     }
    6222             : 
    6223         280 :     return weight;
    6224             : }
    6225             : 
    6226             : /* append a script to the list of scripts to process */
    6227             : static void
    6228         500 : addScript(const ParsedScript *script)
    6229             : {
    6230         500 :     if (script->commands == NULL || script->commands[0] == NULL)
    6231           2 :         pg_fatal("empty command list for script \"%s\"", script->desc);
    6232             : 
    6233         498 :     if (num_scripts >= MAX_SCRIPTS)
    6234           2 :         pg_fatal("at most %d SQL scripts are allowed", MAX_SCRIPTS);
    6235             : 
    6236         496 :     CheckConditional(script);
    6237             : 
    6238         484 :     sql_script[num_scripts] = *script;
    6239         484 :     num_scripts++;
    6240         484 : }
    6241             : 
    6242             : /*
    6243             :  * Print progress report.
    6244             :  *
    6245             :  * On entry, *last and *last_report contain the statistics and time of last
    6246             :  * progress report.  On exit, they are updated with the new stats.
    6247             :  */
    6248             : static void
    6249           0 : printProgressReport(TState *threads, int64 test_start, pg_time_usec_t now,
    6250             :                     StatsData *last, int64 *last_report)
    6251             : {
    6252             :     /* generate and show report */
    6253           0 :     pg_time_usec_t run = now - *last_report;
    6254             :     int64       cnt,
    6255             :                 failures,
    6256             :                 retried;
    6257             :     double      tps,
    6258             :                 total_run,
    6259             :                 latency,
    6260             :                 sqlat,
    6261             :                 lag,
    6262             :                 stdev;
    6263             :     char        tbuf[315];
    6264             :     StatsData   cur;
    6265             : 
    6266             :     /*
    6267             :      * Add up the statistics of all threads.
    6268             :      *
    6269             :      * XXX: No locking.  There is no guarantee that we get an atomic snapshot
    6270             :      * of the transaction count and latencies, so these figures can well be
    6271             :      * off by a small amount.  The progress report's purpose is to give a
    6272             :      * quick overview of how the test is going, so that shouldn't matter too
    6273             :      * much.  (If a read from a 64-bit integer is not atomic, you might get a
    6274             :      * "torn" read and completely bogus latencies though!)
    6275             :      */
    6276           0 :     initStats(&cur, 0);
    6277           0 :     for (int i = 0; i < nthreads; i++)
    6278             :     {
    6279           0 :         mergeSimpleStats(&cur.latency, &threads[i].stats.latency);
    6280           0 :         mergeSimpleStats(&cur.lag, &threads[i].stats.lag);
    6281           0 :         cur.cnt += threads[i].stats.cnt;
    6282           0 :         cur.skipped += threads[i].stats.skipped;
    6283           0 :         cur.retries += threads[i].stats.retries;
    6284           0 :         cur.retried += threads[i].stats.retried;
    6285           0 :         cur.serialization_failures +=
    6286           0 :             threads[i].stats.serialization_failures;
    6287           0 :         cur.deadlock_failures += threads[i].stats.deadlock_failures;
    6288             :     }
    6289             : 
    6290             :     /* we count only actually executed transactions */
    6291           0 :     cnt = cur.cnt - last->cnt;
    6292           0 :     total_run = (now - test_start) / 1000000.0;
    6293           0 :     tps = 1000000.0 * cnt / run;
    6294           0 :     if (cnt > 0)
    6295             :     {
    6296           0 :         latency = 0.001 * (cur.latency.sum - last->latency.sum) / cnt;
    6297           0 :         sqlat = 1.0 * (cur.latency.sum2 - last->latency.sum2) / cnt;
    6298           0 :         stdev = 0.001 * sqrt(sqlat - 1000000.0 * latency * latency);
    6299           0 :         lag = 0.001 * (cur.lag.sum - last->lag.sum) / cnt;
    6300             :     }
    6301             :     else
    6302             :     {
    6303           0 :         latency = sqlat = stdev = lag = 0;
    6304             :     }
    6305           0 :     failures = getFailures(&cur) - getFailures(last);
    6306           0 :     retried = cur.retried - last->retried;
    6307             : 
    6308           0 :     if (progress_timestamp)
    6309             :     {
    6310           0 :         snprintf(tbuf, sizeof(tbuf), "%.3f s",
    6311           0 :                  PG_TIME_GET_DOUBLE(now + epoch_shift));
    6312             :     }
    6313             :     else
    6314             :     {
    6315             :         /* round seconds are expected, but the thread may be late */
    6316           0 :         snprintf(tbuf, sizeof(tbuf), "%.1f s", total_run);
    6317             :     }
    6318             : 
    6319           0 :     fprintf(stderr,
    6320             :             "progress: %s, %.1f tps, lat %.3f ms stddev %.3f, " INT64_FORMAT " failed",
    6321             :             tbuf, tps, latency, stdev, failures);
    6322             : 
    6323           0 :     if (throttle_delay)
    6324             :     {
    6325           0 :         fprintf(stderr, ", lag %.3f ms", lag);
    6326           0 :         if (latency_limit)
    6327           0 :             fprintf(stderr, ", " INT64_FORMAT " skipped",
    6328           0 :                     cur.skipped - last->skipped);
    6329             :     }
    6330             : 
    6331             :     /* it can be non-zero only if max_tries is not equal to one */
    6332           0 :     if (max_tries != 1)
    6333           0 :         fprintf(stderr,
    6334             :                 ", " INT64_FORMAT " retried, " INT64_FORMAT " retries",
    6335           0 :                 retried, cur.retries - last->retries);
    6336           0 :     fprintf(stderr, "\n");
    6337             : 
    6338           0 :     *last = cur;
    6339           0 :     *last_report = now;
    6340           0 : }
    6341             : 
    6342             : static void
    6343          30 : printSimpleStats(const char *prefix, SimpleStats *ss)
    6344             : {
    6345          30 :     if (ss->count > 0)
    6346             :     {
    6347          30 :         double      latency = ss->sum / ss->count;
    6348          30 :         double      stddev = sqrt(ss->sum2 / ss->count - latency * latency);
    6349             : 
    6350          30 :         printf("%s average = %.3f ms\n", prefix, 0.001 * latency);
    6351          30 :         printf("%s stddev = %.3f ms\n", prefix, 0.001 * stddev);
    6352             :     }
    6353          30 : }
    6354             : 
    6355             : /* print version banner */
    6356             : static void
    6357         174 : printVersion(PGconn *con)
    6358             : {
    6359         174 :     int         server_ver = PQserverVersion(con);
    6360         174 :     int         client_ver = PG_VERSION_NUM;
    6361             : 
    6362         174 :     if (server_ver != client_ver)
    6363             :     {
    6364             :         const char *server_version;
    6365             :         char        sverbuf[32];
    6366             : 
    6367             :         /* Try to get full text form, might include "devel" etc */
    6368           0 :         server_version = PQparameterStatus(con, "server_version");
    6369             :         /* Otherwise fall back on server_ver */
    6370           0 :         if (!server_version)
    6371             :         {
    6372           0 :             formatPGVersionNumber(server_ver, true,
    6373             :                                   sverbuf, sizeof(sverbuf));
    6374           0 :             server_version = sverbuf;
    6375             :         }
    6376             : 
    6377           0 :         printf(_("%s (%s, server %s)\n"),
    6378             :                "pgbench", PG_VERSION, server_version);
    6379             :     }
    6380             :     /* For version match, only print pgbench version */
    6381             :     else
    6382         174 :         printf("%s (%s)\n", "pgbench", PG_VERSION);
    6383         174 :     fflush(stdout);
    6384         174 : }
    6385             : 
    6386             : /* print out results */
    6387             : static void
    6388         170 : printResults(StatsData *total,
    6389             :              pg_time_usec_t total_duration, /* benchmarking time */
    6390             :              pg_time_usec_t conn_total_duration,    /* is_connect */
    6391             :              pg_time_usec_t conn_elapsed_duration,  /* !is_connect */
    6392             :              int64 latency_late)
    6393             : {
    6394             :     /* tps is about actually executed transactions during benchmarking */
    6395         170 :     int64       failures = getFailures(total);
    6396         170 :     int64       total_cnt = total->cnt + total->skipped + failures;
    6397         170 :     double      bench_duration = PG_TIME_GET_DOUBLE(total_duration);
    6398         170 :     double      tps = total->cnt / bench_duration;
    6399             : 
    6400             :     /* Report test parameters. */
    6401         170 :     printf("transaction type: %s\n",
    6402             :            num_scripts == 1 ? sql_script[0].desc : "multiple scripts");
    6403         170 :     printf("scaling factor: %d\n", scale);
    6404             :     /* only print partitioning information if some partitioning was detected */
    6405         170 :     if (partition_method != PART_NONE)
    6406          12 :         printf("partition method: %s\npartitions: %d\n",
    6407             :                PARTITION_METHOD[partition_method], partitions);
    6408         170 :     printf("query mode: %s\n", QUERYMODE[querymode]);
    6409         170 :     printf("number of clients: %d\n", nclients);
    6410         170 :     printf("number of threads: %d\n", nthreads);
    6411             : 
    6412         170 :     if (max_tries)
    6413         170 :         printf("maximum number of tries: %u\n", max_tries);
    6414             : 
    6415         170 :     if (duration <= 0)
    6416             :     {
    6417         170 :         printf("number of transactions per client: %d\n", nxacts);
    6418         170 :         printf("number of transactions actually processed: " INT64_FORMAT "/%d\n",
    6419             :                total->cnt, nxacts * nclients);
    6420             :     }
    6421             :     else
    6422             :     {
    6423           0 :         printf("duration: %d s\n", duration);
    6424           0 :         printf("number of transactions actually processed: " INT64_FORMAT "\n",
    6425             :                total->cnt);
    6426             :     }
    6427             : 
    6428             :     /*
    6429             :      * Remaining stats are nonsensical if we failed to execute any xacts due
    6430             :      * to others than serialization or deadlock errors
    6431             :      */
    6432         170 :     if (total_cnt <= 0)
    6433         100 :         return;
    6434             : 
    6435          70 :     printf("number of failed transactions: " INT64_FORMAT " (%.3f%%)\n",
    6436             :            failures, 100.0 * failures / total_cnt);
    6437             : 
    6438          70 :     if (failures_detailed)
    6439             :     {
    6440           0 :         printf("number of serialization failures: " INT64_FORMAT " (%.3f%%)\n",
    6441             :                total->serialization_failures,
    6442             :                100.0 * total->serialization_failures / total_cnt);
    6443           0 :         printf("number of deadlock failures: " INT64_FORMAT " (%.3f%%)\n",
    6444             :                total->deadlock_failures,
    6445             :                100.0 * total->deadlock_failures / total_cnt);
    6446             :     }
    6447             : 
    6448             :     /* it can be non-zero only if max_tries is not equal to one */
    6449          70 :     if (max_tries != 1)
    6450             :     {
    6451           4 :         printf("number of transactions retried: " INT64_FORMAT " (%.3f%%)\n",
    6452             :                total->retried, 100.0 * total->retried / total_cnt);
    6453           4 :         printf("total number of retries: " INT64_FORMAT "\n", total->retries);
    6454             :     }
    6455             : 
    6456          70 :     if (throttle_delay && latency_limit)
    6457           4 :         printf("number of transactions skipped: " INT64_FORMAT " (%.3f%%)\n",
    6458             :                total->skipped, 100.0 * total->skipped / total_cnt);
    6459             : 
    6460          70 :     if (latency_limit)
    6461           4 :         printf("number of transactions above the %.1f ms latency limit: " INT64_FORMAT "/" INT64_FORMAT " (%.3f%%)\n",
    6462             :                latency_limit / 1000.0, latency_late, total->cnt,
    6463             :                (total->cnt > 0) ? 100.0 * latency_late / total->cnt : 0.0);
    6464             : 
    6465          70 :     if (throttle_delay || progress || latency_limit)
    6466           4 :         printSimpleStats("latency", &total->latency);
    6467             :     else
    6468             :     {
    6469             :         /* no measurement, show average latency computed from run time */
    6470          66 :         printf("latency average = %.3f ms%s\n",
    6471             :                0.001 * total_duration * nclients / total_cnt,
    6472             :                failures > 0 ? " (including failures)" : "");
    6473             :     }
    6474             : 
    6475          70 :     if (throttle_delay)
    6476             :     {
    6477             :         /*
    6478             :          * Report average transaction lag under rate limit throttling.  This
    6479             :          * is the delay between scheduled and actual start times for the
    6480             :          * transaction.  The measured lag may be caused by thread/client load,
    6481             :          * the database load, or the Poisson throttling process.
    6482             :          */
    6483           4 :         printf("rate limit schedule lag: avg %.3f (max %.3f) ms\n",
    6484             :                0.001 * total->lag.sum / total->cnt, 0.001 * total->lag.max);
    6485             :     }
    6486             : 
    6487             :     /*
    6488             :      * Under -C/--connect, each transaction incurs a significant connection
    6489             :      * cost, it would not make much sense to ignore it in tps, and it would
    6490             :      * not be tps anyway.
    6491             :      *
    6492             :      * Otherwise connections are made just once at the beginning of the run
    6493             :      * and should not impact performance but for very short run, so they are
    6494             :      * (right)fully ignored in tps.
    6495             :      */
    6496          70 :     if (is_connect)
    6497             :     {
    6498           4 :         printf("average connection time = %.3f ms\n", 0.001 * conn_total_duration / (total->cnt + failures));
    6499           4 :         printf("tps = %f (including reconnection times)\n", tps);
    6500             :     }
    6501             :     else
    6502             :     {
    6503          66 :         printf("initial connection time = %.3f ms\n", 0.001 * conn_elapsed_duration);
    6504          66 :         printf("tps = %f (without initial connection time)\n", tps);
    6505             :     }
    6506             : 
    6507             :     /* Report per-script/command statistics */
    6508          70 :     if (per_script_stats || report_per_command)
    6509             :     {
    6510             :         int         i;
    6511             : 
    6512          42 :         for (i = 0; i < num_scripts; i++)
    6513             :         {
    6514          30 :             if (per_script_stats)
    6515             :             {
    6516          26 :                 StatsData  *sstats = &sql_script[i].stats;
    6517          26 :                 int64       script_failures = getFailures(sstats);
    6518          26 :                 int64       script_total_cnt =
    6519          26 :                     sstats->cnt + sstats->skipped + script_failures;
    6520             : 
    6521          26 :                 printf("SQL script %d: %s\n"
    6522             :                        " - weight: %d (targets %.1f%% of total)\n"
    6523             :                        " - " INT64_FORMAT " transactions (%.1f%% of total)\n",
    6524             :                        i + 1, sql_script[i].desc,
    6525             :                        sql_script[i].weight,
    6526             :                        100.0 * sql_script[i].weight / total_weight,
    6527             :                        script_total_cnt,
    6528             :                        100.0 * script_total_cnt / total_cnt);
    6529             : 
    6530          26 :                 if (script_total_cnt > 0)
    6531             :                 {
    6532          26 :                     printf(" - number of transactions actually processed: " INT64_FORMAT " (tps = %f)\n",
    6533             :                            sstats->cnt, sstats->cnt / bench_duration);
    6534             : 
    6535          26 :                     printf(" - number of failed transactions: " INT64_FORMAT " (%.3f%%)\n",
    6536             :                            script_failures,
    6537             :                            100.0 * script_failures / script_total_cnt);
    6538             : 
    6539          26 :                     if (failures_detailed)
    6540             :                     {
    6541           0 :                         printf(" - number of serialization failures: " INT64_FORMAT " (%.3f%%)\n",
    6542             :                                sstats->serialization_failures,
    6543             :                                (100.0 * sstats->serialization_failures /
    6544             :                                 script_total_cnt));
    6545           0 :                         printf(" - number of deadlock failures: " INT64_FORMAT " (%.3f%%)\n",
    6546             :                                sstats->deadlock_failures,
    6547             :                                (100.0 * sstats->deadlock_failures /
    6548             :                                 script_total_cnt));
    6549             :                     }
    6550             : 
    6551             :                     /*
    6552             :                      * it can be non-zero only if max_tries is not equal to
    6553             :                      * one
    6554             :                      */
    6555          26 :                     if (max_tries != 1)
    6556             :                     {
    6557           0 :                         printf(" - number of transactions retried: " INT64_FORMAT " (%.3f%%)\n",
    6558             :                                sstats->retried,
    6559             :                                100.0 * sstats->retried / script_total_cnt);
    6560           0 :                         printf(" - total number of retries: " INT64_FORMAT "\n",
    6561             :                                sstats->retries);
    6562             :                     }
    6563             : 
    6564          26 :                     if (throttle_delay && latency_limit)
    6565           0 :                         printf(" - number of transactions skipped: " INT64_FORMAT " (%.3f%%)\n",
    6566             :                                sstats->skipped,
    6567             :                                100.0 * sstats->skipped / script_total_cnt);
    6568             : 
    6569             :                 }
    6570          26 :                 printSimpleStats(" - latency", &sstats->latency);
    6571             :             }
    6572             : 
    6573             :             /*
    6574             :              * Report per-command statistics: latencies, retries after errors,
    6575             :              * failures (errors without retrying).
    6576             :              */
    6577          30 :             if (report_per_command)
    6578             :             {
    6579             :                 Command   **commands;
    6580             : 
    6581           4 :                 printf("%sstatement latencies in milliseconds%s:\n",
    6582             :                        per_script_stats ? " - " : "",
    6583             :                        (max_tries == 1 ?
    6584             :                         " and failures" :
    6585             :                         ", failures and retries"));
    6586             : 
    6587           4 :                 for (commands = sql_script[i].commands;
    6588          10 :                      *commands != NULL;
    6589           6 :                      commands++)
    6590             :                 {
    6591           6 :                     SimpleStats *cstats = &(*commands)->stats;
    6592             : 
    6593           6 :                     if (max_tries == 1)
    6594           6 :                         printf("   %11.3f  %10" PRId64 " %s\n",
    6595             :                                (cstats->count > 0) ?
    6596             :                                1000.0 * cstats->sum / cstats->count : 0.0,
    6597             :                                (*commands)->failures,
    6598             :                                (*commands)->first_line);
    6599             :                     else
    6600           0 :                         printf("   %11.3f  %10" PRId64 " %10" PRId64 " %s\n",
    6601             :                                (cstats->count > 0) ?
    6602             :                                1000.0 * cstats->sum / cstats->count : 0.0,
    6603             :                                (*commands)->failures,
    6604             :                                (*commands)->retries,
    6605             :                                (*commands)->first_line);
    6606             :                 }
    6607             :             }
    6608             :         }
    6609             :     }
    6610             : }
    6611             : 
    6612             : /*
    6613             :  * Set up a random seed according to seed parameter (NULL means default),
    6614             :  * and initialize base_random_sequence for use in initializing other sequences.
    6615             :  */
    6616             : static bool
    6617         358 : set_random_seed(const char *seed)
    6618             : {
    6619             :     uint64      iseed;
    6620             : 
    6621         358 :     if (seed == NULL || strcmp(seed, "time") == 0)
    6622             :     {
    6623             :         /* rely on current time */
    6624         350 :         iseed = pg_time_now();
    6625             :     }
    6626           8 :     else if (strcmp(seed, "rand") == 0)
    6627             :     {
    6628             :         /* use some "strong" random source */
    6629           0 :         if (!pg_strong_random(&iseed, sizeof(iseed)))
    6630             :         {
    6631           0 :             pg_log_error("could not generate random seed");
    6632           0 :             return false;
    6633             :         }
    6634             :     }
    6635             :     else
    6636             :     {
    6637             :         char        garbage;
    6638             : 
    6639           8 :         if (sscanf(seed, "%" SCNu64 "%c", &iseed, &garbage) != 1)
    6640             :         {
    6641           2 :             pg_log_error("unrecognized random seed option \"%s\"", seed);
    6642           2 :             pg_log_error_detail("Expecting an unsigned integer, \"time\" or \"rand\".");
    6643           2 :             return false;
    6644             :         }
    6645             :     }
    6646             : 
    6647         356 :     if (seed != NULL)
    6648           6 :         pg_log_info("setting random seed to %" PRIu64, iseed);
    6649             : 
    6650         356 :     random_seed = iseed;
    6651             : 
    6652             :     /* Initialize base_random_sequence using seed */
    6653         356 :     pg_prng_seed(&base_random_sequence, iseed);
    6654             : 
    6655         356 :     return true;
    6656             : }
    6657             : 
    6658             : int
    6659         354 : main(int argc, char **argv)
    6660             : {
    6661             :     static struct option long_options[] = {
    6662             :         /* systematic long/short named options */
    6663             :         {"builtin", required_argument, NULL, 'b'},
    6664             :         {"client", required_argument, NULL, 'c'},
    6665             :         {"connect", no_argument, NULL, 'C'},
    6666             :         {"dbname", required_argument, NULL, 'd'},
    6667             :         {"define", required_argument, NULL, 'D'},
    6668             :         {"file", required_argument, NULL, 'f'},
    6669             :         {"fillfactor", required_argument, NULL, 'F'},
    6670             :         {"host", required_argument, NULL, 'h'},
    6671             :         {"initialize", no_argument, NULL, 'i'},
    6672             :         {"init-steps", required_argument, NULL, 'I'},
    6673             :         {"jobs", required_argument, NULL, 'j'},
    6674             :         {"log", no_argument, NULL, 'l'},
    6675             :         {"latency-limit", required_argument, NULL, 'L'},
    6676             :         {"no-vacuum", no_argument, NULL, 'n'},
    6677             :         {"port", required_argument, NULL, 'p'},
    6678             :         {"progress", required_argument, NULL, 'P'},
    6679             :         {"protocol", required_argument, NULL, 'M'},
    6680             :         {"quiet", no_argument, NULL, 'q'},
    6681             :         {"report-per-command", no_argument, NULL, 'r'},
    6682             :         {"rate", required_argument, NULL, 'R'},
    6683             :         {"scale", required_argument, NULL, 's'},
    6684             :         {"select-only", no_argument, NULL, 'S'},
    6685             :         {"skip-some-updates", no_argument, NULL, 'N'},
    6686             :         {"time", required_argument, NULL, 'T'},
    6687             :         {"transactions", required_argument, NULL, 't'},
    6688             :         {"username", required_argument, NULL, 'U'},
    6689             :         {"vacuum-all", no_argument, NULL, 'v'},
    6690             :         /* long-named only options */
    6691             :         {"unlogged-tables", no_argument, NULL, 1},
    6692             :         {"tablespace", required_argument, NULL, 2},
    6693             :         {"index-tablespace", required_argument, NULL, 3},
    6694             :         {"sampling-rate", required_argument, NULL, 4},
    6695             :         {"aggregate-interval", required_argument, NULL, 5},
    6696             :         {"progress-timestamp", no_argument, NULL, 6},
    6697             :         {"log-prefix", required_argument, NULL, 7},
    6698             :         {"foreign-keys", no_argument, NULL, 8},
    6699             :         {"random-seed", required_argument, NULL, 9},
    6700             :         {"show-script", required_argument, NULL, 10},
    6701             :         {"partitions", required_argument, NULL, 11},
    6702             :         {"partition-method", required_argument, NULL, 12},
    6703             :         {"failures-detailed", no_argument, NULL, 13},
    6704             :         {"max-tries", required_argument, NULL, 14},
    6705             :         {"verbose-errors", no_argument, NULL, 15},
    6706             :         {"exit-on-abort", no_argument, NULL, 16},
    6707             :         {"debug", no_argument, NULL, 17},
    6708             :         {NULL, 0, NULL, 0}
    6709             :     };
    6710             : 
    6711             :     int         c;
    6712         354 :     bool        is_init_mode = false;   /* initialize mode? */
    6713         354 :     char       *initialize_steps = NULL;
    6714         354 :     bool        foreign_keys = false;
    6715         354 :     bool        is_no_vacuum = false;
    6716         354 :     bool        do_vacuum_accounts = false; /* vacuum accounts table? */
    6717             :     int         optindex;
    6718         354 :     bool        scale_given = false;
    6719             : 
    6720         354 :     bool        benchmarking_option_set = false;
    6721         354 :     bool        initialization_option_set = false;
    6722         354 :     bool        internal_script_used = false;
    6723             : 
    6724             :     CState     *state;          /* status of clients */
    6725             :     TState     *threads;        /* array of thread */
    6726             : 
    6727             :     pg_time_usec_t
    6728             :                 start_time,     /* start up time */
    6729         354 :                 bench_start = 0,    /* first recorded benchmarking time */
    6730             :                 conn_total_duration;    /* cumulated connection time in
    6731             :                                          * threads */
    6732         354 :     int64       latency_late = 0;
    6733             :     StatsData   stats;
    6734             :     int         weight;
    6735             : 
    6736             :     int         i;
    6737             :     int         nclients_dealt;
    6738             : 
    6739             : #ifdef HAVE_GETRLIMIT
    6740             :     struct rlimit rlim;
    6741             : #endif
    6742             : 
    6743             :     PGconn     *con;
    6744             :     char       *env;
    6745             : 
    6746         354 :     int         exit_code = 0;
    6747             :     struct timeval tv;
    6748             : 
    6749             :     /*
    6750             :      * Record difference between Unix time and instr_time time.  We'll use
    6751             :      * this for logging and aggregation.
    6752             :      */
    6753         354 :     gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
    6754         354 :     epoch_shift = tv.tv_sec * INT64CONST(1000000) + tv.tv_usec - pg_time_now();
    6755             : 
    6756         354 :     pg_logging_init(argv[0]);
    6757         354 :     progname = get_progname(argv[0]);
    6758             : 
    6759         354 :     if (argc > 1)
    6760             :     {
    6761         354 :         if (strcmp(argv[1], "--help") == 0 || strcmp(argv[1], "-?") == 0)
    6762             :         {
    6763           2 :             usage();
    6764           2 :             exit(0);
    6765             :         }
    6766         352 :         if (strcmp(argv[1], "--version") == 0 || strcmp(argv[1], "-V") == 0)
    6767             :         {
    6768           2 :             puts("pgbench (PostgreSQL) " PG_VERSION);
    6769           2 :             exit(0);
    6770             :         }
    6771             :     }
    6772             : 
    6773         350 :     state = (CState *) pg_malloc0(sizeof(CState));
    6774             : 
    6775             :     /* set random seed early, because it may be used while parsing scripts. */
    6776         350 :     if (!set_random_seed(getenv("PGBENCH_RANDOM_SEED")))
    6777           0 :         pg_fatal("error while setting random seed from PGBENCH_RANDOM_SEED environment variable");
    6778             : 
    6779        2476 :     while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "b:c:Cd:D:f:F:h:iI:j:lL:M:nNp:P:qrR:s:St:T:U:v", long_options, &optindex)) != -1)
    6780             :     {
    6781             :         char       *script;
    6782             : 
    6783        2262 :         switch (c)
    6784             :         {
    6785          24 :             case 'b':
    6786          24 :                 if (strcmp(optarg, "list") == 0)
    6787             :                 {
    6788           2 :                     listAvailableScripts();
    6789           2 :                     exit(0);
    6790             :                 }
    6791          22 :                 weight = parseScriptWeight(optarg, &script);
    6792          18 :                 process_builtin(findBuiltin(script), weight);
    6793          14 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6794          14 :                 internal_script_used = true;
    6795          14 :                 break;
    6796          50 :             case 'c':
    6797          50 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6798          50 :                 if (!option_parse_int(optarg, "-c/--clients", 1, INT_MAX,
    6799             :                                       &nclients))
    6800             :                 {
    6801           2 :                     exit(1);
    6802             :                 }
    6803             : #ifdef HAVE_GETRLIMIT
    6804          48 :                 if (getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &rlim) == -1)
    6805           0 :                     pg_fatal("getrlimit failed: %m");
    6806             : 
    6807          48 :                 if (rlim.rlim_max < nclients + 3)
    6808             :                 {
    6809           0 :                     pg_log_error("need at least %d open files, but system limit is %ld",
    6810             :                                  nclients + 3, (long) rlim.rlim_max);
    6811           0 :                     pg_log_error_hint("Reduce number of clients, or use limit/ulimit to increase the system limit.");
    6812           0 :                     exit(1);
    6813             :                 }
    6814             : 
    6815          48 :                 if (rlim.rlim_cur < nclients + 3)
    6816             :                 {
    6817           0 :                     rlim.rlim_cur = nclients + 3;
    6818           0 :                     if (setrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &rlim) == -1)
    6819             :                     {
    6820           0 :                         pg_log_error("need at least %d open files, but couldn't raise the limit: %m",
    6821             :                                      nclients + 3);
    6822           0 :                         pg_log_error_hint("Reduce number of clients, or use limit/ulimit to increase the system limit.");
    6823           0 :                         exit(1);
    6824             :                     }
    6825             :                 }
    6826             : #endif                          /* HAVE_GETRLIMIT */
    6827          48 :                 break;
    6828           4 :             case 'C':
    6829           4 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6830           4 :                 is_connect = true;
    6831           4 :                 break;
    6832           0 :             case 'd':
    6833           0 :                 dbName = pg_strdup(optarg);
    6834           0 :                 break;
    6835         866 :             case 'D':
    6836             :                 {
    6837             :                     char       *p;
    6838             : 
    6839         866 :                     benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6840             : 
    6841         866 :                     if ((p = strchr(optarg, '=')) == NULL || p == optarg || *(p + 1) == '\0')
    6842           2 :                         pg_fatal("invalid variable definition: \"%s\"", optarg);
    6843             : 
    6844         864 :                     *p++ = '\0';
    6845         864 :                     if (!putVariable(&state[0].variables, "option", optarg, p))
    6846           0 :                         exit(1);
    6847             :                 }
    6848         864 :                 break;
    6849         262 :             case 'f':
    6850         262 :                 weight = parseScriptWeight(optarg, &script);
    6851         262 :                 process_file(script, weight);
    6852         180 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6853         180 :                 break;
    6854           6 :             case 'F':
    6855           6 :                 initialization_option_set = true;
    6856           6 :                 if (!option_parse_int(optarg, "-F/--fillfactor", 10, 100,
    6857             :                                       &fillfactor))
    6858           2 :                     exit(1);
    6859           4 :                 break;
    6860           2 :             case 'h':
    6861           2 :                 pghost = pg_strdup(optarg);
    6862           2 :                 break;
    6863          18 :             case 'i':
    6864          18 :                 is_init_mode = true;
    6865          18 :                 break;
    6866           8 :             case 'I':
    6867           8 :                 pg_free(initialize_steps);
    6868           8 :                 initialize_steps = pg_strdup(optarg);
    6869           8 :                 checkInitSteps(initialize_steps);
    6870           6 :                 initialization_option_set = true;
    6871           6 :                 break;
    6872           8 :             case 'j':           /* jobs */
    6873           8 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6874           8 :                 if (!option_parse_int(optarg, "-j/--jobs", 1, INT_MAX,
    6875             :                                       &nthreads))
    6876             :                 {
    6877           2 :                     exit(1);
    6878             :                 }
    6879           6 :                 break;
    6880          14 :             case 'l':
    6881          14 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6882          14 :                 use_log = true;
    6883          14 :                 break;
    6884           6 :             case 'L':
    6885             :                 {
    6886           6 :                     double      limit_ms = atof(optarg);
    6887             : 
    6888           6 :                     if (limit_ms <= 0.0)
    6889           2 :                         pg_fatal("invalid latency limit: \"%s\"", optarg);
    6890           4 :                     benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6891           4 :                     latency_limit = (int64) (limit_ms * 1000);
    6892             :                 }
    6893           4 :                 break;
    6894         176 :             case 'M':
    6895         176 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6896         482 :                 for (querymode = 0; querymode < NUM_QUERYMODE; querymode++)
    6897         480 :                     if (strcmp(optarg, QUERYMODE[querymode]) == 0)
    6898         174 :                         break;
    6899         176 :                 if (querymode >= NUM_QUERYMODE)
    6900           2 :                     pg_fatal("invalid query mode (-M): \"%s\"", optarg);
    6901         174 :                 break;
    6902         198 :             case 'n':
    6903         198 :                 is_no_vacuum = true;
    6904         198 :                 break;
    6905           2 :             case 'N':
    6906           2 :                 process_builtin(findBuiltin("simple-update"), 1);
    6907           2 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6908           2 :                 internal_script_used = true;
    6909           2 :                 break;
    6910           2 :             case 'p':
    6911           2 :                 pgport = pg_strdup(optarg);
    6912           2 :                 break;
    6913           4 :             case 'P':
    6914           4 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6915           4 :                 if (!option_parse_int(optarg, "-P/--progress", 1, INT_MAX,
    6916             :                                       &progress))
    6917           2 :                     exit(1);
    6918           2 :                 break;
    6919           2 :             case 'q':
    6920           2 :                 initialization_option_set = true;
    6921           2 :                 use_quiet = true;
    6922           2 :                 break;
    6923           4 :             case 'r':
    6924           4 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6925           4 :                 report_per_command = true;
    6926           4 :                 break;
    6927           6 :             case 'R':
    6928             :                 {
    6929             :                     /* get a double from the beginning of option value */
    6930           6 :                     double      throttle_value = atof(optarg);
    6931             : 
    6932           6 :                     benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6933             : 
    6934           6 :                     if (throttle_value <= 0.0)
    6935           2 :                         pg_fatal("invalid rate limit: \"%s\"", optarg);
    6936             :                     /* Invert rate limit into per-transaction delay in usec */
    6937           4 :                     throttle_delay = 1000000.0 / throttle_value;
    6938             :                 }
    6939           4 :                 break;
    6940           6 :             case 's':
    6941           6 :                 scale_given = true;
    6942           6 :                 if (!option_parse_int(optarg, "-s/--scale", 1, INT_MAX,
    6943             :                                       &scale))
    6944           2 :                     exit(1);
    6945           4 :                 break;
    6946         268 :             case 'S':
    6947         268 :                 process_builtin(findBuiltin("select-only"), 1);
    6948         266 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6949         266 :                 internal_script_used = true;
    6950         266 :                 break;
    6951         220 :             case 't':
    6952         220 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6953         220 :                 if (!option_parse_int(optarg, "-t/--transactions", 1, INT_MAX,
    6954             :                                       &nxacts))
    6955           2 :                     exit(1);
    6956         218 :                 break;
    6957          10 :             case 'T':
    6958          10 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6959          10 :                 if (!option_parse_int(optarg, "-T/--time", 1, INT_MAX,
    6960             :                                       &duration))
    6961           2 :                     exit(1);
    6962           8 :                 break;
    6963           2 :             case 'U':
    6964           2 :                 username = pg_strdup(optarg);
    6965           2 :                 break;
    6966           2 :             case 'v':
    6967           2 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6968           2 :                 do_vacuum_accounts = true;
    6969           2 :                 break;
    6970           4 :             case 1:             /* unlogged-tables */
    6971           4 :                 initialization_option_set = true;
    6972           4 :                 unlogged_tables = true;
    6973           4 :                 break;
    6974           2 :             case 2:             /* tablespace */
    6975           2 :                 initialization_option_set = true;
    6976           2 :                 tablespace = pg_strdup(optarg);
    6977           2 :                 break;
    6978           2 :             case 3:             /* index-tablespace */
    6979           2 :                 initialization_option_set = true;
    6980           2 :                 index_tablespace = pg_strdup(optarg);
    6981           2 :                 break;
    6982          10 :             case 4:             /* sampling-rate */
    6983          10 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6984          10 :                 sample_rate = atof(optarg);
    6985          10 :                 if (sample_rate <= 0.0 || sample_rate > 1.0)
    6986           2 :                     pg_fatal("invalid sampling rate: \"%s\"", optarg);
    6987           8 :                 break;
    6988          12 :             case 5:             /* aggregate-interval */
    6989          12 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6990          12 :                 if (!option_parse_int(optarg, "--aggregate-interval", 1, INT_MAX,
    6991             :                                       &agg_interval))
    6992           2 :                     exit(1);
    6993          10 :                 break;
    6994           4 :             case 6:             /* progress-timestamp */
    6995           4 :                 progress_timestamp = true;
    6996           4 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    6997           4 :                 break;
    6998           8 :             case 7:             /* log-prefix */
    6999           8 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    7000           8 :                 logfile_prefix = pg_strdup(optarg);
    7001           8 :                 break;
    7002           4 :             case 8:             /* foreign-keys */
    7003           4 :                 initialization_option_set = true;
    7004           4 :                 foreign_keys = true;
    7005           4 :                 break;
    7006           8 :             case 9:             /* random-seed */
    7007           8 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    7008           8 :                 if (!set_random_seed(optarg))
    7009           2 :                     pg_fatal("error while setting random seed from --random-seed option");
    7010           6 :                 break;
    7011           2 :             case 10:            /* list */
    7012             :                 {
    7013           2 :                     const BuiltinScript *s = findBuiltin(optarg);
    7014             : 
    7015           2 :                     fprintf(stderr, "-- %s: %s\n%s\n", s->name, s->desc, s->script);
    7016           2 :                     exit(0);
    7017             :                 }
    7018             :                 break;
    7019           6 :             case 11:            /* partitions */
    7020           6 :                 initialization_option_set = true;
    7021           6 :                 if (!option_parse_int(optarg, "--partitions", 0, INT_MAX,
    7022             :                                       &partitions))
    7023           2 :                     exit(1);
    7024           4 :                 break;
    7025           6 :             case 12:            /* partition-method */
    7026           6 :                 initialization_option_set = true;
    7027           6 :                 if (pg_strcasecmp(optarg, "range") == 0)
    7028           0 :                     partition_method = PART_RANGE;
    7029           6 :                 else if (pg_strcasecmp(optarg, "hash") == 0)
    7030           4 :                     partition_method = PART_HASH;
    7031             :                 else
    7032           2 :                     pg_fatal("invalid partition method, expecting \"range\" or \"hash\", got: \"%s\"",
    7033             :                              optarg);
    7034           4 :                 break;
    7035           0 :             case 13:            /* failures-detailed */
    7036           0 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    7037           0 :                 failures_detailed = true;
    7038           0 :                 break;
    7039           8 :             case 14:            /* max-tries */
    7040             :                 {
    7041           8 :                     int32       max_tries_arg = atoi(optarg);
    7042             : 
    7043           8 :                     if (max_tries_arg < 0)
    7044           2 :                         pg_fatal("invalid number of maximum tries: \"%s\"", optarg);
    7045             : 
    7046           6 :                     benchmarking_option_set = true;
    7047           6 :                     max_tries = (uint32) max_tries_arg;
    7048             :                 }
    7049           6 :                 break;
    7050           4 :             case 15:            /* verbose-errors */
    7051           4 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    7052           4 :                 verbose_errors = true;
    7053           4 :                 break;
    7054           4 :             case 16:            /* exit-on-abort */
    7055           4 :                 benchmarking_option_set = true;
    7056           4 :                 exit_on_abort = true;
    7057           4 :                 break;
    7058           4 :             case 17:            /* debug */
    7059           4 :                 pg_logging_increase_verbosity();
    7060           4 :                 break;
    7061           4 :             default:
    7062             :                 /* getopt_long already emitted a complaint */
    7063           4 :                 pg_log_error_hint("Try \"%s --help\" for more information.", progname);
    7064           4 :                 exit(1);
    7065             :         }
    7066             :     }
    7067             : 
    7068             :     /* set default script if none */
    7069         214 :     if (num_scripts == 0 && !is_init_mode)
    7070             :     {
    7071          22 :         process_builtin(findBuiltin("tpcb-like"), 1);
    7072          22 :         benchmarking_option_set = true;
    7073          22 :         internal_script_used = true;
    7074             :     }
    7075             : 
    7076             :     /* complete SQL command initialization and compute total weight */
    7077         440 :     for (i = 0; i < num_scripts; i++)
    7078             :     {
    7079         228 :         Command   **commands = sql_script[i].commands;
    7080             : 
    7081        1456 :         for (int j = 0; commands[j] != NULL; j++)
    7082        1230 :             if (commands[j]->type == SQL_COMMAND)
    7083         584 :                 postprocess_sql_command(commands[j]);
    7084             : 
    7085             :         /* cannot overflow: weight is 32b, total_weight 64b */
    7086         226 :         total_weight += sql_script[i].weight;
    7087             :     }
    7088             : 
    7089         212 :     if (total_weight == 0 && !is_init_mode)
    7090           2 :         pg_fatal("total script weight must not be zero");
    7091             : 
    7092             :     /* show per script stats if several scripts are used */
    7093         210 :     if (num_scripts > 1)
    7094           8 :         per_script_stats = true;
    7095             : 
    7096             :     /*
    7097             :      * Don't need more threads than there are clients.  (This is not merely an
    7098             :      * optimization; throttle_delay is calculated incorrectly below if some
    7099             :      * threads have no clients assigned to them.)
    7100             :      */
    7101         210 :     if (nthreads > nclients)
    7102           2 :         nthreads = nclients;
    7103             : 
    7104             :     /*
    7105             :      * Convert throttle_delay to a per-thread delay time.  Note that this
    7106             :      * might be a fractional number of usec, but that's OK, since it's just
    7107             :      * the center of a Poisson distribution of delays.
    7108             :      */
    7109         210 :     throttle_delay *= nthreads;
    7110             : 
    7111         210 :     if (dbName == NULL)
    7112             :     {
    7113         210 :         if (argc > optind)
    7114           2 :             dbName = argv[optind++];
    7115             :         else
    7116             :         {
    7117         208 :             if ((env = getenv("PGDATABASE")) != NULL && *env != '\0')
    7118         180 :                 dbName = env;
    7119          28 :             else if ((env = getenv("PGUSER")) != NULL && *env != '\0')
    7120           0 :                 dbName = env;
    7121             :             else
    7122          28 :                 dbName = get_user_name_or_exit(progname);
    7123             :         }
    7124             :     }
    7125             : 
    7126         210 :     if (optind < argc)
    7127             :     {
    7128           0 :         pg_log_error("too many command-line arguments (first is \"%s\")",
    7129             :                      argv[optind]);
    7130           0 :         pg_log_error_hint("Try \"%s --help\" for more information.", progname);
    7131           0 :         exit(1);
    7132             :     }
    7133             : 
    7134         210 :     if (is_init_mode)
    7135             :     {
    7136          10 :         if (benchmarking_option_set)
    7137           2 :             pg_fatal("some of the specified options cannot be used in initialization (-i) mode");
    7138             : 
    7139           8 :         if (partitions == 0 && partition_method != PART_NONE)
    7140           2 :             pg_fatal("--partition-method requires greater than zero --partitions");
    7141             : 
    7142             :         /* set default method */
    7143           6 :         if (partitions > 0 && partition_method == PART_NONE)
    7144           2 :             partition_method = PART_RANGE;
    7145             : 
    7146           6 :         if (initialize_steps == NULL)
    7147           2 :             initialize_steps = pg_strdup(DEFAULT_INIT_STEPS);
    7148             : 
    7149           6 :         if (is_no_vacuum)
    7150             :         {
    7151             :             /* Remove any vacuum step in initialize_steps */
    7152             :             char       *p;
    7153             : 
    7154           8 :             while ((p = strchr(initialize_steps, 'v')) != NULL)
    7155           6 :                 *p = ' ';
    7156             :         }
    7157             : 
    7158           6 :         if (foreign_keys)
    7159             :         {
    7160             :             /* Add 'f' to end of initialize_steps, if not already there */
    7161           4 :             if (strchr(initialize_steps, 'f') == NULL)
    7162             :             {
    7163             :                 initialize_steps = (char *)
    7164           4 :                     pg_realloc(initialize_steps,
    7165           4 :                                strlen(initialize_steps) + 2);
    7166           4 :                 strcat(initialize_steps, "f");
    7167             :             }
    7168             :         }
    7169             : 
    7170           6 :         runInitSteps(initialize_steps);
    7171           6 :         exit(0);
    7172             :     }
    7173             :     else
    7174             :     {
    7175         200 :         if (initialization_option_set)
    7176           4 :             pg_fatal("some of the specified options cannot be used in benchmarking mode");
    7177             :     }
    7178             : 
    7179         196 :     if (nxacts > 0 && duration > 0)
    7180           4 :         pg_fatal("specify either a number of transactions (-t) or a duration (-T), not both");
    7181             : 
    7182             :     /* Use DEFAULT_NXACTS if neither nxacts nor duration is specified. */
    7183         192 :     if (nxacts <= 0 && duration <= 0)
    7184          16 :         nxacts = DEFAULT_NXACTS;
    7185             : 
    7186             :     /* --sampling-rate may be used only with -l */
    7187         192 :     if (sample_rate > 0.0 && !use_log)
    7188           2 :         pg_fatal("log sampling (--sampling-rate) is allowed only when logging transactions (-l)");
    7189             : 
    7190             :     /* --sampling-rate may not be used with --aggregate-interval */
    7191         190 :     if (sample_rate > 0.0 && agg_interval > 0)
    7192           2 :         pg_fatal("log sampling (--sampling-rate) and aggregation (--aggregate-interval) cannot be used at the same time");
    7193             : 
    7194         188 :     if (agg_interval > 0 && !use_log)
    7195           2 :         pg_fatal("log aggregation is allowed only when actually logging transactions");
    7196             : 
    7197         186 :     if (!use_log && logfile_prefix)
    7198           2 :         pg_fatal("log file prefix (--log-prefix) is allowed only when logging transactions (-l)");
    7199             : 
    7200         184 :     if (duration > 0 && agg_interval > duration)
    7201           2 :         pg_fatal("number of seconds for aggregation (%d) must not be higher than test duration (%d)", agg_interval, duration);
    7202             : 
    7203         182 :     if (duration > 0 && agg_interval > 0 && duration % agg_interval != 0)
    7204           2 :         pg_fatal("duration (%d) must be a multiple of aggregation interval (%d)", duration, agg_interval);
    7205             : 
    7206         180 :     if (progress_timestamp && progress == 0)
    7207           2 :         pg_fatal("--progress-timestamp is allowed only under --progress");
    7208             : 
    7209         178 :     if (!max_tries)
    7210             :     {
    7211           2 :         if (!latency_limit && duration <= 0)
    7212           2 :             pg_fatal("an unlimited number of transaction tries can only be used with --latency-limit or a duration (-T)");
    7213             :     }
    7214             : 
    7215             :     /*
    7216             :      * save main process id in the global variable because process id will be
    7217             :      * changed after fork.
    7218             :      */
    7219         176 :     main_pid = (int) getpid();
    7220             : 
    7221         176 :     if (nclients > 1)
    7222             :     {
    7223          30 :         state = (CState *) pg_realloc(state, sizeof(CState) * nclients);
    7224          30 :         memset(state + 1, 0, sizeof(CState) * (nclients - 1));
    7225             : 
    7226             :         /* copy any -D switch values to all clients */
    7227         110 :         for (i = 1; i < nclients; i++)
    7228             :         {
    7229             :             int         j;
    7230             : 
    7231          80 :             state[i].id = i;
    7232          82 :             for (j = 0; j < state[0].variables.nvars; j++)
    7233             :             {
    7234           2 :                 Variable   *var = &state[0].variables.vars[j];
    7235             : 
    7236           2 :                 if (var->value.type != PGBT_NO_VALUE)
    7237             :                 {
    7238           0 :                     if (!putVariableValue(&state[i].variables, "startup",
    7239           0 :                                           var->name, &var->value))
    7240           0 :                         exit(1);
    7241             :                 }
    7242             :                 else
    7243             :                 {
    7244           2 :                     if (!putVariable(&state[i].variables, "startup",
    7245           2 :                                      var->name, var->svalue))
    7246           0 :                         exit(1);
    7247             :                 }
    7248             :             }
    7249             :         }
    7250             :     }
    7251             : 
    7252             :     /* other CState initializations */
    7253         432 :     for (i = 0; i < nclients; i++)
    7254             :     {
    7255         256 :         state[i].cstack = conditional_stack_create();
    7256         256 :         initRandomState(&state[i].cs_func_rs);
    7257             :     }
    7258             : 
    7259             :     /* opening connection... */
    7260         176 :     con = doConnect();
    7261         176 :     if (con == NULL)
    7262           2 :         pg_fatal("could not create connection for setup");
    7263             : 
    7264             :     /* report pgbench and server versions */
    7265         174 :     printVersion(con);
    7266             : 
    7267         174 :     pg_log_debug("pghost: %s pgport: %s nclients: %d %s: %d dbName: %s",
    7268             :                  PQhost(con), PQport(con), nclients,
    7269             :                  duration <= 0 ? "nxacts" : "duration",
    7270             :                  duration <= 0 ? nxacts : duration, PQdb(con));
    7271             : 
    7272         174 :     if (internal_script_used)
    7273          14 :         GetTableInfo(con, scale_given);
    7274             : 
    7275             :     /*
    7276             :      * :scale variables normally get -s or database scale, but don't override
    7277             :      * an explicit -D switch
    7278             :      */
    7279         172 :     if (lookupVariable(&state[0].variables, "scale") == NULL)
    7280             :     {
    7281         424 :         for (i = 0; i < nclients; i++)
    7282             :         {
    7283         252 :             if (!putVariableInt(&state[i].variables, "startup", "scale", scale))
    7284           0 :                 exit(1);
    7285             :         }
    7286             :     }
    7287             : 
    7288             :     /*
    7289             :      * Define a :client_id variable that is unique per connection. But don't
    7290             :      * override an explicit -D switch.
    7291             :      */
    7292         172 :     if (lookupVariable(&state[0].variables, "client_id") == NULL)
    7293             :     {
    7294         424 :         for (i = 0; i < nclients; i++)
    7295         252 :             if (!putVariableInt(&state[i].variables, "startup", "client_id", i))
    7296           0 :                 exit(1);
    7297             :     }
    7298             : 
    7299             :     /* set default seed for hash functions */
    7300         172 :     if (lookupVariable(&state[0].variables, "default_seed") == NULL)
    7301             :     {
    7302         172 :         uint64      seed = pg_prng_uint64(&base_random_sequence);
    7303             : 
    7304         424 :         for (i = 0; i < nclients; i++)
    7305         252 :             if (!putVariableInt(&state[i].variables, "startup", "default_seed",
    7306             :                                 (int64) seed))
    7307           0 :                 exit(1);
    7308             :     }
    7309             : 
    7310             :     /* set random seed unless overwritten */
    7311         172 :     if (lookupVariable(&state[0].variables, "random_seed") == NULL)
    7312             :     {
    7313         424 :         for (i = 0; i < nclients; i++)
    7314         252 :             if (!putVariableInt(&state[i].variables, "startup", "random_seed",
    7315             :                                 random_seed))
    7316           0 :                 exit(1);
    7317             :     }
    7318             : 
    7319         172 :     if (!is_no_vacuum)
    7320             :     {
    7321          20 :         fprintf(stderr, "starting vacuum...");
    7322          20 :         tryExecuteStatement(con, "vacuum pgbench_branches");
    7323          20 :         tryExecuteStatement(con, "vacuum pgbench_tellers");
    7324          20 :         tryExecuteStatement(con, "truncate pgbench_history");
    7325          20 :         fprintf(stderr, "end.\n");
    7326             : 
    7327          20 :         if (do_vacuum_accounts)
    7328             :         {
    7329           0 :             fprintf(stderr, "starting vacuum pgbench_accounts...");
    7330           0 :             tryExecuteStatement(con, "vacuum analyze pgbench_accounts");
    7331           0 :             fprintf(stderr, "end.\n");
    7332             :         }
    7333             :     }
    7334         172 :     PQfinish(con);
    7335             : 
    7336             :     /* set up thread data structures */
    7337         172 :     threads = (TState *) pg_malloc(sizeof(TState) * nthreads);
    7338         172 :     nclients_dealt = 0;
    7339             : 
    7340         346 :     for (i = 0; i < nthreads; i++)
    7341             :     {
    7342         174 :         TState     *thread = &threads[i];
    7343             : 
    7344         174 :         thread->tid = i;
    7345         174 :         thread->state = &state[nclients_dealt];
    7346         174 :         thread->nstate =
    7347         174 :             (nclients - nclients_dealt + nthreads - i - 1) / (nthreads - i);
    7348         174 :         initRandomState(&thread->ts_choose_rs);
    7349         174 :         initRandomState(&thread->ts_throttle_rs);
    7350         174 :         initRandomState(&thread->ts_sample_rs);
    7351         174 :         thread->logfile = NULL; /* filled in later */
    7352         174 :         thread->latency_late = 0;
    7353         174 :         initStats(&thread->stats, 0);
    7354             : 
    7355         174 :         nclients_dealt += thread->nstate;
    7356             :     }
    7357             : 
    7358             :     /* all clients must be assigned to a thread */
    7359             :     Assert(nclients_dealt == nclients);
    7360             : 
    7361             :     /* get start up time for the whole computation */
    7362         172 :     start_time = pg_time_now();
    7363             : 
    7364             :     /* set alarm if duration is specified. */
    7365         172 :     if (duration > 0)
    7366           0 :         setalarm(duration);
    7367             : 
    7368         172 :     errno = THREAD_BARRIER_INIT(&barrier, nthreads);
    7369         172 :     if (errno != 0)
    7370           0 :         pg_fatal("could not initialize barrier: %m");
    7371             : 
    7372             :     /* start all threads but thread 0 which is executed directly later */
    7373         174 :     for (i = 1; i < nthreads; i++)
    7374             :     {
    7375           2 :         TState     *thread = &threads[i];
    7376             : 
    7377           2 :         thread->create_time = pg_time_now();
    7378           2 :         errno = THREAD_CREATE(&thread->thread, threadRun, thread);
    7379             : 
    7380           2 :         if (errno != 0)
    7381           0 :             pg_fatal("could not create thread: %m");
    7382             :     }
    7383             : 
    7384             :     /* compute when to stop */
    7385         172 :     threads[0].create_time = pg_time_now();
    7386         172 :     if (duration > 0)
    7387           0 :         end_time = threads[0].create_time + (int64) 1000000 * duration;
    7388             : 
    7389             :     /* run thread 0 directly */
    7390         172 :     (void) threadRun(&threads[0]);
    7391             : 
    7392             :     /* wait for other threads and accumulate results */
    7393         170 :     initStats(&stats, 0);
    7394         170 :     conn_total_duration = 0;
    7395             : 
    7396         340 :     for (i = 0; i < nthreads; i++)
    7397             :     {
    7398         170 :         TState     *thread = &threads[i];
    7399             : 
    7400         170 :         if (i > 0)
    7401           0 :             THREAD_JOIN(thread->thread);
    7402             : 
    7403         418 :         for (int j = 0; j < thread->nstate; j++)
    7404         248 :             if (thread->state[j].state != CSTATE_FINISHED)
    7405         102 :                 exit_code = 2;
    7406             : 
    7407             :         /* aggregate thread level stats */
    7408         170 :         mergeSimpleStats(&stats.latency, &thread->stats.latency);
    7409         170 :         mergeSimpleStats(&stats.lag, &thread->stats.lag);
    7410         170 :         stats.cnt += thread->stats.cnt;
    7411         170 :         stats.skipped += thread->stats.skipped;
    7412         170 :         stats.retries += thread->stats.retries;
    7413         170 :         stats.retried += thread->stats.retried;
    7414         170 :         stats.serialization_failures += thread->stats.serialization_failures;
    7415         170 :         stats.deadlock_failures += thread->stats.deadlock_failures;
    7416         170 :         latency_late += thread->latency_late;
    7417         170 :         conn_total_duration += thread->conn_duration;
    7418             : 
    7419             :         /* first recorded benchmarking start time */
    7420         170 :         if (bench_start == 0 || thread->bench_start < bench_start)
    7421         170 :             bench_start = thread->bench_start;
    7422             :     }
    7423             : 
    7424             :     /*
    7425             :      * All connections should be already closed in threadRun(), so this
    7426             :      * disconnect_all() will be a no-op, but clean up the connections just to
    7427             :      * be sure. We don't need to measure the disconnection delays here.
    7428             :      */
    7429         170 :     disconnect_all(state, nclients);
    7430             : 
    7431             :     /*
    7432             :      * Beware that performance of short benchmarks with many threads and
    7433             :      * possibly long transactions can be deceptive because threads do not
    7434             :      * start and finish at the exact same time. The total duration computed
    7435             :      * here encompasses all transactions so that tps shown is somehow slightly
    7436             :      * underestimated.
    7437             :      */
    7438         170 :     printResults(&stats, pg_time_now() - bench_start, conn_total_duration,
    7439             :                  bench_start - start_time, latency_late);
    7440             : 
    7441         170 :     THREAD_BARRIER_DESTROY(&barrier);
    7442             : 
    7443         170 :     if (exit_code != 0)
    7444         102 :         pg_log_error("Run was aborted; the above results are incomplete.");
    7445             : 
    7446         170 :     return exit_code;
    7447             : }
    7448             : 
    7449             : static THREAD_FUNC_RETURN_TYPE THREAD_FUNC_CC
    7450         174 : threadRun(void *arg)
    7451             : {
    7452         174 :     TState     *thread = (TState *) arg;
    7453         174 :     CState     *state = thread->state;
    7454             :     pg_time_usec_t start;
    7455         174 :     int         nstate = thread->nstate;
    7456         174 :     int         remains = nstate;   /* number of remaining clients */
    7457         174 :     socket_set *sockets = alloc_socket_set(nstate);
    7458             :     int64       thread_start,
    7459             :                 last_report,
    7460             :                 next_report;
    7461             :     StatsData   last,
    7462             :                 aggs;
    7463             : 
    7464             :     /* open log file if requested */
    7465         174 :     if (use_log)
    7466             :     {
    7467             :         char        logpath[MAXPGPATH];
    7468           4 :         char       *prefix = logfile_prefix ? logfile_prefix : "pgbench_log";
    7469             : 
    7470           4 :         if (thread->tid == 0)
    7471           4 :             snprintf(logpath, sizeof(logpath), "%s.%d", prefix, main_pid);
    7472             :         else
    7473           0 :             snprintf(logpath, sizeof(logpath), "%s.%d.%d", prefix, main_pid, thread->tid);
    7474             : 
    7475           4 :         thread->logfile = fopen(logpath, "w");
    7476             : 
    7477           4 :         if (thread->logfile == NULL)
    7478           0 :             pg_fatal("could not open logfile \"%s\": %m", logpath);
    7479             :     }
    7480             : 
    7481             :     /* explicitly initialize the state machines */
    7482         426 :     for (int i = 0; i < nstate; i++)
    7483         252 :         state[i].state = CSTATE_CHOOSE_SCRIPT;
    7484             : 
    7485             :     /* READY */
    7486         174 :     THREAD_BARRIER_WAIT(&barrier);
    7487             : 
    7488         174 :     thread_start = pg_time_now();
    7489         174 :     thread->started_time = thread_start;
    7490         174 :     thread->conn_duration = 0;
    7491         174 :     last_report = thread_start;
    7492         174 :     next_report = last_report + (int64) 1000000 * progress;
    7493             : 
    7494             :     /* STEADY */
    7495         174 :     if (!is_connect)
    7496             :     {
    7497             :         /* make connections to the database before starting */
    7498         408 :         for (int i = 0; i < nstate; i++)
    7499             :         {
    7500         238 :             if ((state[i].con = doConnect()) == NULL)
    7501             :             {
    7502             :                 /* coldly abort on initial connection failure */
    7503           0 :                 pg_fatal("could not create connection for client %d",
    7504             :                          state[i].id);
    7505             :             }
    7506             :         }
    7507             :     }
    7508             : 
    7509             :     /* GO */
    7510         174 :     THREAD_BARRIER_WAIT(&barrier);
    7511             : 
    7512         174 :     start = pg_time_now();
    7513         174 :     thread->bench_start = start;
    7514         174 :     thread->throttle_trigger = start;
    7515             : 
    7516             :     /*
    7517             :      * The log format currently has Unix epoch timestamps with whole numbers
    7518             :      * of seconds.  Round the first aggregate's start time down to the nearest
    7519             :      * Unix epoch second (the very first aggregate might really have started a
    7520             :      * fraction of a second later, but later aggregates are measured from the
    7521             :      * whole number time that is actually logged).
    7522             :      */
    7523         174 :     initStats(&aggs, (start + epoch_shift) / 1000000 * 1000000);
    7524         174 :     last = aggs;
    7525             : 
    7526             :     /* loop till all clients have terminated */
    7527       28098 :     while (remains > 0)
    7528             :     {
    7529             :         int         nsocks;     /* number of sockets to be waited for */
    7530             :         pg_time_usec_t min_usec;
    7531       27928 :         pg_time_usec_t now = 0; /* set this only if needed */
    7532             : 
    7533             :         /*
    7534             :          * identify which client sockets should be checked for input, and
    7535             :          * compute the nearest time (if any) at which we need to wake up.
    7536             :          */
    7537       27928 :         clear_socket_set(sockets);
    7538       27928 :         nsocks = 0;
    7539       27928 :         min_usec = PG_INT64_MAX;
    7540      124258 :         for (int i = 0; i < nstate; i++)
    7541             :         {
    7542      108224 :             CState     *st = &state[i];
    7543             : 
    7544      108224 :             if (st->state == CSTATE_SLEEP || st->state == CSTATE_THROTTLE)
    7545           6 :             {
    7546             :                 /* a nap from the script, or under throttling */
    7547             :                 pg_time_usec_t this_usec;
    7548             : 
    7549             :                 /* get current time if needed */
    7550           6 :                 pg_time_now_lazy(&now);
    7551             : 
    7552             :                 /* min_usec should be the minimum delay across all clients */
    7553          12 :                 this_usec = (st->state == CSTATE_SLEEP ?
    7554           6 :                              st->sleep_until : st->txn_scheduled) - now;
    7555           6 :                 if (min_usec > this_usec)
    7556           6 :                     min_usec = this_usec;
    7557             :             }
    7558      108218 :             else if (st->state == CSTATE_WAIT_RESULT ||
    7559       21688 :                      st->state == CSTATE_WAIT_ROLLBACK_RESULT)
    7560       86532 :             {
    7561             :                 /*
    7562             :                  * waiting for result from server - nothing to do unless the
    7563             :                  * socket is readable
    7564             :                  */
    7565       86532 :                 int         sock = PQsocket(st->con);
    7566             : 
    7567       86532 :                 if (sock < 0)
    7568             :                 {
    7569           0 :                     pg_log_error("invalid socket: %s", PQerrorMessage(st->con));
    7570           2 :                     goto done;
    7571             :                 }
    7572             : 
    7573       86532 :                 add_socket_to_set(sockets, sock, nsocks++);
    7574             :             }
    7575       21686 :             else if (st->state != CSTATE_ABORTED &&
    7576       21686 :                      st->state != CSTATE_FINISHED)
    7577             :             {
    7578             :                 /*
    7579             :                  * This client thread is ready to do something, so we don't
    7580             :                  * want to wait.  No need to examine additional clients.
    7581             :                  */
    7582       11894 :                 min_usec = 0;
    7583       11894 :                 break;
    7584             :             }
    7585             :         }
    7586             : 
    7587             :         /* also wake up to print the next progress report on time */
    7588       27928 :         if (progress && min_usec > 0 && thread->tid == 0)
    7589             :         {
    7590           0 :             pg_time_now_lazy(&now);
    7591             : 
    7592           0 :             if (now >= next_report)
    7593           0 :                 min_usec = 0;
    7594           0 :             else if ((next_report - now) < min_usec)
    7595           0 :                 min_usec = next_report - now;
    7596             :         }
    7597             : 
    7598             :         /*
    7599             :          * If no clients are ready to execute actions, sleep until we receive
    7600             :          * data on some client socket or the timeout (if any) elapses.
    7601             :          */
    7602       27928 :         if (min_usec > 0)
    7603             :         {
    7604       16034 :             int         rc = 0;
    7605             : 
    7606       16034 :             if (min_usec != PG_INT64_MAX)
    7607             :             {
    7608           6 :                 if (nsocks > 0)
    7609             :                 {
    7610           0 :                     rc = wait_on_socket_set(sockets, min_usec);
    7611             :                 }
    7612             :                 else            /* nothing active, simple sleep */
    7613             :                 {
    7614           6 :                     pg_usleep(min_usec);
    7615             :                 }
    7616             :             }
    7617             :             else                /* no explicit delay, wait without timeout */
    7618             :             {
    7619       16028 :                 rc = wait_on_socket_set(sockets, 0);
    7620             :             }
    7621             : 
    7622       16032 :             if (rc < 0)
    7623             :             {
    7624           0 :                 if (errno == EINTR)
    7625             :                 {
    7626             :                     /* On EINTR, go back to top of loop */
    7627           0 :                     continue;
    7628             :                 }
    7629             :                 /* must be something wrong */
    7630           0 :                 pg_log_error("%s() failed: %m", SOCKET_WAIT_METHOD);
    7631           0 :                 goto done;
    7632             :             }
    7633             :         }
    7634             :         else
    7635             :         {
    7636             :             /* min_usec <= 0, i.e. something needs to be executed now */
    7637             : 
    7638             :             /* If we didn't wait, don't try to read any data */
    7639       11894 :             clear_socket_set(sockets);
    7640             :         }
    7641             : 
    7642             :         /* ok, advance the state machine of each connection */
    7643       27926 :         nsocks = 0;
    7644      161536 :         for (int i = 0; i < nstate; i++)
    7645             :         {
    7646      133612 :             CState     *st = &state[i];
    7647             : 
    7648      133612 :             if (st->state == CSTATE_WAIT_RESULT ||
    7649       26734 :                 st->state == CSTATE_WAIT_ROLLBACK_RESULT)
    7650       20208 :             {
    7651             :                 /* don't call advanceConnectionState unless data is available */
    7652      106880 :                 int         sock = PQsocket(st->con);
    7653             : 
    7654      106880 :                 if (sock < 0)
    7655             :                 {
    7656           0 :                     pg_log_error("invalid socket: %s", PQerrorMessage(st->con));
    7657           0 :                     goto done;
    7658             :                 }
    7659             : 
    7660      106880 :                 if (!socket_has_input(sockets, sock, nsocks++))
    7661       86672 :                     continue;
    7662             :             }
    7663       26732 :             else if (st->state == CSTATE_FINISHED ||
    7664       15496 :                      st->state == CSTATE_ABORTED)
    7665             :             {
    7666             :                 /* this client is done, no need to consider it anymore */
    7667       11236 :                 continue;
    7668             :             }
    7669             : 
    7670       35704 :             advanceConnectionState(thread, st, &aggs);
    7671             : 
    7672             :             /*
    7673             :              * If --exit-on-abort is used, the program is going to exit when
    7674             :              * any client is aborted.
    7675             :              */
    7676       35704 :             if (exit_on_abort && st->state == CSTATE_ABORTED)
    7677           2 :                 goto done;
    7678             : 
    7679             :             /*
    7680             :              * If advanceConnectionState changed client to finished state,
    7681             :              * that's one fewer client that remains.
    7682             :              */
    7683       35702 :             else if (st->state == CSTATE_FINISHED ||
    7684       35556 :                      st->state == CSTATE_ABORTED)
    7685         248 :                 remains--;
    7686             :         }
    7687             : 
    7688             :         /* progress report is made by thread 0 for all threads */
    7689       27924 :         if (progress && thread->tid == 0)
    7690             :         {
    7691           0 :             pg_time_usec_t now2 = pg_time_now();
    7692             : 
    7693           0 :             if (now2 >= next_report)
    7694             :             {
    7695             :                 /*
    7696             :                  * Horrible hack: this relies on the thread pointer we are
    7697             :                  * passed to be equivalent to threads[0], that is the first
    7698             :                  * entry of the threads array.  That is why this MUST be done
    7699             :                  * by thread 0 and not any other.
    7700             :                  */
    7701           0 :                 printProgressReport(thread, thread_start, now2,
    7702             :                                     &last, &last_report);
    7703             : 
    7704             :                 /*
    7705             :                  * Ensure that the next report is in the future, in case
    7706             :                  * pgbench/postgres got stuck somewhere.
    7707             :                  */
    7708             :                 do
    7709             :                 {
    7710           0 :                     next_report += (int64) 1000000 * progress;
    7711           0 :                 } while (now2 >= next_report);
    7712             :             }
    7713             :         }
    7714             :     }
    7715             : 
    7716         170 : done:
    7717         172 :     if (exit_on_abort)
    7718             :     {
    7719             :         /*
    7720             :          * Abort if any client is not finished, meaning some error occurred.
    7721             :          */
    7722           6 :         for (int i = 0; i < nstate; i++)
    7723             :         {
    7724           4 :             if (state[i].state != CSTATE_FINISHED)
    7725             :             {
    7726           2 :                 pg_log_error("Run was aborted due to an error in thread %d",
    7727             :                              thread->tid);
    7728           2 :                 exit(2);
    7729             :             }
    7730             :         }
    7731             :     }
    7732             : 
    7733         170 :     disconnect_all(state, nstate);
    7734             : 
    7735         170 :     if (thread->logfile)
    7736             :     {
    7737           4 :         if (agg_interval > 0)
    7738             :         {
    7739             :             /* log aggregated but not yet reported transactions */
    7740           0 :             doLog(thread, state, &aggs, false, 0, 0);
    7741             :         }
    7742           4 :         fclose(thread->logfile);
    7743           4 :         thread->logfile = NULL;
    7744             :     }
    7745         170 :     free_socket_set(sockets);
    7746         170 :     THREAD_FUNC_RETURN;
    7747             : }
    7748             : 
    7749             : static void
    7750         966 : finishCon(CState *st)
    7751             : {
    7752         966 :     if (st->con != NULL)
    7753             :     {
    7754         456 :         PQfinish(st->con);
    7755         456 :         st->con = NULL;
    7756             :     }
    7757         966 : }
    7758             : 
    7759             : /*
    7760             :  * Support for duration option: set timer_exceeded after so many seconds.
    7761             :  */
    7762             : 
    7763             : #ifndef WIN32
    7764             : 
    7765             : static void
    7766           0 : handle_sig_alarm(SIGNAL_ARGS)
    7767             : {
    7768           0 :     timer_exceeded = true;
    7769           0 : }
    7770             : 
    7771             : static void
    7772           0 : setalarm(int seconds)
    7773             : {
    7774           0 :     pqsignal(SIGALRM, handle_sig_alarm);
    7775           0 :     alarm(seconds);
    7776           0 : }
    7777             : 
    7778             : #else                           /* WIN32 */
    7779             : 
    7780             : static VOID CALLBACK
    7781             : win32_timer_callback(PVOID lpParameter, BOOLEAN TimerOrWaitFired)
    7782             : {
    7783             :     timer_exceeded = true;
    7784             : }
    7785             : 
    7786             : static void
    7787             : setalarm(int seconds)
    7788             : {
    7789             :     HANDLE      queue;
    7790             :     HANDLE      timer;
    7791             : 
    7792             :     /* This function will be called at most once, so we can cheat a bit. */
    7793             :     queue = CreateTimerQueue();
    7794             :     if (seconds > ((DWORD) -1) / 1000 ||
    7795             :         !CreateTimerQueueTimer(&timer, queue,
    7796             :                                win32_timer_callback, NULL, seconds * 1000, 0,
    7797             :                                WT_EXECUTEINTIMERTHREAD | WT_EXECUTEONLYONCE))
    7798             :         pg_fatal("failed to set timer");
    7799             : }
    7800             : 
    7801             : #endif                          /* WIN32 */
    7802             : 
    7803             : 
    7804             : /*
    7805             :  * These functions provide an abstraction layer that hides the syscall
    7806             :  * we use to wait for input on a set of sockets.
    7807             :  *
    7808             :  * Currently there are two implementations, based on ppoll(2) and select(2).
    7809             :  * ppoll() is preferred where available due to its typically higher ceiling
    7810             :  * on the number of usable sockets.  We do not use the more-widely-available
    7811             :  * poll(2) because it only offers millisecond timeout resolution, which could
    7812             :  * be problematic with high --rate settings.
    7813             :  *
    7814             :  * Function APIs:
    7815             :  *
    7816             :  * alloc_socket_set: allocate an empty socket set with room for up to
    7817             :  *      "count" sockets.
    7818             :  *
    7819             :  * free_socket_set: deallocate a socket set.
    7820             :  *
    7821             :  * clear_socket_set: reset a socket set to empty.
    7822             :  *
    7823             :  * add_socket_to_set: add socket with indicated FD to slot "idx" in the
    7824             :  *      socket set.  Slots must be filled in order, starting with 0.
    7825             :  *
    7826             :  * wait_on_socket_set: wait for input on any socket in set, or for timeout
    7827             :  *      to expire.  timeout is measured in microseconds; 0 means wait forever.
    7828             :  *      Returns result code of underlying syscall (>=0 if OK, else see errno).
    7829             :  *
    7830             :  * socket_has_input: after waiting, call this to see if given socket has
    7831             :  *      input.  fd and idx parameters should match some previous call to
    7832             :  *      add_socket_to_set.
    7833             :  *
    7834             :  * Note that wait_on_socket_set destructively modifies the state of the
    7835             :  * socket set.  After checking for input, caller must apply clear_socket_set
    7836             :  * and add_socket_to_set again before waiting again.
    7837             :  */
    7838             : 
    7839             : #ifdef POLL_USING_PPOLL
    7840             : 
    7841             : static socket_set *
    7842         174 : alloc_socket_set(int count)
    7843             : {
    7844             :     socket_set *sa;
    7845             : 
    7846         174 :     sa = (socket_set *) pg_malloc0(offsetof(socket_set, pollfds) +
    7847             :                                    sizeof(struct pollfd) * count);
    7848         174 :     sa->maxfds = count;
    7849         174 :     sa->curfds = 0;
    7850         174 :     return sa;
    7851             : }
    7852             : 
    7853             : static void
    7854         170 : free_socket_set(socket_set *sa)
    7855             : {
    7856         170 :     pg_free(sa);
    7857         170 : }
    7858             : 
    7859             : static void
    7860       39822 : clear_socket_set(socket_set *sa)
    7861             : {
    7862       39822 :     sa->curfds = 0;
    7863       39822 : }
    7864             : 
    7865             : static void
    7866       86532 : add_socket_to_set(socket_set *sa, int fd, int idx)
    7867             : {
    7868             :     Assert(idx < sa->maxfds && idx == sa->curfds);
    7869       86532 :     sa->pollfds[idx].fd = fd;
    7870       86532 :     sa->pollfds[idx].events = POLLIN;
    7871       86532 :     sa->pollfds[idx].revents = 0;
    7872       86532 :     sa->curfds++;
    7873       86532 : }
    7874             : 
    7875             : static int
    7876       16028 : wait_on_socket_set(socket_set *sa, int64 usecs)
    7877             : {
    7878       16028 :     if (usecs > 0)
    7879             :     {
    7880             :         struct timespec timeout;
    7881             : 
    7882           0 :         timeout.tv_sec = usecs / 1000000;
    7883           0 :         timeout.tv_nsec = (usecs % 1000000) * 1000;
    7884           0 :         return ppoll(sa->pollfds, sa->curfds, &timeout, NULL);
    7885             :     }
    7886             :     else
    7887             :     {
    7888       16028 :         return ppoll(sa->pollfds, sa->curfds, NULL, NULL);
    7889             :     }
    7890             : }
    7891             : 
    7892             : static bool
    7893      106880 : socket_has_input(socket_set *sa, int fd, int idx)
    7894             : {
    7895             :     /*
    7896             :      * In some cases, threadRun will apply clear_socket_set and then try to
    7897             :      * apply socket_has_input anyway with arguments that it used before that,
    7898             :      * or might've used before that except that it exited its setup loop
    7899             :      * early.  Hence, if the socket set is empty, silently return false
    7900             :      * regardless of the parameters.  If it's not empty, we can Assert that
    7901             :      * the parameters match a previous call.
    7902             :      */
    7903      106880 :     if (sa->curfds == 0)
    7904       38312 :         return false;
    7905             : 
    7906             :     Assert(idx < sa->curfds && sa->pollfds[idx].fd == fd);
    7907       68568 :     return (sa->pollfds[idx].revents & POLLIN) != 0;
    7908             : }
    7909             : 
    7910             : #endif                          /* POLL_USING_PPOLL */
    7911             : 
    7912             : #ifdef POLL_USING_SELECT
    7913             : 
    7914             : static socket_set *
    7915             : alloc_socket_set(int count)
    7916             : {
    7917             :     return (socket_set *) pg_malloc0(sizeof(socket_set));
    7918             : }
    7919             : 
    7920             : static void
    7921             : free_socket_set(socket_set *sa)
    7922             : {
    7923             :     pg_free(sa);
    7924             : }
    7925             : 
    7926             : static void
    7927             : clear_socket_set(socket_set *sa)
    7928             : {
    7929             :     FD_ZERO(&sa->fds);
    7930             :     sa->maxfd = -1;
    7931             : }
    7932             : 
    7933             : static void
    7934             : add_socket_to_set(socket_set *sa, int fd, int idx)
    7935             : {
    7936             :     /* See connect_slot() for background on this code. */
    7937             : #ifdef WIN32
    7938             :     if (sa->fds.fd_count + 1 >= FD_SETSIZE)
    7939             :     {
    7940             :         pg_log_error("too many concurrent database clients for this platform: %d",
    7941             :                      sa->fds.fd_count + 1);
    7942             :         exit(1);
    7943             :     }
    7944             : #else
    7945             :     if (fd < 0 || fd >= FD_SETSIZE)
    7946             :     {
    7947             :         pg_log_error("socket file descriptor out of range for select(): %d",
    7948             :                      fd);
    7949             :         pg_log_error_hint("Try fewer concurrent database clients.");
    7950             :         exit(1);
    7951             :     }
    7952             : #endif
    7953             :     FD_SET(fd, &sa->fds);
    7954             :     if (fd > sa->maxfd)
    7955             :         sa->maxfd = fd;
    7956             : }
    7957             : 
    7958             : static int
    7959             : wait_on_socket_set(socket_set *sa, int64 usecs)
    7960             : {
    7961             :     if (usecs > 0)
    7962             :     {
    7963             :         struct timeval timeout;
    7964             : 
    7965             :         timeout.tv_sec = usecs / 1000000;
    7966             :         timeout.tv_usec = usecs % 1000000;
    7967             :         return select(sa->maxfd + 1, &sa->fds, NULL, NULL, &timeout);
    7968             :     }
    7969             :     else
    7970             :     {
    7971             :         return select(sa->maxfd + 1, &sa->fds, NULL, NULL, NULL);
    7972             :     }
    7973             : }
    7974             : 
    7975             : static bool
    7976             : socket_has_input(socket_set *sa, int fd, int idx)
    7977             : {
    7978             :     return (FD_ISSET(fd, &sa->fds) != 0);
    7979             : }
    7980             : 
    7981             : #endif                          /* POLL_USING_SELECT */

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